• Home
• Tools
  • Tools Overview
  • Query Tools

    
    • QuickSearch
    • QueryBuilder
    • TermLink
    • CytoSearch
    • RNA-Seq Search
    • Interactions Browser
    • ImageBrowse
    • Find A Person
    • Google™ FlyBase
  • Genomic/Map Tools

    
    • BLAST
    • GBrowse
    • GBrowse 2 Beta
    • CytoSearch
    • Feature Mapper
    • Aberrations Maps
    • Chromosome Maps
    • Coordinates Converter
  • Retrieve/Convert

    
    • Batch Download
    • Coordinates Converter
    • ID Converter
  • Data Submission

    
    • Fast-Track Your Paper
    • Submit Personal Comm
    • Add A New Person
    • Update Person Info
  • People

    
    • Find A Person
    • Add A New Person
    • Update Person Info
• Files
  • Files Overview
  • Current release
  • Archived releases
  • Map Conversion
  • FTP site:
  • Releases (FTP)
  • Genomes (FTP)
• Species
  • Phylogeny
  • Sequenced Species
  • Synteny Table
  • Color Illustrations
  • Abbreviations
• Documents
  • About FlyBase
  • Reference Manual:
  • Sections
  • Contents
  • Nomenclature
  • Release Notes
• Resources
  • All Resources
  • Model Organisms
  • Stock Collections
  • Vectors & Constructs
  • Other links:
  • BDGP
  • DGRC
  • DIS by issue
  • FlyExpress
  • Interactive Fly
  • modENCODE
  • Textpresso for Fly
• News
  • News
  • FlyBase Forum
  • FlyBase Positions
  • Meetings
  • Courses
  • Fly Board
  • White papers
  • Funding
  • bionet.dros
• Help
  • Google™ FlyBase
  • Site Map
  • FAQs
  • FlyBase Guides
  • Video Tutorials
  • Report help
  • New to Flies
  • Pers. comm.
  • Author guidelines
  • Contact FlyBase
• Archives
  • Prior Release
  • Other Archives
  • Coordinate Converter

Gene Dmel\Sh

General Information
Symbol	Dmel\Sh	Species	D. melanogaster
Name	Shaker	Annotation symbol	CG12348
Feature type	protein_coding_gene	FlyBase ID	FBgn0003380
Gene Model Status	Current	Stock availability	32 publicly available
Also Known As	EKO, Sha, CG7640
Genomic Location
Chromosome (arm)	X	Recombination map	1-57.6
Cytogenetic map	16F3-16F6	Sequence location	X:17,818,340..17,957,278 [-]
Genomic Maps Select View:Gene Models/EvidenceExpression/RegulationMegaViewGene Disruptions, Stocks and Reagents Beta	Decorated FastA GenBankGFF Gene region Extended Gene region CDSIntronsExonsTranslationsTranscripts3' UTR5' UTR
Summary Information
Automatically generated summary See sections below for more information	The gene Shaker is referred to in FlyBase by the symbol Dmel\Sh (CG12348, FBgn0003380). It is a protein_coding_gene from Drosophila melanogaster. There is experimental evidence that it has the molecular function: voltage-gated cation channel activity. There is experimental evidence that it is involved in the biological process: regulation of action potential; regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep; detection of visible light; proboscis extension reflex; flight behavior; sleep; mating behavior, sex discrimination; axon extension; larval locomotory behavior; regulation of synaptic activity. 68 alleles are reported. The phenotypes of these alleles are annotated with: organ system; multicellular structure; organ system subdivision; anatomical structure; adult; synapse; adult segment; sense organ; thoracic segment; embryonic/larval neuron; non-connected developing system; adult cuticle; external compound sense organ. It has 14 annotated transcripts and 14 annotated polypeptides. Protein features are: BTB/POZ fold; BTB/POZ-like; Ion transport domain; Potassium channel tetramerisation-type BTB domain; Potassium channel, voltage dependent, Kv; Potassium channel, voltage dependent, Kv1; Voltage-dependent potassium channel. Summary of modENCODE Temporal Expression Profile: Temporal profile ranges from a peak of moderate expression to a trough of no expression detected. Peak expression observed during late pupal stages. Summary of FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data: Two or more Affy2 ProbeSets identify exons of this gene. This is a summary of the tissue expression peaks exhibited in at least one of these ProbeSets. Expression at high levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: adult central nervous system. Expression at moderate levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: adult eye, larval central nervous system. Gene sequence location is X:17818340..17957278.
User Contributed Data
	Beta version, feedback welcome
Phenotypic Description from the Red Book (Lindsley & Zimm 1992)
Gene/Allele symbols may differ from current usage	Sh: Shaker (M. Tanouye) Under moderate ether anesthesia, legs shake abnormally, antennae twitch, abdomen pulsates; wings scissor in some alleles; very little effect in deeply etherized flies; unetherized mutants twitch and shudder occasionally; severed legs shake (Kaplan and Trout, 1969, Genetics 61: 399-409; Trout and Kaplan, 1973; Tanouye, Ferrus, and Fujita, 1981; Ganetzky and Wu, 1982a, Genetics 100: 597-614; Tanouye and Ferrus, 1985, J. Neurogenet. 2: 253-71). Structural gene for several types of potassium channel (Iverson, Tanouye, Lester, Davidson, and Rudy, 1988, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 5723-27; Timpe, Schwarz, Tempel, Papazian, Jan, and Jan, 1988, Nature 331: 143-45). Abnormal action potential repolarization of adult giant fiber; repetitive firing of action potentials in larval nerves; prolonged transmitter release at larval neuromuscular junction (Jan, Jan, and Dennis, 1977; Tanouye, Ferrus, and Fujita, 1981; Ganetzky and Wu, 1982b, J. Neurophysiol. 47: 501-14; Tanouye and Ferrus, 1985). Abnormal in one class of potassium channel (A channel) present in embryonic myocytes, larval and pupal muscle (Salkoff and Wyman, 1981; Salkoff, 1983, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 48: 221-31; Wu and Haugland, 1985, J. Neurosci. 5: 2626-40; Timpe and Jan, 1987, J. Neurosci. 7: 1307-17; Haugland and Wu, 1990, J. Neurosci.). Sh mutations do not affect four other distinct potassium-channel types (KD, K1, A2, Calcium-gated) (Salkoff and Wyman, 1981; Salkoff, 1983, Nature 302: 249-51; Wu, Ganetzky, Haugland, and Liu, 1983, Science 220: 1076-78; Solc, Zagotta, and Aldrich, 1987, Science 236: 1094-98; Solc and Aldrich, 1988, J. Neurosci. 8: 2556-70). Males carrying hemizygous deletions of Sh are viable (Tanouye, Ferrus, and Fujita, 1981). Abnormal associative learning in some paradigms (Tully); activity patterns high, but show normal circadian rhythmicity (Konopka). RK1.
Recent Updates
Description	What does this section display? This section contains items that were added to this record for each release. It currently only tracks new links between this FlyBase report and other FlyBase data classes (e.g. genes, references, stocks) or controlled vocabulary terms (e.g. GO, anatomy terms). What does this section not display? This section does not currently display links that were removed or gene model changes.
Update Feed	Click the icon below to subscribe to this FlyBase record and receive updates automatically through your feed reader.
FB2013_03	Alleles Sh[DN.EKI.Scer\UAS] Transgenic Constructs P{UAS-Sh.DN.EKI}
FB2013_02	Controlled Vocabulary Terms delayed rectifier potassium channel activity
All updates	Click here to see a list of all updates to this record from FB2010_08 and on.
Detailed Mapping Data
FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map Evidence for location 16F3-16F6   Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}EP970 and P{EP}ari-1EP317
Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map Notes References 16F1-16F4   (determined by in situ hybridisation)   (Heino, 1994) 16F-16F   (determined by in situ hybridisation)   (Butler et al., 1989) 16F1-16F4   (determined by in situ hybridisation)   (Tempel et al., 1987) 16F1-16F4   (determined by in situ hybridisation)   (Papazian et al., 1987) 16F-16F   (determined by in situ hybridisation)   (Baumann et al., 1987) 16F-16F   (determined by in situ hybridisation)   (Kamb et al., 1987)
Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
Location	1-57.6   1-53.3 +/- 0.7 (Fahmy and Fahmy, 1959) 1-58.2 +/- 0.6 (Pasternak and Kaplan, 1968)
Left of (cM)
Right of (cM)	l(1)16Fb l(1)16Fc l(1)16Fa (Kamb et al., 1987)
Notes
Gene Model & Products
Please see the GBrowse view of Dmel\Sh for information on other features To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form
Comments on Gene Model
	Annotated transcripts do not represent all possible combinations of alternative exons and/or alternative promoters. Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated. Gene model reviewed during 5.45 Tissue-specific extension of 3' UTRs observed during later stages (FBrf0218523, FBrf0219848); all variants may not be annotated
Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name FlyBase ID RefSeq ID Length (nt) Associated CDS (aa) Sh-RA FBtr0089659  NM_167596   1365   304 Sh-RB FBtr0089658  NM_078669   7860   616 Sh-RC FBtr0089661  NM_167594   2409   643 Sh-RD FBtr0089660  NM_167592   2442   571 Sh-RE FBtr0089657  NM_167595   2781   655 Sh-RF FBtr0089663  NM_206774   1774   349 Sh-RH FBtr0301955  NM_001169317   1286   304 Sh-RI FBtr0302902  NM_001201739   4526   643 Sh-RJ FBtr0302903  NM_206775   4133   643 Sh-RK FBtr0308199  NM_001258797   2221   297 Sh-RL FBtr0308200  NM_001258798   4136   644 Sh-RM FBtr0332299  NM_001272735   1472   337 Sh-RN FBtr0332300  NM_001272736   5973   505 Sh-RO FBtr0332301  NM_001272737   3836   305
Additional Transcript Data & Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name FlyBase ID Predicted MW (kDa) Length (aa) Theoretical pI RefSeq ID GenBank protein Sh-PA   FBpp0088601   34.9   304   4.69     NP_728124   AAN09452 Sh-PB   FBpp0088600   70.3   616   6.02     NP_523393   AAF48785 Sh-PC   FBpp0088603   72.5   643   5.86     NP_728122   AAF48790 Sh-PD   FBpp0088602   64.7   571   5.74     NP_728120   AAN09451 Sh-PE   FBpp0088599   74.2   655   5.89     NP_728123   AAF48786 Sh-PF   FBpp0088605   40.5   349   4.93     NP_996497   AAS65396 Sh-PH   FBpp0291167   34.9   304   4.69     NP_001162788   ACZ95322 Sh-PI   FBpp0292033   72.5   643   5.86     NP_001188668   ADV37750 Sh-PJ   FBpp0292034   72.5   643   5.86     NP_996498   AAS65395 Sh-PK   FBpp0300519   34.2   297   4.52     NP_001245726   AFH07439 Sh-PL   FBpp0300520   72.6   644   5.86     NP_001245727   AFH07440 Sh-PM   FBpp0304578   38.8   337   4.87     NP_001259664   AGB95506 Sh-PN   FBpp0304579   58.8   505   9.84     NP_001259665   AGB95507 Sh-PO   FBpp0304580   33.9   305   6.72     NP_001259666   AGB95508
Additional Polypeptide Data & Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Linkouts
Crossreferences	InterPro domains - A database of protein families, domains, and functional sites • BTB/POZ fold (IPR011333) BTB/POZ-like (IPR000210) Voltage-dependent potassium channel (IPR003091) Potassium channel tetramerisation-type BTB domain (IPR003131) Potassium channel, voltage dependent, Kv (IPR003968) Potassium channel, voltage dependent, Kv1 (IPR003972) Ion transport domain (IPR005821) Voltage-dependent potassium channel, four helix bundle domain (IPR027359) PDB - Protein Data Bank. An information portal to biological macromolecular structures • 1HO2 1HO7
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank	DNA sequence Protein sequence Name AA698226   AE014298 AAF48785   AE014298 AAF48786   AE014298 AAF48790   AE014298 AAN09451   AE014298 AAN09452   AE014298 AAS65395   AE014298 AAS65396   AE014298 ACZ95322   AE014298 ADV37750   AE014298 AFH07439   AE014298 AFH07440   AE014298 AGB95506   AE014298 AGB95507   AE014298 AGB95508   AI063309   AI064437   AI239047   AI386689   AJ783223   AJ783224   AJ783225   AJ783226   AJ783227   AJ783228   AJ783229   AJ783230   AJ783231   AJ783232   AJ783233   AJ783234   AJ783292   AW940117   AY060598   AY060609 AAL28157   AY118398 AAM48427   BG632210   BI371848   BI371849   BI563385   BI564795   BI566579   BI575676   BI575684   BI583066   BI583234   BI586302   BI614387   BI619456   BI620412   BI624163   BI624957   BI629514   BT025083   BT050432   BT124865   BT124898   BT132647   CO177217   CO185477   CO186202   CO262134   CO262156   CO264377   CO264957   CO265430   CO265581   CO273893   CO275291   CO276864   CO281887   CO282586   CO284141   CO284297   CO284315   CO287087   CO292490   CO294600   CO298840   CO302452   CO304378   CO305754   CO309253   CO310505   CO313026   CO313517   CO317142   CO324290   CO324607   CO324682   CO326317   CO331608   CO340541   CO344946   CS133225   CZ474188   CZ477285   CZ487038   CZ490315   DN153965   EC057034   EC065481   EC072813   EC072831   EC074055   EC078992   EC081370   EC081946   EC083437   EC085035   EC086802   EC087966   EC196647   EC197715   EC198554   EC202726   EC203477   EC205075   EC208706   EC213450   EC215158   EC231011   EC231012   EC231342   EC232698   EC233332   EC234275   EC237219   EC240144   EC241939   EC245930   EC246709   EC246772   EC249924   EC256655   EC258183   EL874871   EL874998   EL875097   EL875098   GH747735   GH754220   GH756429   GH775026   GH775930   GH776715   GH795849   GH799591   GH800498   GH804796   GH805332   GH810277   GH810444   GH815815   GH825182   GH826333   GH827377   GH838329   GH840807   GH851311   GH854189   GH854711   GH856053   GH859934   GH860963   GH865226   GH871451   GH873058   GH879244   GH879622   GH887018   GH888725   GH904585   GH914230   GH924935   GH927572   GH931722   GH938888   GH940087   M17155 AAA70217   M17211 AAA28417   X06184 CAA29549   X06742 CAA29917   X07131 CAA30143   X07132 CAA30144   X07133 CAA30145   X07134 CAA30146   X75472   X78908 CAA55519
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot	P08510
UniProtKB/TrEMBL	E1JJQ5 Q95SS6
Mapped Features
Mapped Features have been reorganized, please see this article for details. Additional mapped features and mutations can be found on GBrowse or related reports. Type Symbol & Location Additional Notes References
External Data
Linkouts
Crossreferences
Expression Data
Transcript Expression
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference wandering third instar larval stage   embryonic/larval mushroom body   (Ruiz-Canada et al., 2002) neuropil of ventral nerve cord   (Ruiz-Canada et al., 2002) adult stage   adult mushroom body | restricted   (Wu et al., 2010) adult protocerebrum | restricted   (Wu et al., 2010) optic tubercle | restricted   (Wu et al., 2010) adult antennal nerve   (Wu et al., 2010, Ruiz-Canada et al., 2002) lobula plate | restricted   (Wu et al., 2010) medulla   (Ruiz-Canada et al., 2002) adult mushroom body   (Ruiz-Canada et al., 2002) lobula   (Ruiz-Canada et al., 2002)
Additional Descriptive Data
	Sh is expressed in a group of visual projection neurons (VPN fibers) that send processes to the lobula plate. (Wu et al., 2010)
Marker for
Subcellular Localization (GO Cellular Component)
CV term Evidence References
integral to membrane inferred from direct assay (Zhang et al., 2007) voltage-gated potassium channel complex inferred from physical interaction with Hk (Wang and Wu, 1996)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools
Reference	See Gelbart and Emmert, 2010.10.13 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
FlyAtlas Anatomy Microarray
FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data (FlyAtlas-RNA.adult) (FlyAtlas-RNA.larva)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap Back-to-back    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High level expression bin max Very high expression bin max Summary of FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data: Two or more Affy2 ProbeSets identify exons of this gene. This is a summary of the tissue expression peaks exhibited in at least one of these ProbeSets. Expression at high levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: adult central nervous system. Expression at moderate levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: adult eye, larval central nervous system. [download data (TSV)] Guide to FlyAtlas expression level colors   No expression (0 - 9.999)   Low expression (10 - 99.999)   Moderate expression (100 - 499.999)   High level expression (500 - 999.999)   Very high expression (>999.999) Heatmap Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System     Larval Midgut     Larval Hindgut     Larval Malpighian Tubules     Larval Fat Body     Larval Salivary Gland     Larval Trachea     Larval Carcass     Adult Head     Adult Eye     Adult Brain     Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion     Adult Crop     Adult Midgut     Adult Hindgut     Adult Malpighian Tubules     Adult Fat Body     Adult Salivary Gland     Adult Heart     Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca     Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca     Adult Ovary     Adult Testis     Adult Male Accessory Gland     Adult Carcass     FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data (Chintapalli et al., 2007)
modENCODE Anatomy RNA-Seq
modENCODE Tissue Expression Data (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_tissues)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No/Extremely low expression (0 - 0)   Very low expression (1 - 3)   Low expression (4 - 10)   Moderate expression (11 - 25)   Moderately high expression (26 - 50)   High expression (51 - 100)   Very high expression (101 - 1000)   Extremely high expression (>1000) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    1 central nervous system, larvae L3    17 central nervous system, pupae P8    73 head, virgin 1-day female    42 head, virgin 4-day female    45 head, virgin 20-day female    9 head, mated 1-day female    52 head, mated 4-day female    39 head, mated 20-day female    12 head, mated 1-day male    54 head, mated 4-day male    63 head, mated 20-day male    31 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    0 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    0 digestive system, 1-day adult    0 digestive system, 4-day adult    0 digestive system, 20-day adult    0 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    0 fat body, white prepupae    1 fat body, pupae P8    13 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    3 carcass, 1-day adult    6 carcass, 4-day adult    5 carcass, 20-day adult    2 ovary, virgin 4-day female    0 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    0 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    1 central nervous system, larvae L3    17 central nervous system, pupae P8  (73) head, virgin 1-day female  (42) head, virgin 4-day female  (45) head, virgin 20-day female    9 head, mated 1-day female  (52) head, mated 4-day female  (39) head, mated 20-day female    12 head, mated 1-day male  (54) head, mated 4-day male  (63) head, mated 20-day male  (31) salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    0 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    0 digestive system, 1-day adult    0 digestive system, 4-day adult    0 digestive system, 20-day adult    0 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    0 fat body, white prepupae    1 fat body, pupae P8    13 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    3 carcass, 1-day adult    6 carcass, 4-day adult    5 carcass, 20-day adult    2 ovary, virgin 4-day female    0 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    0 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    1 central nervous system, larvae L3    17 central nervous system, pupae P8    73 head, virgin 1-day female    42 head, virgin 4-day female    45 head, virgin 20-day female    9 head, mated 1-day female    52 head, mated 4-day female    39 head, mated 20-day female    12 head, mated 1-day male    54 head, mated 4-day male    63 head, mated 20-day male    31 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    0 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    0 digestive system, 1-day adult    0 digestive system, 4-day adult    0 digestive system, 20-day adult    0 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    0 fat body, white prepupae    1 fat body, pupae P8    13 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    3 carcass, 1-day adult    6 carcass, 4-day adult    5 carcass, 20-day adult    2 ovary, virgin 4-day female    0 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    0 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    1 central nervous system, larvae L3    17 central nervous system, pupae P8    73 head, virgin 1-day female    42 head, virgin 4-day female    45 head, virgin 20-day female    9 head, mated 1-day female    52 head, mated 4-day female    39 head, mated 20-day female    12 head, mated 1-day male    54 head, mated 4-day male    63 head, mated 20-day male    31 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    0 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    0 digestive system, 1-day adult    0 digestive system, 4-day adult    0 digestive system, 20-day adult    0 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    0 fat body, white prepupae    1 fat body, pupae P8    13 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    3 carcass, 1-day adult    6 carcass, 4-day adult    5 carcass, 20-day adult    2 ovary, virgin 4-day female    0 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    0 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    1 Expression Level Scale  Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    1 central nervous system, larvae L3    17 central nervous system, pupae P8    73 head, virgin 1-day female    42 head, virgin 4-day female    45 head, virgin 20-day female    9 head, mated 1-day female    52 head, mated 4-day female    39 head, mated 20-day female    12 head, mated 1-day male    54 head, mated 4-day male    63 head, mated 20-day male    31 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    0 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    0 digestive system, 1-day adult    0 digestive system, 4-day adult    0 digestive system, 20-day adult    0 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    0 fat body, white prepupae    1 fat body, pupae P8    13 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    3 carcass, 1-day adult    6 carcass, 4-day adult    5 carcass, 20-day adult    2 ovary, virgin 4-day female    0 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    0 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    1 central nervous system, larvae L3    17 central nervous system, pupae P8  (73) head, virgin 1-day female  (42) head, virgin 4-day female  (45) head, virgin 20-day female    9 head, mated 1-day female  (52) head, mated 4-day female  (39) head, mated 20-day female    12 head, mated 1-day male  (54) head, mated 4-day male  (63) head, mated 20-day male  31 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    0 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    0 digestive system, 1-day adult    0 digestive system, 4-day adult    0 digestive system, 20-day adult    0 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    0 fat body, white prepupae    1 fat body, pupae P8    13 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    3 carcass, 1-day adult    6 carcass, 4-day adult    5 carcass, 20-day adult    2 ovary, virgin 4-day female    0 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    0 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    1 central nervous system, larvae L3    17 central nervous system, pupae P8    73 head, virgin 1-day female    42 head, virgin 4-day female    45 head, virgin 20-day female    9 head, mated 1-day female    52 head, mated 4-day female    39 head, mated 20-day female    12 head, mated 1-day male    54 head, mated 4-day male    63 head, mated 20-day male    31 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    0 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    0 digestive system, 1-day adult    0 digestive system, 4-day adult    0 digestive system, 20-day adult    0 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    0 fat body, white prepupae    1 fat body, pupae P8    13 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    3 carcass, 1-day adult    6 carcass, 4-day adult    5 carcass, 20-day adult    2 ovary, virgin 4-day female    0 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    0 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    1 central nervous system, larvae L3    17 central nervous system, pupae P8    73 head, virgin 1-day female    42 head, virgin 4-day female    45 head, virgin 20-day female    9 head, mated 1-day female    52 head, mated 4-day female    39 head, mated 20-day female    12 head, mated 1-day male    54 head, mated 4-day male    63 head, mated 20-day male    31 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    0 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    0 digestive system, 1-day adult    0 digestive system, 4-day adult    0 digestive system, 20-day adult    0 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    0 fat body, white prepupae    1 fat body, pupae P8    13 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    3 carcass, 1-day adult    6 carcass, 4-day adult    5 carcass, 20-day adult    2 ovary, virgin 4-day female    0 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    0 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering     central nervous system, larvae L3     central nervous system, pupae P8     head, virgin 1-day female     head, virgin 4-day female     head, virgin 20-day female     head, mated 1-day female     head, mated 4-day female     head, mated 20-day female     head, mated 1-day male     head, mated 4-day male     head, mated 20-day male     salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering     salivary gland, white prepupae     digestive system, larvae L3 wandering     digestive system, 1-day adult     digestive system, 4-day adult     digestive system, 20-day adult     fat body, larvae L3 wandering     fat body, white prepupae     fat body, pupae P8     carcass, larvae L3 wandering     carcass, 1-day adult     carcass, 4-day adult     carcass, 20-day adult     ovary, virgin 4-day female     ovary, mated 4-day female     testis, mated 4-day male     accessory gland, mated 4-day male
modENCODE Development RNA-Seq
modENCODE Temporal Expression Data (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_U)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max Summary of modENCODE Temporal Expression Profile: Temporal profile ranges from a peak of moderate expression to a trough of no expression detected. Peak expression observed during late pupal stages. [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No/Extremely low expression (0 - 0)   Very low expression (1 - 3)   Low expression (4 - 10)   Moderate expression (11 - 25)   Moderately high expression (26 - 50)   High expression (51 - 100)   Very high expression (101 - 1000)   Extremely high expression (>1000) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    0 embryo 08-10hr    0 embryo 10-12hr    0 embryo 12-14hr    0 embryo 14-16hr    1 embryo 16-18hr    1 embryo 18-20hr    2 embryo 20-22hr    3 embryo 22-24hr    4 larva L1    3 larva L2    1 larva L3 12hr old    0 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    0 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    1 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    1 white prepupae new    1 white prepupae 12hr    2 white prepupae 24hr    2 pupae 2d postWPP    4 pupae 3d postWPP    5 pupae 4d postWPP    3 adult male 01day    3 adult male 05day    2 adult male 30day    1 adult female 01day    1 adult female 05day    0 adult female 30day    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    0 embryo 08-10hr    0 embryo 10-12hr    0 embryo 12-14hr    0 embryo 14-16hr    1 embryo 16-18hr    1 embryo 18-20hr    2 embryo 20-22hr    3 embryo 22-24hr    4 larva L1    3 larva L2    1 larva L3 12hr old    0 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    0 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    1 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    1 white prepupae new    1 white prepupae 12hr    2 white prepupae 24hr    2 pupae 2d postWPP    4 pupae 3d postWPP    5 pupae 4d postWPP    3 adult male 01day    3 adult male 05day    2 adult male 30day    1 adult female 01day    1 adult female 05day    0 adult female 30day    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    0 embryo 08-10hr    0 embryo 10-12hr    0 embryo 12-14hr    0 embryo 14-16hr    1 embryo 16-18hr    1 embryo 18-20hr    2 embryo 20-22hr    3 embryo 22-24hr    4 larva L1    3 larva L2    1 larva L3 12hr old    0 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    0 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    1 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    1 white prepupae new    1 white prepupae 12hr    2 white prepupae 24hr    2 pupae 2d postWPP    4 pupae 3d postWPP    5 pupae 4d postWPP    3 adult male 01day    3 adult male 05day    2 adult male 30day    1 adult female 01day    1 adult female 05day    0 adult female 30day    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    0 embryo 08-10hr    0 embryo 10-12hr    0 embryo 12-14hr    0 embryo 14-16hr    1 embryo 16-18hr    1 embryo 18-20hr    2 embryo 20-22hr    3 embryo 22-24hr    4 larva L1    3 larva L2    1 larva L3 12hr old    0 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    0 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    1 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    1 white prepupae new    1 white prepupae 12hr    2 white prepupae 24hr    2 pupae 2d postWPP    4 pupae 3d postWPP    5 pupae 4d postWPP    3 adult male 01day    3 adult male 05day    2 adult male 30day    1 adult female 01day    1 adult female 05day    0 adult female 30day    0 Expression Level Scale  Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    0 embryo 08-10hr    0 embryo 10-12hr    0 embryo 12-14hr    0 embryo 14-16hr    1 embryo 16-18hr    1 embryo 18-20hr    2 embryo 20-22hr    3 embryo 22-24hr    4 larva L1    3 larva L2    1 larva L3 12hr old    0 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    0 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    1 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    1 white prepupae new    1 white prepupae 12hr    2 white prepupae 24hr    2 pupae 2d postWPP    4 pupae 3d postWPP    5 pupae 4d postWPP    3 adult male 01day    3 adult male 05day    2 adult male 30day    1 adult female 01day    1 adult female 05day    0 adult female 30day    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate  log, scaled to Moderate expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    0 embryo 08-10hr    0 embryo 10-12hr    0 embryo 12-14hr    0 embryo 14-16hr    1 embryo 16-18hr    1 embryo 18-20hr    2 embryo 20-22hr    3 embryo 22-24hr    4 larva L1    3 larva L2    1 larva L3 12hr old    0 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    0 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    1 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    1 white prepupae new    1 white prepupae 12hr    2 white prepupae 24hr    2 pupae 2d postWPP    4 pupae 3d postWPP    5 pupae 4d postWPP    3 adult male 01day    3 adult male 05day    2 adult male 30day    1 adult female 01day    1 adult female 05day    0 adult female 30day    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    0 embryo 08-10hr    0 embryo 10-12hr    0 embryo 12-14hr    0 embryo 14-16hr    1 embryo 16-18hr    1 embryo 18-20hr    2 embryo 20-22hr    3 embryo 22-24hr    4 larva L1    3 larva L2    1 larva L3 12hr old    0 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    0 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    1 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    1 white prepupae new    1 white prepupae 12hr    2 white prepupae 24hr    2 pupae 2d postWPP    4 pupae 3d postWPP    5 pupae 4d postWPP    3 adult male 01day    3 adult male 05day    2 adult male 30day    1 adult female 01day    1 adult female 05day    0 adult female 30day    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    0 embryo 08-10hr    0 embryo 10-12hr    0 embryo 12-14hr    0 embryo 14-16hr    1 embryo 16-18hr    1 embryo 18-20hr    2 embryo 20-22hr    3 embryo 22-24hr    4 larva L1    3 larva L2    1 larva L3 12hr old    0 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    0 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    1 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    1 white prepupae new    1 white prepupae 12hr    2 white prepupae 24hr    2 pupae 2d postWPP    4 pupae 3d postWPP    5 pupae 4d postWPP    3 adult male 01day    3 adult male 05day    2 adult male 30day    1 adult female 01day    1 adult female 05day    0 adult female 30day    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr     embryo 02-04hr     embryo 04-06hr     embryo 06-08hr     embryo 08-10hr     embryo 10-12hr     embryo 12-14hr     embryo 14-16hr     embryo 16-18hr     embryo 18-20hr     embryo 20-22hr     embryo 22-24hr     larva L1     larva L2     larva L3 12hr old     larva L3 puffstage 1-2     larva L3 puffstage 3-6     larva L3 puffstage 7-9     white prepupae new     white prepupae 12hr     white prepupae 24hr     pupae 2d postWPP     pupae 3d postWPP     pupae 4d postWPP     adult male 01day     adult male 05day     adult male 30day     adult female 01day     adult female 05day     adult female 30day     modENCODE Temporal Expression Data (Graveley et al., 2011)
modENCODE Cell Lines RNA-Seq
modENCODE Treatments RNA-Seq
modENCODE Treatment Expression Data (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_treatments)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No/Extremely low expression (0 - 0)   Very low expression (1 - 3)   Low expression (4 - 10)   Moderate expression (11 - 25)   Moderately high expression (26 - 50)   High expression (51 - 100)   Very high expression (101 - 1000)   Extremely high expression (>1000) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    3 cold shock, 4-day adult    3 heat shock, 4-day adult    1 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    0 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    6 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    17 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    18 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    2 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    0 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    0 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    0 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    4 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    5 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    3 cold shock, 4-day adult    3 heat shock, 4-day adult    1 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    0 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    6 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    17 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    18 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    2 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    0 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    0 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    0 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    4 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    5 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    3 cold shock, 4-day adult    3 heat shock, 4-day adult    1 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    0 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    6 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    17 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    18 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    2 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    0 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    0 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    0 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    4 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    5 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    3 cold shock, 4-day adult    3 heat shock, 4-day adult    1 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    0 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    6 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    17 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    18 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    2 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    0 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    0 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    0 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    4 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    5 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Expression Level Scale  Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    3 cold shock, 4-day adult    3 heat shock, 4-day adult    1 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    0 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    6 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    17 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    18 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    2 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    0 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    0 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    0 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    4 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    5 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate  log, scaled to Moderate expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    3 cold shock, 4-day adult    3 heat shock, 4-day adult    1 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    0 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    6 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    17 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    18 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    2 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    0 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    0 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    0 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    4 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    5 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    3 cold shock, 4-day adult    3 heat shock, 4-day adult    1 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    0 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    6 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    17 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    18 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    2 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    0 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    0 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    0 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    4 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    5 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    3 cold shock, 4-day adult    3 heat shock, 4-day adult    1 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    0 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    6 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    17 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    18 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    2 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    0 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    0 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    0 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    4 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    5 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    3 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult     cold shock, 4-day adult     heat shock, 4-day adult     Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3     Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3     Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3     Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3     Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3     Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3     Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3     Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3     Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3     Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3
Expression Clusters
	A cluster of genes with similar mRNA expression dynamics across development. (The modENCODE Consortium, 2010, Graveley et al., 2011) mE2_34_mRNA_expression_cluster_14 mE1_20_mRNA_expression_cluster_11
External Data & Images
Linkouts	FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies • FBgn0003380 FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array • CG12348-RC;CG12348-RA;CG12348-RA;CG12348-RD
Alleles & Phenotypes
Summary of Allele Phenotypes
Lethality Allele lethal, with Scer\GAL4elav.PLu ShEKO.Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-GL lethal, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155 ShEKO.Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-GL lethal, with Scer\GAL4how-24B ShEKO.Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-GL lethal | recessive ShCon viable Sh4 Sh5P Sh7 Sh14 Shf07565 Shmns viable, with Dcr-2Scer\UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4e22c, Scer\GAL4sqh.PW ShGD13718 ShKK109112 viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237 ShGD13718 viable | RU486 conditional, with Scer\GAL4elav.Switch.PO ShSDN.Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-GL viable | RU486 conditional, with Scer\GAL4Mhc.Switch.PO ShSDN.Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-GL Sterility Allele fertile Sh4 Sh5P Shf07565 Shmns Other Phenotypes Allele behavior defective Sh5 Sh5P Sh7 Sh9 Sh14 Sh16 Sh21 Sh120W ShBT.hs Shmns behavior defective | dominant Sh5 Sh7 Sh8 Sh9 Sh14 Sh16 Sh21 Sh25 behavior defective | male Sh5 behavior defective | recessive Sh14 behavior defective | RU486 conditional, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.247.Switch ShEKO.Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-GL body color defective | adult stage A1, with Scer\GAL4burs.PP ShEKO.Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-GL body color defective | adult stage A1, with Scer\GAL4dimm-929 ShEKO.Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-GL chemical resistant | dominant Sh5 chemical sensitive Sh5 Sh6 Sh7 Sh14 Sh21 chemical sensitive | recessive Sh5 Sh14 Sh21 circadian behavior defective | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4P2.4.Pdf ShEKO.Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-GL courtship behavior defective ShMB00560 ShMB02366 courtship behavior defective, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155 ShGD13718 courtship behavior defective, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.247 ShGD13718 flight defective, with Scer\GAL4futsch-C380, Scer\GAL80Cha.PK ShEKO.Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-GL hyperactive Sh6 Sh7 Sh14 hyperactive | dominant Sh4 Sh14 hyperactive | RU486 conditional, with Scer\GAL4elav.Switch.PO ShSDN.Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-GL hyperactive | RU486 conditional, with Scer\GAL4Mhc.Switch.PO ShSDN.Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-GL locomotor behavior defective Sh7 locomotor behavior defective, with Scer\GAL4how-24B ShEKO.Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-GL locomotor behavior defective | larval stage Shunspecified locomotor behavior defective | RU486 conditional, with Scer\GAL4Mhc.Switch.PO ShSDN.Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-GL neurophysiology defective Sh5 Sh7 Sh8 Sh9 Sh14 Sh15 Sh16 Sh21 Sh22 Sh23 Sh24 Sh25 neurophysiology defective, with Scer\GAL4Mhc.Switch.PO ShEKO.Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-GL neurophysiology defective, with Scer\GAL4NP1535 ShEKO.Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-GL neurophysiology defective (with Sh8) Sh25 neurophysiology defective (with Sh25) Sh8 neurophysiology defective | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4futsch-C380, Scer\GAL80Cha.PK ShEKO.Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-GL neurophysiology defective | larval stage ShBT.hs Shunspecified neurophysiology defective | RU486 conditional, with Scer\GAL4elav.Switch.PO ShSDN.Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-GL neurophysiology defective | RU486 conditional, with Scer\GAL4Mhc.Switch.PO ShEKO.Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-GL ShSDN.Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-GL short lived Sh5 Sh7 Sh16 Shmns sleep defective, with Scer\GAL4Ilp2.PR ShEKO.Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-GL smell perception defective Sh21 taste perception defective Sh8 Sh25 taste perception defective, with Scer\GAL4NP1535 ShEKO.Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-GL taste perception defective | recessive Sh5 Sh7 Sh14 uncoordinated Sh5 Sh7 Sh9 Sh14 Sh16 Sh21 uncoordinated | RU486 conditional, with Scer\GAL4elav.Switch.PO ShSDN.Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-GL uncoordinated | RU486 conditional, with Scer\GAL4Mhc.Switch.PO ShSDN.Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-GL visible Sh4 visible | cold sensitive, with Scer\GAL4burs.PP ShEKO.Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-GL visible | cold sensitive, with Scer\GAL4Ccap.PP ShEKO.Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-GL visual behavior defective | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4GMR.PF ShEKO.Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-GL Phenotype manifest in Allele abdomen | adult stage A1, with Scer\GAL4burs.PP ShEKO.Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-GL abdomen | adult stage A1, with Scer\GAL4dimm-929 ShEKO.Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-GL adult cuticle, with Scer\GAL4A307 ShEKO.Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-GL adult cuticle, with Scer\GAL4Ccap.PP ShEKO.Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-GL adult thorax Sh4 axon & motor neuron | conditional ts Sh120 Sh16 embryonic/larval neuromuscular junction Sh14 embryonic/larval neuron, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155 ShEKO.Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-GL end plate Sh14 Sh5 Sh7 eye, with Scer\GAL4GMR.PF ShEKO.Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-GL giant fiber neuron Sh14 Sh21 Sh5 larval head, with Scer\GAL4Ccap.PP ShEKO.Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-GL leg Sh14 leg, with Scer\GAL4Ccap.PP ShEKO.Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-GL motor neuron, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155 ShEKO.Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-GL muscle fiber Sh11 Sh14 muscle fiber | larval stage Sh14 muscle fiber | larval stage | RU486 conditional, with Scer\GAL4Mhc.Switch.PO ShSDN.Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-GL neuromuscular junction Sh14 Sh7 photoreceptor Sh14 photoreceptor, with Scer\GAL4GMR.PF ShEKO.Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-GL photoreceptor cell Sh11 Sh14 presumptive embryonic/larval muscle system, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155 ShEKO.Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-GL presumptive embryonic/larval muscle system, with Scer\GAL4how-24B ShEKO.Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-GL synapse Sh14 Sh7 synapse, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155 ShEKO.Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-GL wing Sh4 wing, with Scer\GAL4A307 ShEKO.Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-GL wing, with Scer\GAL4Ccap.PP ShEKO.Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-GL wing | adult stage A1 | cold sensitive, with Scer\GAL4burs.PP ShEKO.Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-GL wing | adult stage A1 | cold sensitive, with Scer\GAL4Ccap.PP ShEKO.Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-GL
Classical Alleles ( 47 )
For All Classical Alleles Show
Allele of Sh Class Mutagen Stocks Known lesion Sh14 amorphic allele - genetic evidence ethyl methanesulfonate 9 Yes Sh5 ethyl methanesulfonate 2 Yes Sh6 ethyl methanesulfonate 2 -- Shf07565 piggyBac transposase 2 -- Sh5-HA-1958 1 -- Sh5-HA-2001 1 -- Shd04882 P-element activity 1 -- Shd10492 P-element activity 1 -- Shf04502 piggyBac transposase 1 -- ShGG01336 P-element activity 1 -- ShMB00560 1 -- ShMB02366 1 -- ShMI05536 1 -- Shmns ethyl methanesulfonate 1 Yes Sh11 amorphic allele - genetic evidence gamma ray 0 Yes Sh10 P-element activity 0 -- Sh120 0 -- Sh120b 0 -- Sh120W 0 -- Sh12 gamma ray 0 -- Sh13 P-element activity 0 Yes Sh15 ethyl methanesulfonate X ray 0 Yes Sh16 spontaneous 0 Yes Sh17 gamma ray 0 -- Sh18 gamma ray 0 -- Sh19 gamma ray 0 -- Sh1 X ray 0 -- Sh20 gamma ray 0 -- Sh21 hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence ethyl methanesulfonate 0 Yes Sh22 spontaneous 0 -- Sh23 P-element activity 0 -- Sh24 spontaneous 0 -- Sh25 X ray 0 Yes Sh26 spontaneous 0 -- Sh2 X ray 0 -- Sh3 X ray 0 -- Sh4 p-N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)amino-L-phenylalanine 0 -- Sh4b X ray 0 -- Sh4c S-2-chloroethylcysteine 0 -- Sh4d methyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Sh4e methyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Sh5P ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- Sh7 antimorphic allele - genetic evidence ethyl methanesulfonate 0 Yes Sh8 X ray 0 Yes Sh9 hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence ethyl methanesulfonate 0 Yes ShCon X ray 0 -- Shunspecified 0 --
Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs ( 22 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Allele of Sh Class Mutagen Stocks Known lesion ShEKO.Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-GL in vitro construct - regulatory fusion in vitro construct - coding region fusion in vitro construct - deletion in vitro construct - site directed mutagenesis 3 Yes ShGD13718 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 2 Yes ShJF01473 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 1 Yes ShKK109112 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 1 Yes Sh29-4.hs in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes ShB.hs in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes ShBT.hs in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes ShC37.T:Ecol\lacZ in vitro construct - coding region fusion in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes ShC4.T:Ecol\lacZ in vitro construct - coding region fusion in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes ShC437A.T:Ecol\lacZ in vitro construct - coding region fusion in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes ShC437B.T:Ecol\lacZ in vitro construct - coding region fusion in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes ShC4S.T:Ecol\lacZ in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes ShDN.EKI.Scer\UAS in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes ShGD15346 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes ShGD6681 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes ShMhc.T:Avic\GFP-S65T,T:Hsap\CD8A in vitro construct - regulatory fusion in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes ShScer\UAS.11aa.T:Hsap\CD8A in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes ShScer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP,T:Mmus\Cd8a in vitro construct - regulatory fusion in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes ShScer\UAS.T:Hsap\CD8A in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes ShScer\UAS.VTD.T:Hsap\CD8A in vitro construct - coding region fusion in vitro construct - site directed mutagenesis 0 Yes ShSDN.Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-GL in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes ShSDN.Scer\UAS in vitro construct - deletion 0 Yes
Aneuploid Aberrations
Not disrupted in	T(1;2)B27 (Baumann et al., 1987) T(1;Y)B132
Duplicated in	Dp(1;3)JC153 (Circelli et al., 2005, Granadino et al., 1991, de la Pompa, 1994, Orgad et al., 1989)
Disrupted in	Df(1)JC153 (Granadino et al., 1991) T(1;3)ShLC (Kamb et al., 1987, Baumann et al., 1987, Papazian et al., 1987, Pongs et al., 1988) T(1;Y)B55 (Tanouye et al., 1981, Pongs et al., 1988, Ferrus et al., 1990, Rogero et al., 1997) T(1;Y)W32 (Kamb et al., 1987, Baumann et al., 1987, Papazian et al., 1987, Pongs et al., 1988, Ferrus et al., 1990, Hardie et al., 1991, Rogero et al., 1997) Tp(1;3)JC153 (Pongs et al., 1988) Ts(1Lt;YLt)B55+Ts(1Rt;YSt)W32 (Baumann et al., 1987, Papazian et al., 1987, Pongs et al., 1988, Schwarz et al., 1988, Tejedor et al., 1997, Martinez-Padron and Ferrus, 1997)
Transgenic Constructs & Insertions
Transgenic Constructs
	Type of construct Name Expression data UAS construct P{GD6681} NA P{GD13718} NA P{GD15346} NA P{KK109112} NA P{TRiP.JF01473} NA P{UAS.CD8-Shaker.11aa} NA P{UAS.CD8-Shaker.VTD} NA P{UAS.CD8-Shaker} NA P{UAS-CD8::Sh-GFP} NA P{UAS-EKO+} NA P{UAS-SDN} NA P{UAS-Sh.DN.EKI} NA heat-shock construct P{hsp70-ShB} NA P{hs-Sh.29-4} NA P{KBT} NA reporter construct P{Sh-lacZ.C4} No P{Sh-lacZ.C4S} No P{Sh-lacZ.C37} No P{Sh-lacZ.C437A} No P{Sh-lacZ.C437B} No characterization construct P{GI} NA P{Mhc.CD8-GFP-Sh} NA
Insertions
	Type of insertions Name Expression data miscellaneous insertions ?{}Sh16 NA Mi{MIC}ShMI05536 NA P{}Sh10 NA P{}Sh13 NA P{}Sh23 NA P{RS5}Sh5-HA-1958 NA P{RS5}Sh5-HA-2001 NA PBac{WH}Shf04502 NA PBac{WH}Shf07565 NA insertion of mobile activating element P{Mae-UAS.6.11}ShGG01336 NA P{XP}Shd04882 NA P{XP}Shd10492 NA insertion of enhancer trap binary system Mi{ET1}ShMB00560 No Mi{ET1}ShMB02366 No
Gene Ontology: Function, Process & Cellular Component ( 22 unique terms )
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence ( 13 terms )
Molecular Function
CV term Evidence References
voltage-gated cation channel activity inferred from direct assay (Silverman et al., 2003, Li et al., 2011)
Biological Process
CV term Evidence References
axon extension inferred from mutant phenotype (Zhong and Wu, 2004) detection of visible light inferred from mutant phenotype (Rodriguez Moncalvo and Campos, 2005) flight behavior inferred from mutant phenotype (Homyk and Sheppard, 1977) larval locomotory behavior inferred from mutant phenotype (Ueda and Wu, 2006) mating behavior, sex discrimination inferred from direct assay (Houot et al., 2012) proboscis extension reflex inferred from mutant phenotype (Ishimoto et al., 2005) regulation of action potential inferred from mutant phenotype (Ueda and Wu, 2006) regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep inferred from mutant phenotype (Yuan et al., 2006) regulation of synaptic activity inferred from mutant phenotype (Ueda and Wu, 2006) sleep inferred from mutant phenotype (Circelli et al., 2005, Parisky et al., 2008)
Cellular Component
CV term Evidence References
integral to membrane inferred from direct assay (Zhang et al., 2007) voltage-gated potassium channel complex inferred from physical interaction with Hk (Wang and Wu, 1996)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions ( 11 terms )
Molecular Function
CV term Evidence References
delayed rectifier potassium channel activity inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000164969 (assigned by RefGenome) (Gaudet et al., 2010) voltage-gated potassium channel activity inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:Q09470 (FlyBase, 1992-) non-traceable author statement (Chouinard et al., 1995, Swiss-Prot Project Members, 1988.8.1) traceable author statement (Littleton and Ganetzky, 2000)
Biological Process
CV term Evidence References
behavioral response to ether non-traceable author statement (Sokolowski, 2001) courtship behavior non-traceable author statement (Sokolowski, 2001) traceable author statement (Greenspan and Ferveur, 2000) learning or memory non-traceable author statement (Sokolowski, 2001) potassium ion transport inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR003091, InterPro:IPR003131, InterPro:IPR003968, InterPro:IPR003972 (FlyBase Curators et al., 2004-) non-traceable author statement (Swiss-Prot Project Members, 1988.8.1) traceable author statement (Littleton and Ganetzky, 2000) protein homooligomerization inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR003131 (FlyBase Curators et al., 2004-) sensory perception of taste non-traceable author statement (Sokolowski, 2001) transmembrane transport inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR005821 (FlyBase Curators et al., 2004-)
Cellular Component
CV term Evidence References
integral to membrane non-traceable author statement (Swiss-Prot Project Members, 1988.8.1) voltage-gated potassium channel complex non-traceable author statement (Chouinard et al., 1995) traceable author statement (Littleton and Ganetzky, 2000)
Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
	gene_with_edited_transcript (Graveley et al., 2011) nuclear_gene   protein_coding_gene
Interactions & Pathways
Summary of Physical Interactions
Summary of Genetic Interactions
Interacts with	Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions Sh allele Gene References Sh5 eag (Zhong and Wu, 1993) para (Stern et al., 1990) qvr (Wang et al., 2000) smi26D (Anholt et al., 2003) Sh6 Flu (Homyk, 1991) Sh7 dlg1 (Thomas et al., 1997) Sh9 para (Stern et al., 1990) Sh14 Appl (Torroja et al., 1999) Khc (Hurd et al., 1996) para (Stern et al., 1990) smi26D (Anholt et al., 2003) Sh16 para (Stern et al., 1990) qvr (Wang et al., 2000) Sh21 eag (Zhong and Wu, 1993, Wang et al., 2000) para (Stern et al., 1990) qvr (Wang et al., 2000) unspecified dnc (Zhong et al., 1992) eag (Cardnell et al., 2006, Engel and Wu, 1992, Jia et al., 1993, Schuster et al., 1996, Fergestad et al., 2006, Mosca et al., 2005) mle (Ganetzky and Wu, 1982, Budnik et al., 1990, Wang et al., 2000) para   rut (Zhong and Wu, 2004)
External Data
Linkouts	BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions • 59101 DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions. • FBgn0003380 InterologFinder Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets. • 32780
Orthologs
OrthoDB Orthologs (85) - based on analysis using Dmel annotation version 5.41
OrthoDB Ortholog Groups
	OrthoDB orthology group searches (Waterhouse et al., 2011, Nucleic Acids Res. 39(Database issue): D283--D288) Drosophila inclusive ortholog search EOG6H1BFJ Dipteran inclusive ortholog search EOG6QRHCG Insect inclusive ortholog search EOG6J9KVB Arthropod inclusive ortholog search EOG6J6Q6B Metazoa inclusive ortholog search EOG6MM18T
Orthologs in Drosophila Species (EOG6H1BFJ)
Organism Common Name Gene AAA Syntenic Ortholog Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Drosophila melanogaster fruit fly  Dmel\Sh     Drosophila simulans   Dsim\GD15655 Y   Drosophila sechellia   Dsec\GM22843 Y   Drosophila erecta   Dere\GG18151 Y   Drosophila yakuba   Dyak\GE15560 Y   Drosophila ananassae   Dana\GF19526 Y   Drosophila pseudoobscura pseudoobscura   Dpse\GA26555 Y   Drosophila persimilis   Dper\GL14919 Y   Drosophila willistoni   Dwil\GK17943 Y   Drosophila virilis   Dvir\GJ16839 Y   Drosophila mojavensis   Dmoj\GI15934 Y   Drosophila grimshawi   Dgri\GH12305 Y
Orthologs in non-Drosophila Dipterans (EOG6QRHCG)
Organism Common Name Gene Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Aedes aegypti Yellow fever mosquito  Aaeg\AAEL000242   Anopheles gambiae Malaria mosquito  Agam\AGAP000254   Culex quinquefasciatus Southern house mosquito  Cqui\CPIJ009536   Culex quinquefasciatus Southern house mosquito  Cqui\CPIJ009532
Orthologs in non-Dipteran Insects (EOG6J9KVB)
Organism Common Name Gene Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Apis mellifera Western honey bee  Amel\GB43660   Nasonia vitripennis Parasitic wasp  Nvit\Nasvi2EG022127   Acromyrmex echinatior Panamanian leafcutter ant  Aech\AECH25362   Atta cephalotes Leafcutter ant  Acep\ACEP12926   Camponotus floridanus Florida carpenter ant  Cflo\CFLO23088   Harpegnathos saltator Jerdons jumping ant  Hsal\HSAL16418   Linepithema humile Argentine ant  Lhum\LH20130   Pogonomyrmex barbatus Red harvester ant  Pbar\PB17780   Solenopsis invicta Red fire ant  Sinv\SINV21825   Acyrthosiphon pisum Pea aphid  Apim\ACYPI003491   Bombyx mori Silkmoth  Bmor\BGIBMGA003851   Bombyx mori Silkmoth  Bmor\BGIBMGA003850   Pediculus humanus Human body louse  Phum\PHUM020660   Tribolium castaneum Red flour beetle  Tcas\TC003580
Orthologs in non-Insect Arthropods (EOG6J6Q6B)
Organism Common Name Gene Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Daphnia pulex Water flea  Dpux\JGI_V11_323722   Ixodes scapularis Deer tick  Isca\ISCW021761
Orthologs in non-Arthropod Metazoa (EOG6MM18T)
Organism Common Name Gene Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Caenorhabditis elegans Nematode  Cele\shk-1   Strongylocentrotus purpuratus Purple sea urchin  Spur\SPU_026003gn   Danio rerio Zebrafish  Drer\zgc:174907   Danio rerio Zebrafish  Drer\CABZ01083827.1   Danio rerio Zebrafish  Drer\ENSDARG00000063282   Danio rerio Zebrafish  Drer\ENSDARG00000079491   Danio rerio Zebrafish  Drer\ENSDARG00000078650   Danio rerio Zebrafish  Drer\ENSDARG00000017108   Danio rerio Zebrafish  Drer\zgc:194437   Danio rerio Zebrafish  Drer\ENSDARG00000002241   Danio rerio Zebrafish  Drer\ENSDARG00000059935   Danio rerio Zebrafish  Drer\ENSDARG00000091755   Danio rerio Zebrafish  Drer\si:ch73-333m22.1   Danio rerio Zebrafish  Drer\ENSDARG00000076854   Danio rerio Zebrafish  Drer\ENSDARG00000086571   Xenopus tropicalis Western clawed frog  Xtro\kcna7   Xenopus tropicalis Western clawed frog  Xtro\kcna3   Xenopus tropicalis Western clawed frog  Xtro\kcna6   Xenopus tropicalis Western clawed frog  Xtro\kcna10   Xenopus tropicalis Western clawed frog  Xtro\kcna1   Xenopus tropicalis Western clawed frog  Xtro\kcna4   Xenopus tropicalis Western clawed frog  Xtro\kcna3   Gallus gallus Domestic chicken  Ggal\KCNA10   Gallus gallus Domestic chicken  Ggal\KCNA4   Gallus gallus Domestic chicken  Ggal\KCNA6   Gallus gallus Domestic chicken  Ggal\KCNA2   Gallus gallus Domestic chicken  Ggal\KCNA1   Gallus gallus Domestic chicken  Ggal\KCNA5   Gallus gallus Domestic chicken  Ggal\KCNA3   Mus musculus House mouse  Mmus\Kcna3   Mus musculus House mouse  Mmus\Kcna7   Mus musculus House mouse  Mmus\Kcna10   Mus musculus House mouse  Mmus\Kcna1   Mus musculus House mouse  Mmus\Kcna6   Mus musculus House mouse  Mmus\Kcna4   Mus musculus House mouse  Mmus\Kcna5   Mus musculus House mouse  Mmus\Kcna2   Rattus norvegicus Norway rat  Rnor\Kcna7   Rattus norvegicus Norway rat  Rnor\Kcna10   Rattus norvegicus Norway rat  Rnor\Kcna2   Rattus norvegicus Norway rat  Rnor\Kcna4   Rattus norvegicus Norway rat  Rnor\Kcna5   Rattus norvegicus Norway rat  Rnor\Kcna3   Rattus norvegicus Norway rat  Rnor\Kcna6   Rattus norvegicus Norway rat  Rnor\Kcna1   Homo sapiens Human  Hsap\KCNA7   Homo sapiens Human  Hsap\KCNA3   Homo sapiens Human  Hsap\KCNA10   Homo sapiens Human  Hsap\KCNA6   Homo sapiens Human  Hsap\KCNA4   Homo sapiens Human  Hsap\KCNA2   Homo sapiens Human  Hsap\KCNA5   Homo sapiens Human  Hsap\KCNA1
Human Orthologs (8)
Gene OMIM HGNC Hsap\KCNA7     Hsap\KCNA3     Hsap\KCNA10     Hsap\KCNA6     Hsap\KCNA4     Hsap\KCNA2     Hsap\KCNA5     Hsap\KCNA1
AAA Orthologs (11) based on analysis using Dmel annotation version 4.3
Organism Gene Drosophila simulans Dsim\GD15655 Drosophila sechellia Dsec\GM22843 Drosophila erecta Dere\GG18151 Drosophila yakuba Dyak\GE15560 Drosophila ananassae Dana\GF19526 Drosophila pseudoobscura pseudoobscura Dpse\GA26555 Drosophila persimilis Dper\GL14919 Drosophila willistoni Dwil\GK17943 Drosophila virilis Dvir\GJ16839 Drosophila mojavensis Dmoj\GI15934 Drosophila grimshawi Dgri\GH12305
Stocks & Reagents
Stocks Listed in FlyBase ( 32 )
Bloomington	111 Sh5 3563 Sh14 24149 Shmns 4741 Df(1)B25, Sh14/FM6
Harvard	- P{XP}Shd04882 - P{XP}Shd10492 - PBac{WH}Shf04502 - PBac{WH}Shf07565
Kyoto	105741 Sh5 107100 Sh14 107853 Df(1)B25, Sh14/FM6
VDRC	v104474 P{KK109112}VIE-260B
	More stocks available...
Genomic Clones ( 3 )
	BACR17D02 BACR29H04 BACR48L05 Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete
cDNA Clones ( 139 )
	Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see GBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.
cDNA Clones, Fully Sequenced
BDGP DGC clones	GH01566 GH03046 IP14846 RE58855
Other clones	FI02063 IP15146 MIP17255 MIP19218
cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
BDGP DGC clones	GH04865 GH05131 GH15217 GH16853 HL03976 RE58856 RH21508 RH21777 RH26214 RH31451 RH31462 RH34015 RH36262 RH43747 RH50492 RH51556 RH58392 RH62309 RH63676 RH64732
Other clones	1125 11607 14658 15449 31979 32284 32579 45093 51429 55711 55883 65736 66488 75169 99394 105505 107488 118333 146773 157984 163194 193178 194786 214347.50 214373.58 CK01.17B.H7 CK01.80C.D12 CK01.82B.D12 CK01.99C.E10 CK01.99D.F1 CK01.108B.D2 CK01.113C.D6 CK01.127C.F3 EK009712 EK016832 EK052905 EK064848 EK084449 EK084521 EK112549 EK117018 EK122245 EK138903 EK141032 EK142639 EK143121 EK143901 EK159024 EK160760 EK165345 EK165706 EK165748 EK173950 EK184163 EK193134 EK194343 EK194518 EK200308 EK207257 EK221858 EK230948 EK233155 EK244530 EK249348 EK260836 EK267211 EK300705 EP03641 EP10845 EP21004 IP14946 IP15046 RP003007546 RP003012764 RP003047711 RP003068519 RP003071996 RP003093105 RP003095037 RP003105396 RP003129472 RP003148429 RP003153757 RP003164625 RP003171167 RP003185178 RP003194689 RP003203861 RP003220604 RP003250232 RP003265159 RP003279109 RP003294374 RP003296741 RP003302784 RP003324405 RP003357286 RP003407582 RP003407910 RP003439479 RP003477935 RP003485126 RP003514136 RP003531453 RP003545248 RP003563933 RP003580960 RP003627419 RP003633466 RP003637899 RP003667360
RNAi & Array Information
Linkouts	DRSC - Results from RNAi screens. • FBgn0003380 GenomeRNAi - GenomeRNAi – A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents • 32780
Antibody Information
	polyclonal (Wu et al., 2010)
Other Information
Discoverer
	Catsch, 1944.
Etymology
Identification
Relationship to Other Genes
Source for database identity of
Source for database merge of	Source for merge of: Sh BcDNA:GH03046 (BDGP Project Members, 2000-) Source for merge of: Sh CG17860 CG7640 (FlyBase Genome Annotators, 2002-2003)
Additional comments	Annotations CG12348, CG17860 and CG7640 merged as CG12348 (which corresponds to Sh) in release 3 of the genome annotation. (FlyBase Genome Annotators, 2002-2003)
Other Comments
	Sh K+ conductance is important for neural coding precision and as a mechanism for selectively amplifying graded signals in neurons. (Niven et al., 2003) The intracellular gate of Sh channels is capable of regulating access even by the small cations Cd2+ and Ag+. It can exclude small neutral or negatively charged molecules, suggesting that the gate operates by steric exclusion rather than electrostatically. (del Camino and Yellen, 2001) Mutants are hypersensitive to paraquat. (Wang et al., 2000) qvr and Sh may share the same pathway in the regulation of synaptic transmission. (Wang et al., 2000) The Sh gene product may be a major target for PKG modulation. (Renger et al., 1999) Three permeant ion binding-sites in the pore of Sh channel are studied. Pore-lining resides are identified that appear to contribute to the formation of two deeper sites. Results are consistent with a mechanism of gating that operates by pinching off access of the deep pore to the internal or external solution. (Harris et al., 1998) The membrane potential plays a crucial role in the loss of conductance. There is a close connection between the gating and conduction function of the membrane. (Melishchuk et al., 1998) Slob, identified as a protein that binds to the carboxy-terminal domain of slo, does not co-immunoprecipitate with Sh. (Schopperle et al., 1998) Fluorescent labeling allows the examination of voltage-dependent conformational changes in different regions of the Sh channel. The S2 segment may undergo voltage sensitive conformational changes that precede those in the S4 segment. Fluorescence changes in the pore correlate with the voltage dependence and time course of ionic activation and slow inactivation. (Cha and Bezanilla, 1997) Incorporation of Npg (an unnatural amino acid (2-nitrophenyl)glycine) produces peptide backbone cleavage at the site of the novel residue, by analogy with other 2-nitrobenzyl systems. (England et al., 1997) Analysis of Sh-Ecol\lacZ reporter constructs suggests that tissue-specific alternative splicing of Sh transcripts results from distinct modes of regulating 3' splice choice in different tissues. (Iverson et al., 1997) Recovery from inactivation in Sh K+ channels begins with no delay on repolarisation. Hyperpolarisation hastens only the initial phase of recovery, yet retards the later phase of recovery by increasing the proportion of slow components. The fast and slow components primarily correspond to recovery via the open state and via the closed state, respectively. Sh K+ channel deactivation hinders, rather than facilitates, the unbinding of the inactivating particle and therefore retards recovery from inactivation, whereas external K+ may enhance unbinding of the particle by binding to a site located near the external entrance of the pore. (Kuo, 1997) A series of positions in the S6 transmembrane regions are found to react rapidly with water soluble thiol reagents in the open state but not the closed state. An open-channel blocker can protect several of these Cys residues, showing that they lie in the ion-conduction pore. Results suggest the channels open and close by the movement of an intracellular gate, distinct from the selectivity filter, that regulates access to the pore. (Liu et al., 1997) The spatio-temporal expression of Sh protein in the developing and adult nervous system has been analysed. (Rogero et al., 1997) Probing the boundary of the electric field with protons indicates that the voltage-sensing residue 365 lies on an internally faced narrow crevice in the resting state, while the sensing charge at position 368 sits in an externally faced crevice in the open state of the channel. Both residues move entirely from the internal to external medium in each stroke of the voltage sensor. The translocation of the two residues accounts for 66% of the total gating charge. (Starace et al., 1997) The dlg1 product colocalises with Sh K+ channels, which are clustered at glutamatergic synapses at the larval neuromuscular junction. (Tejedor et al., 1997) The C-terminal sequences of Fas2 and Sh are both necessary and sufficient for targeting to the subsynaptic muscle membrane at the larval neuromuscular junction, and this localization depends on the product of dlg1. (Zito et al., 1997) Opening of a Sh channel is associated with a displacement of 13.6 electron charge units. Mutational analysis reveals that movement of the amino-terminal half but not the carboxy-terminal end of the S4 segment underlies gating charge, and this portion of the S4 segment appears to move across the entire transmembrane voltage difference in association with channel activation. (Aggarwal and MacKinnon, 1996) When applied to Sh channels expressed in mammalian cells, quaternary ammonium blockers produce use-dependent inhibition by promoting an intrinsic conformational change, C-type inactivation, from which recovery is slow. (Baukrowitz and Yellen, 1996) Subunits from eag and Sh functionally interact in Xenopus oocytes, most likely as heteromultimeric channels. Site directed mutagenesis indicates the eag carboxyl terminus is crucial for the interaction with Sh. (Chen et al., 1996) eag coexpression with Sh in Xenopus oocytes accelerates the inactivation and slows the recovery from inactivation of the transient Sh current. (Chen et al., 1996) The effects of amino acid replacements on AgTx2 affinity define the eccentricity of amino acids in the pore entryway and imply a different secondary structure for the amino and carboxyl ends of the pore loop. (Gross and MacKinnon, 1996) Mutations in Khc enhance the para and mel and suppress the Sh and eag mutant phenotypes. (Hurd et al., 1996) The putative voltage-sensing charges of S4 actually reside in the membrane and move outward when channels open. (Larsson et al., 1996) The S4 domain contains the gating charge. Activation consists of the movement of the outer portion of S4 into the extracellular fluid from a position that is buried in the resting state, thus generating the gating current. (Mannuzzu et al., 1996) Triple mutation can convert the outwardly rectifying Sh channel to an inward rectifier. The conversion does not rely on a difference in sign or direction of charge movement of the voltage sensor, since activation of the Sh outward rectifier is due to a different gate than activation of the mutant inward rectifier. (Miller and Aldrich, 1996) Charybdotoxin insensitivity maps to residue 449 of the Sh K+ channel. (Naranjo and Miller, 1996) Studies of the interaction of Agitoxin2 with Sh channels reveals a shallow vestibule formed by the pore loops at the Sh channel entryway. The selectivity filter is located at the center of the vestibule close to (around 5 Angstroms from) the extracellular solution. (Ranganathan et al., 1996) Alteration of the rate of aging and life span using Sh and Hk hyperactive mutants shows that the timing of type I Ecol\lacZ2216 expression is independent of metabolic rate. (Rogina and Helfand, 1996) Fas2 is necessary for the synaptic sprouting induced by increased activity (eag Sh double mutants) or increased cAMP (dnc). (Schuster et al., 1996) Voltage sensing residues have been mapped to the S2 and S4 segments of the Sh K+ channel. (Seoh et al., 1996) Hk β subunit modulates a wide range of the Sh K+ current properties, inducing its amplitude, activation and inactivation, temperature dependence and drug sensitivity. Modulation is thought to occur via hydrophobic interactions, Hk β subunits modulate Sh channel formation in the cytoplasmic pore region. (Wang and Wu, 1996) The monkey Cos cell line is a reasonable system for transient expression of K+ channels, particularly those with fast inactivation kinetics. (Yu et al., 1996) Hk encodes a K+ channel β subunit with distinctive effects on Sh channel function. (Chouinard et al., 1995) Synthetic inactivating and synthetic noninactivating peptides are used to investigate whether the single amino acid change in the peptide sequence determines alteration in the conformation of the "ball" peptide that might explain the loss of function. The two peptides have a different potential capacity to become structured into a given conformation. (Fernandez-Ballester et al., 1995) Modulation of Sh channels using serotonin has been studied in a semi-intact preparation of the retina. (Hevers and Hardie, 1995) Using Ecol\lacZ reporter gene for accurate splicing of variable Sh 3' domains the expression pattern in transgenic animals indicates both temporal and spatial regulation of 3' splice choice. Tissue-specific expression of functionally distinct Sh K+ channels is regulated, in part, at the level of pre-mRNA splicing and implicates sequences in or around the 3' splice sites in regulating the choice of 3' domain. (Mottes and Iverson, 1995) Mutations conveying both strong and weak suppression of the primary S4 neutralisation mutations K374Q and R377Q have been obtained identifying likely short- and long range electrostatic interactions among transmembrane charged residues. (Papazian et al., 1995) Immunochemical techniques have identified so called short Sh cDNAs. Genetic criteria determines a good part of the protein variety is generated by alternative splicing. The expression pattern of Sh splice variants changes dramatically throughout development. (Rogero and Tejedor, 1995) The entire adult temporal pattern of expression of an enhancer trap element, P{lacW}1085, scales to life span in Hk1 and Sh5 mutants. (Rogina and Helfand, 1995) Sh currents are not detectable in embryonic neurons. (Tsunoda and Salkoff, 1995) Coimmunoprecipitation and yeast two-hybrid system studies demonstrate the association of the hydrophilic N-terminal domains of the genes encoding channel proteins plays an important role in determining the specificity of α subunit association to form heteromultimeric potassium channels. (Xu et al., 1995) Double mutant combinations and gene dosage experiments suggest that tta interacts with the viable region (V) of the Sh complex. (de la Pompa, 1994) Abnormal function of Sh K+ channels at motor nerves specifically abolishes post-tetanic potentiation (PTP) in the larval neuromuscular junction. (Delgado et al., 1994) The time course of N-type inactivation of Sh K+ channels is prolonged upon exposure of the cytoplasmic face to phosphatases and this effect is completely reversed by subsequent application of the purified catalytic subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and ATP. (Drain et al., 1994) The functional consequences of introducing point mutations into the signature sequence of Sh channel is studied. (Heginbotham et al., 1994) Physical dimensions and biochemical characteristics of Sh channels expressed in Sf9 cells studied using electron microscopy demonstrates they have a tetrameric subunit composition. Negative staining reveals a four-fold symmetric tetramer with a large, central vestibule that presumably constitutes part of the pathway for ions. (Li et al., 1994) 4-AP binds to an internally accessible site of Sh and alters channel gating. The binding is state-dependent and when bound 4-AP prevents channels from opening and blocks distinct conformational rearrangements. (McCormack et al., 1994) Ion permeation of Sh channels appears to have many of the properties consistent with multi-ion pores. (Perez-Cornejo and Begenisich, 1994) S4 mutations alter gating currents of Sh K channels. (Perozo et al., 1994) Expression of Sh using a mammalian transient transfection system allows N-ethlymaleamide-labelled charybdotoxin (NEM-CTX) quantification and characterisation of assembled tetrameric channels in both isolated membrane fragments and detergent extracts. The channels produced can be functionally reconstituted into model membranes accessible to direct electrical recording. (Sun et al., 1994) Ion channel mutants alter synaptic activity at the embryonic neuromuscular junction (NMJ). GluRIIA expression in the postsynaptic membrane is reduced by changes in presynaptic electrical activity. The size of the synaptic domain depends on the level of neural activity during embryonic synaptogenesis. (Broadie and Bate, 1993) Mutations in two regions of Sh, the pore region and the last transmembrane sequence, appear to alter quaternary ammonium (QA) compound binding and inhibition of Sh. (Choi et al., 1993) The conduction properties of the cloned Sh channel are characteristic of those traditionally found in other K+ channels. (Heginbotham and MacKinnon, 1993) Electrophysiological measurements and numerical simulation studies of channels expressed in transfected cells reveals that the slow properties of the encoded channel help to determine the voltage trajectories in the synthetic neurons. Slow inactivation of transient K+ currents could play a role in the encoding properties of real neurons. (Hsu et al., 1993) In eag,Sh hyperexcitable double mutants nerve/muscle synaptic ultrastructure is dramatically altered. Two types of synaptic vesicle are depleted and a third is altered in appearance, and there are changes in number and appearance of synaptic densities, and multivesicular bodies. (Jia et al., 1993) The role of conserved L370 residue is investigated. Substitutions result in alteration in the relative stabilities of open, closed and inactivated conformational states, corresponding to the size and hydrophobicity of the substituted residue. Data suggests that nonconservative substitutions of L370 influence the ability of Sh subunits to assemble into functional channel complexes. All observations are consistent with the idea that L370 and other residues in the region undergo protein interactions that are important determinants in the formational structure of the channel. (McCormack et al., 1993) In mutant channels that have completely abolished ion conduction the channel can still undergo the closed-open conformation in response to voltage changes. (Perozo et al., 1993) The effect of mutations that decrease the steepness of the conductance-voltage relationship is to alter the kinetics and equilibria of charge-moving transitions. (Shao and Papazian, 1993) A 20 amino acid synthetic peptide corresponding to the amino terminal of the B splice variant of the Sh K+ channel, and responsible for its fast inactivation, can block large conductance Ca2+-dependent K+ channels from rat brain and muscle, in two kinetically distinct types of blocking, "long" and "short". Pharmacological experiments indicate the peptide induces short block by binding in the pore of Ca2+-dependent K+ channels. This short block and the inactivation of Sh exhibit similar characteristics, therefore the binding region for the peptide in the pore regions is conserved in these very different K+ channels. (Foster et al., 1992) Effects of potassium channel blocking drugs on the presynaptic action potential repolarization after electrotonic stimulation was studied. At least four K+ currents contribute to repolarization of the nerve terminal. (Gho and Ganetzky, 1992) The effects of mutations where the pore sequences mimic those of the cyclic nucleotide gated channels were tested in the Xenopus oocyte expression system. These channels behave as cyclic nucleotide gated channels, demonstrating that the two physiologically distinct types of channel are actually closely related. (Heginbotham et al., 1992) Channel gating is investigated. (McCormack et al., 1992) Inactivation mechanism of Sh channels is investigated. (Perozo et al., 1992) Cell-free protein translation, microsomal membrane processing of nascent channel protein, and reconstitution of newly synthesised ion channels into planar lipid bilayers generated glycosylated, active, functional Shaker potassium channels. (Rosenberg and East, 1992) Sh, Shal, Shab and Shaw encode independent channel systems that function independently in Xenopus oocytes. (Salkoff et al., 1992) Shaker splice variant B 20 amino acid inactivating peptide (known as "ball peptide" BP) interacts with Ca2+-activated K+ channels in porcine coronary smooth muscle from cytoplasmic side only, producing inhibition of channel activity. Effect is reversible and dose- and voltage-dependent. BP binds KCa channels in a bimolecular reaction, and results suggest that Ca-dependent K+ channels and the Sh channels have the same receptor for "BP". (Toro et al., 1992) Inactivation of Sh channel during a prolonged depolarisation lasting many seconds must occur by a distinct mechanism from the rapid inactivation of the wild type Sh channel. (Choi et al., 1991) Subunit assembly of Sh does not depend on the leucine heptad repeat. Substitutions of the Leu residues in the repeat produce large effects on the observed voltage dependence of conductance voltage and prepulse inactivation curves. Results suggest the Leu residues mediate interactions that play an important role in the transduction of charge movement into channel opening and closing. (McCormack et al., 1991) Site directed mutagenesis of the S4 sequence of the Sh potassium channel and electrophysiological analysis suggest that voltage-dependent activation involves the S4 sequence but it is not solely due to electrostatic interactions. (Papazian et al., 1991) Sh RNA expression in pupae and adults has been studied. (Tseng-Crank et al., 1991) An amino acid residue that specifically affects the affinity for the intracellular tetraethylammonium (TEA) has been identified and is in the middle of a conserved stretch of 18 amino acids. Results suggest this conserved region is intimately involved in the formation of the ion conduction pore of the channel. (Yellen et al., 1991) Molecular region of Sh has been identified that influences ionic selectivity. H5 (fifth hydrophobic region) is likely to line th pore of the potassium channel. (Yool and Schwarz, 1991) Variations in amino acid sequence in a small region of Sh near the amino terminus can cause changes in channel inactivation rates. (Aldrich et al., 1990) The effect of Ca2+ removal causes a nonselective leak of expressed K+ channels due to a massive functional alteration of the channel. (Armstrong and Miller, 1990) Although Sh, Shal, Shab and Shaw proteins share a conserved structral organisation, their potassium channel currents (expressed in Xenopus oocytes) differ greatly in individual kinetic properties and voltage sensitivity. (Butler et al., 1990) The Sh locus can be dissected by means of aneuploids into three regions: maternal effect (ME), viable (V) and haplolethal (HL). Mutations of the ME region of the Sh locus affect oogenesis and the differentiation of the hypoderm and/or the physiology of the CGF. (Ferrus et al., 1990) Expression of mutated Sh potassium channels in Xenopus oocytes has identified a region near the amino terminus that has an important role in inactivation of the channel. (Hoshi et al., 1990) Cloning and characterisation of Sh has identified structural elements involved in potassium channel gating. The amino and carboxy terminus are specialised for, and appear to interact in, inactivation gating. (Isacoff et al., 1990) Analysis of Sh polypeptides expressed in Xenopus oocytes suggests that they assemble to form multimeric channels. (Isacoff et al., 1990) Both the 5' and 3' variable domains of the Sh gene product influence the kinetics of macroscopic inactivation. The amino domain dictates a general range of inactivation properties. Chimaeric Sh cDNAs exhibit variable time constants for inactivation, variable incomplete inactivation and variable recovery from inactivation. (Iverson and Rudy, 1990) Specific amino acid residues have been identified that affect channel blockade by an external source tetraethylammonium (tetraethylammonium (TEA)), as well as conductance of ions through the pore. (MacKinnon and Yellen, 1990) Coinjection of different Sh RNAs into Xenopus oocytes indicates the formation of heteromultimeric Sh channels. (McCormack et al., 1990) The distribution of Sh proteins in the brain of the adult fly has been determined. (Schwarz et al., 1990) The presence of A2-type potassium channels in Sh deficiency flies indicates that these channels are not encoded by the Sh gene. (Solc and Aldrich, 1990) Studies of two Sh proteins that differ only in their amino termini suggests that the amino terminus of Sh proteins affects potassium channel structures on both sides of the membrane. (Stocker et al., 1990) Sh, Shal, Shab and Shaw encode voltage gated potassium channels with widely varying kinetics (rate of macroscopic current activation and inactivation) and voltage sensitivity of steady state inactivation. (Wei et al., 1990) Potassium channel diversity could result from an extended gene family as well as from alternate splicing of the Sh primary transcript. (Butler et al., 1989) The Glu residue at position 422 is near or in the externally facing mouth of the potassium conduction pathway. The positively charged toxin charybdotoxin (CTX) is electrostatically focused toward its blocking site by the negative potential set up by Glu-422. (MacKinnon and Miller, 1989) P-element mediated germline transformation has been used to express ShB channel in Sh mutants. The transformant A-current inactivates rapidly and recovers from inactivation similarly to ShB channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Unlike channels in oocytes the transformant A-current is insensitive to charybdotoxin (CTX). (Zagotta et al., 1989) The molecular transition rates leading to the first opening of ShB and ShD channels are voltage-dependent. All further transitions are independent of voltage. The difference in macroscopic current between the channels is due to the quantitative difference in transition rates. Voltage dependence of macroscopic currents is determined by the voltage dependency on the time to first opening. (Zagotta et al., 1989) A Sh cDNA has been used as a probe to isolate a homologous rat brain cDNA. (Baumann et al., 1988) Transcripts synthesised in vitro from Sh cDNA express A-type K+ currents when injected into Xenopus oocytes. (Iverson et al., 1988) Two basic forms of conceptual proteins are encoded by Sh cDNA: the more common form containing seven potential membrane spanning domains and the other form containing 3 potential membrane spanning domains. The cDNAs contain variable 5' and 3' ends joined to a constant central region. The different cDNAs encode proteins with distinct structural features. (Kamb et al., 1988) At least four probable components of potassium channels are encoded at the Sh locus by a family of alternatively spliced transcripts. (Schwarz et al., 1988) Sh gene encodes the A potassium ion channel or one of its subunits. (Timpe et al., 1988) Four different Sh mRNAs have been tested and found to produce A currents in Xenopus oocytes. The four currents differ in kinetics of inactivation indicating that the Sh products may contribute to kinetic diversity in A-channels. Sequences in both the amino- and carboxy-terminal regions are important for inactivation. (Timpe et al., 1988) Sh has been isolated as part of a chromosomal walk. Sh corresponds to a large transcription unit encompassing 95kb of genomic DNA and split by a major 85kb intron. (Kamb et al., 1987) The Sh genomic region has been cloned and the transcription pattern of this region has been analysed. (Kecskemethy et al., 1987) Sh encodes a structural component of a voltage-dependent K+ channel. (Tempel et al., 1987) Some Sh phenotypes are suppressed by nap and para alleles; i.e., in double mutant combinations, abnormal leg-shaking, repetitive firing of larval action potentials, and transmitter release at larval neuromuscular junction are nearly normal; the interactions are not allele-specific (Ganetzky and Wu, 1982a; Ganetzky and Wu, 1982b). Some Sh phenotypes are enhanced by eag; i.e., in double mutant combinations, abnormal leg-shaking, repetitive firing of larval action potentials and transmitter release are more extreme; also, adults have down-turned wings and dented-in thoraces at the sites of the dorsal longitudinal muscle insertions; the interactions are not allele-specific (Ganetzky and Wu, 1983). Some Sh phenotypes are enhanced by dnc; i.e., in double mutant combinations, abnormal leg-shaking is more extreme; abnormal spontaneous activity is seen in the giant fiber (Ferrus and Tanouye). The breakpoint of T(1;2)B27, induced in a Sh14 background, causes an alteration in the pattern of leg-shaking (Tanouye and Ferrus).   Under moderate ether anesthesia, legs shake abnormally, antennae twitch, abdomen pulsates; wings scissor in some alleles; very little effect in deeply etherized flies; unetherized mutants twitch and shudder occasionally; severed legs shake (Kaplan and Trout, 1969; Trout and Kaplan, 1973; Tanouye, Ferrus and Fujita, 1981; Ganetzky and Wu, 1982a; Tanouye and Ferrus, 1985). Structural gene for several types of potassium channel (Iverson et al., 1988; Timpe et al. Jan, 1988). Abnormal action potential repolarization of adult giant fiber; repetitive firing of action potentials in larval nerves; prolonged transmitter release at larval neuromuscular junction (Jan, Jan and Dennis, 1977; Tanouye, Ferrus and Fujita, 1981; Ganetzky and Wu, 1982b; Tanouye and Ferrus, 1985). Abnormal in one class of potassium channel (A channel) present in embryonic myocytes, larval and pupal muscle (Salkoff and Wyman, 1981; Salkoff, 1983; Wu and Haugland, 1985; Timpe and Jan, 1987; Haugland and Wu, 1990). Sh mutations do not affect four other distinct potassium-channel types (KD, K1, A2, Calcium-gated) (Salkoff and Wyman, 1981; Salkoff, 1983; Wu et al., 1983; Solc et al., 1987; Solc and Aldrich, 1988). Males carrying hemizygous deletions of Sh are viable (Tanouye, Ferrus and Fujita, 1981). Abnormal associative learning in some paradigms (Tully); activity patterns high, but show normal circadian rhythmicity (Konopka).
External Crossreferences & Linkouts
Sequence Crossreferences
	RefSeq (Transcripts) • NM_078669 NM_167592 NM_167594 NM_167595 NM_167596 NM_206774 NM_206775 NM_001169317 NM_001201739 NM_001258797 NM_001258798 NM_001272735 NM_001272736 NM_001272737 RefSeq (Proteins) • NP_523393 NP_728120 NP_728122 NP_728123 NP_728124 NP_996497 NP_996498 NP_001162788 NP_001188668 NP_001245726 NP_001245727 NP_001259664 NP_001259665 NP_001259666 DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank • AAA28417 AAA70217 AAF48785 AAF48786 AAF48790 AAL28157 AAM48427 AAN09451 AAN09452 AAS65395 AAS65396 ACZ95322 ADV37750 AFH07439 AFH07440 AGB95506 AGB95507 AGB95508 AI063309 AJ783223 AJ783224 AJ783225 AJ783226 AJ783227 AJ783228 AJ783229 AJ783230 AJ783231 AJ783232 AJ783233 AJ783234 AJ783292 AW940117 AY060609 AY118398 BI371848 CAA29549 CAA29917 CAA30143 CAA30144 CAA30145 CAA30146 CAA55519 CS133225 CZ474188 CZ477285 CZ487038 CZ490315 M17155 M17211 X06184 X06742 X07131 X07132 X07133 X07134 X58188 X75472 X78908 Entrez Gene - A searchable database of RefSeq genes. • 32780 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot • P08510 UniProtKB/TrEMBL • E1JJQ5 Q95SS6
Other Crossreferences
	InterPro domains - A database of protein families, domains, and functional sites • BTB/POZ fold (IPR011333) BTB/POZ-like (IPR000210) Voltage-dependent potassium channel (IPR003091) Potassium channel tetramerisation-type BTB domain (IPR003131) Potassium channel, voltage dependent, Kv (IPR003968) Potassium channel, voltage dependent, Kv1 (IPR003972) Ion transport domain (IPR005821) Voltage-dependent potassium channel, four helix bundle domain (IPR027359) PDB - Protein Data Bank. An information portal to biological macromolecular structures • 1HO2 1HO7
Linkouts
	BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions • 59101 DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions. • FBgn0003380 DRSC - Results from RNAi screens. • FBgn0003380 FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies • FBgn0003380 FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array • CG12348-RC;CG12348-RA;CG12348-RA;CG12348-RD FlyMine - Integrated genomics database for Drosophila, Anopheles, and C.elegans • FBgn0003380 GenomeRNAi - GenomeRNAi – A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents • 32780 InterologFinder Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets. • 32780 modMine - Data generated by the modENCODE project. • FBgn0003380
Synonyms & Secondary IDs ( 20 )
Reported As
Symbol Synonym	BcDNA:GH03046   CG7640 (Luschnig, 2003.12.17, Wang et al., 2004) CG12348 (Axelsen, 2001.2.13, Whitfield, 2001.1.18, Legube et al., 2006, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, An et al., 2008, Ni et al., 2008, Ellis and Carney, 2011, Tsubouchi et al., 2012) CG17860 (Wang et al., 2004) EKO (White et al., 2001, Osterwalder et al., 2001, Parisky et al., 2008, Peabody et al., 2009) Eko (Crocker et al., 2010) F-c   Kv1 (McCormack, 2003) minisleep   Sh (Niven et al., 2003, Yang et al., 2005, Cardnell et al., 2006, Huang and Stern, 2002, Laviolette et al., 2005, Yuan et al., 2006, Wang et al., 2002, Tsai et al., 2012, Hebbar and Fernandes, 2004, Howlett et al., 2008, Banovic et al., 2010, Wang and Wu, 2010, Feng et al., 2004, Honjo and Furukubo-Tokunaga, 2005, Meyer and Aberle, 2006, Zhong and Wu, 2004, Bogdanik et al., 2004, Pielage et al., 2006, Hazelett et al., 2012, Beuchle et al., 2007, Schmidt et al., 2000, Ueda and Wu, 2006, Brenner et al., 2000, Joiner et al., 2007, Guan et al., 2011, Koh et al., 2008, Haerty et al., 2007, Carrillo et al., 2010, Peng and Wu, 2007, Peng et al., 2007, Xu et al., 2005, Ataman et al., 2008, Wang et al., 2004, Hebbar et al., 2006, Bushey et al., 2007, Junion et al., 2007, Hartwig et al., 2008, Chiang et al., 2009, Weber et al., 2009, Madhavan et al., 2000, Ueda and Wu, 2008, Hall, 2003, Anaka et al., 2008, Ruedi and Hughes, 2009, Wu et al., 2010, Hodge et al., 2005, Yao and Wu, 2001, Kuebler et al., 2001, Choi et al., 2004, Niven et al., 2004, Peng and Wu, 2007, Lee and Wu, 2006, Duch et al., 2008, de Bivort et al., 2009, Ryglewski and Duch, 2009, Glazov et al., 2005, Lee et al., 2008, Fergestad et al., 2010, Singh et al., 2010, Keene et al., 2010, Mosca and Schwarz, 2010, Lorbeck et al., 2010, Ellis and Carney, 2011, Tsubouchi et al., 2012, Graveley et al., 2011, Leiserson et al., 2011, Girardot et al., 2004, Friedman et al., 2010, Johnson and Bennett, 2008, Juusola et al., 2003, Berke et al., 2006, Houot et al., 2012, Abruzzi et al., 2011, Koon et al., 2011, Ping et al., 2011, Beck et al., 2012, Senthilan et al., 2012, Pfeiffenberger and Allada, 2012) sh (Gasque et al., 2005, Hosler et al., 2000, Kamb, 1994.4.29, Ono et al., 2006, Vosshall, 2007, Krause et al., 2008, van Swinderen, 2006, Mozer and Sandstrom, 2012, Harvey et al., 2008, Liu et al., 2010, Schaper et al., 2012) SH (Bilder, 2001, Bassett et al., 1997) Sha (Heino, 1994) sha (Savva et al., 2012) Shaker (Rasse et al., 2005) Shw (Fahmy and Fahmy, 1959, ) V-I (Prado et al., 1999)
Name Synonym	F-c transcription unit   Shaker (Niven et al., 2003, Schwarz, 1993.3.26, Barbas, 1992.6.29, Rivlin et al., 2004, Crocker et al., 2010, Wang et al., 2002, Hebbar and Fernandes, 2004, Feng et al., 2004, Wang and Wu, 2010, Pielage et al., 2006, Honjo and Furukubo-Tokunaga, 2005, Alabi et al., 2007, Rasse et al., 2005, Marques, 2005, Silverman et al., 2003, Blaustein et al., 2000, Brenner et al., 2000, Joiner et al., 2007, Ben-Abu et al., 2009, Guan et al., 2011, Zhang et al., 2007, Xu et al., 2005, Camacho, 2008, Wang et al., 2004, Nakayama et al., 2006, Bushey et al., 2007, Hartwig et al., 2008, Middleton et al., 2006, Weber et al., 2009, Madhavan et al., 2000, Ueda and Wu, 2008, Hall, 2003, Ingleby et al., 2009, Ruedi and Hughes, 2009, Diao et al., 2009, Wu et al., 2010, Hodge et al., 2005, Yao and Wu, 2001, Kuebler et al., 2001, Niven et al., 2004, Peng and Wu, 2007, Lee and Wu, 2006, Duch et al., 2008, de Bivort et al., 2009, Ryglewski and Duch, 2009, Glazov et al., 2005, Lee et al., 2008, Fergestad et al., 2010, Singh et al., 2010, Diao et al., 2010, Lorbeck et al., 2010, Liu et al., 2010, Tsubouchi et al., 2012, Graveley et al., 2011, Leiserson et al., 2011, Bhalla et al., 2004, McCormack, 2003, Johnson and Bennett, 2008, Juusola et al., 2003, Berke et al., 2006, Houot et al., 2012, Henrion et al., 2012, Jepson et al., 2012, Savva et al., 2012, Schaper et al., 2012) shaker (Vahasoyrinki et al., 2006, Vosshall, 2007, van Swinderen, 2006, Qian and Bodmer, 2009, Harvey et al., 2008, Keene et al., 2010, Li et al., 2011, Bergquist et al., 2010, Dalton et al., 2010, Ruiz-Canada et al., 2002, Liu et al., 2010, Jepson et al., 2011, Savva et al., 2012, Rodriguez et al., 2012) Shaker-downheld (Fahmy and Fahmy, 1959)
Secondary FlyBase IDs
	FBgn0030885 FBgn0030888 FBgn0064981
References ( 683 )
Generate a list of	All references relating to this gene ( 683 )
List References by type	Research paper  ( 417 ) Supplementary material  ( 8 ) Review  ( 75 ) Erratum  ( 1 ) Personal communication to FlyBase  ( 14 ) Abstract  ( 142 ) FlyBase analysis  ( 3 ) DNA/RNA sequence record  ( 4 ) Protein sequence record  ( 1 ) Website  ( 1 ) Book  ( 2 ) Stock list  ( 1 ) Letter  ( 5 ) Book review  ( 3 ) Conference report  ( 2 ) Curated genome annotation  ( 3 )
Recent research papers ( 27 )
	Vonhoff et al., 2013, Development 140(3): 606--616 Temporal coherency between receptor expression, neural activity and AP-1-dependent transcription regulates Drosophila motoneuron dendrite development. [FBrf0220342] Beck et al., 2012, J. Neurosci. 32(20): 7058--7073 Regulation of Fasciclin II and Synaptic Terminal Development by the Splicing Factor Beag. [FBrf0218385] Defays and Bertoli, 2012, Alcohol 46(8): 737--745 Quantitative trait loci for response to ethanol in an intercontinental set of recombinant inbred lines of Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0220080] Hazelett et al., 2012, G3 (Bethesda) 2(7): 789--802 Comparison of Parallel High-Throughput RNA Sequencing Between Knockout of TDP-43 and Its Overexpression Reveals Primarily Nonreciprocal and Nonoverlapping Gene Expression Changes in the Central Nervous System of Drosophila. [FBrf0219102] Henrion et al., 2012, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109(22): 8552--8557 Tracking a complete voltage-sensor cycle with metal-ion bridges. [FBrf0219267] Houot et al., 2012, PLoS ONE 7(1): e30799 Genes Involved in Sex Pheromone Discrimination in Drosophila melanogaster and Their Background-Dependent Effect. [FBrf0217343] Jepson et al., 2012, PLoS Genet. 8(4): e1002671 dyschronic, a Drosophila Homolog of a Deaf-Blindness Gene, Regulates Circadian Output and Slowpoke Channels. [FBrf0218124] Linford et al., 2012, PLoS Genet. 8(5): e1002668 Re-Patterning Sleep Architecture in Drosophila through Gustatory Perception and Nutritional Quality. [FBrf0218228] Mozer and Sandstrom, 2012, Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 51(3-4): 89--100 Drosophila neuroligin 1 regulates synaptic growth and function in response to activity and phosphoinositide-3-kinase. [FBrf0219839] Pfeiffenberger and Allada, 2012, PLoS Genet. 8(10): e1003003 Cul3 and the BTB Adaptor Insomniac Are Key Regulators of Sleep Homeostasis and a Dopamine Arousal Pathway in Drosophila. [FBrf0219613] Rajan and Perrimon, 2012, Cell 151(1): 123--137 Drosophila cytokine unpaired 2 regulates physiological homeostasis by remotely controlling insulin secretion. [FBrf0219535] Rodriguez et al., 2012, Mol. Cell 47(1): 27--37 Nascent-seq indicates widespread cotranscriptional RNA editing in Drosophila. [FBrf0218865] Savva et al., 2012, Nat. Commun. 3: 790 Auto-regulatory RNA editing fine-tunes mRNA re-coding and complex behaviour in Drosophila. [FBrf0218141] Schaper et al., 2012, ScientificWorldJournal 2012: 373709 The Shaker Potassium Channel Is No Target for Xenon Anesthesia in Short-Sleeping Drosophila melanogaster Mutants. [FBrf0218725] Senthilan et al., 2012, Cell 150(5): 1042--1054 Drosophila auditory organ genes and genetic hearing defects. [FBrf0219321] Tsai et al., 2012, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109(43): 17699--17704 Activity-dependent retrograde laminin A signaling regulates synapse growth at Drosophila neuromuscular junctions. [FBrf0219768] Wolfram et al., 2012, Neuron 75(4): 663--674 The LIM-Homeodomain Protein Islet Dictates Motor Neuron Electrical Properties by Regulating K(+) Channel Expression. [FBrf0219295] Abruzzi et al., 2011, Genes Dev. 25(22): 2374--2386 Drosophila CLOCK target gene characterization: implications for circadian tissue-specific gene expression. [FBrf0216798] Baycin-Hizal et al., 2011, J. Proteome Res. 10(6): 2777--2784 GlycoFly: A Database of Drosophila N-linked Glycoproteins Identified Using SPEG-MS Techniques. [FBrf0213834] Ellis and Carney, 2011, Genetics 187(1): 157--169 Socially-Responsive Gene Expression in Male Drosophila melanogaster Is Influenced by the Sex of the Interacting Partner. [FBrf0212780] Graveley et al., 2011, Nature 471(7339): 473--479 The developmental transcriptome of Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0213330] Guan et al., 2011, Learn. Mem. 18(4): 191--206 Altered gene regulation and synaptic morphology in Drosophila learning and memory mutants. [FBrf0213277] Jepson et al., 2011, J. Biol. Chem. 286(10): 8325--8337 Engineered Alterations in RNA Editing Modulate Complex Behavior in Drosophila: REGULATORY DIVERSITY OF ADENOSINE DEAMINASE ACTING ON RNA (ADAR) TARGETS. [FBrf0213236] Koon et al., 2011, Nat. Neurosci. 14(2): 190--199 Autoregulatory and paracrine control of synaptic and behavioral plasticity by octopaminergic signaling. [FBrf0212895] Leiserson et al., 2011, Glia 59(2): 320--332 Drosophila glia use a conserved cotransporter mechanism to regulate extracellular volume. [FBrf0212638] Li et al., 2011, J. Biol. Chem. 286(2): 1389--1399 Intracellular regions of the Eag potassium channel play a critical role in generation of voltage-dependent currents. [FBrf0214089] Ping et al., 2011, PLoS ONE 6(1): e16043 Shal/K(v)4 Channels Are Required for Maintaining Excitability during Repetitive Firing and Normal Locomotion in Drosophila. [FBrf0212839] Show all research papers ...
Recent reviews (0)
	All reviews listed in FlyBase were published before 2011 Show reviews ...