FlyBase Gene Report: Dmel\ss

General Information

Symbol

Dmel\ss

Species

D. melanogaster

Name

spineless

Annotation Symbol

CG6993

Feature Type

protein_coding_gene

FlyBase ID

FBgn0003513

Gene Model Status

Stock Availability

78 publicly available

Gene Snapshot

spineless (ss) encodes a protein that plays a key role in defining the distal regions of the antenna and the leg. Its stochastic expression in R7 photoreceptors also controls the expression of color Rhodopsins (the product of Rh4 vs. the product of Rh3) in the two subsets of ommatidia. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-21]

Other Summaries

Alliance
Auto summary
Gene Group
Red Book
Interactive Fly

Also Known As

aristapedia

Key Links

Genomic Location

Cytogenetic map

Sequence location

3R:16,374,434..16,403,690 [-]

Recombination map

3-58

RefSeq locus

NT_033777 REGION:16374434..16403690

Sequence

Get Decorated FASTA

Genomic Maps

JBrowse GBrowse

Other Genome Views

The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.

Function

GO Summary Ribbons

Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (19 terms)

Molecular Function (4 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

contributes_to DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific

inferred from direct assay

(Kozu et al., 2006)

enables protein heterodimerization activity

inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:tgo; FB:FBgn0264075

(Kozu et al., 2006)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

enables nuclear receptor activity

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN004180845

(assigned by GO_Central )

(Gaudet et al., 2011)

enables transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN004180845

(assigned by GO_Central )

(Gaudet et al., 2011)

Biological Process (12 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (10 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

involved_in antennal development

inferred from expression pattern

(Dong et al., 2002)

involved_in antennal morphogenesis

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Dong et al., 2002)

involved_in imaginal disc-derived leg segmentation

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Kozu et al., 2006)

involved_in male courtship behavior

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Kuzin et al., 2014)

involved_in memory

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Kuzin et al., 2014)

involved_in negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Kozu et al., 2006)

involved_in R7 cell differentiation

inferred from direct assay

(Anderson et al., 2017)

involved_in regulation of dendrite morphogenesis

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Kim et al., 2006)

involved_in regulation of R7 cell differentiation

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Thanawala et al., 2013)

involved_in specification of animal organ identity

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Adachi-Yamada et al., 2005)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

involved_in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN004180845

(assigned by GO_Central )

(Gaudet et al., 2011)

involved_in xenobiotic metabolic process

inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR039091

(assigned by InterPro )

(FlyBase Curators et al., 2004-)

Cellular Component (3 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

located_in cytosol

inferred from high throughput direct assay

(Lye et al., 2014)

located_in nucleus

inferred from direct assay

(Céspedes et al., 2010)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

part_of aryl hydrocarbon receptor complex

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN004180845

(assigned by GO_Central )

(Gaudet et al., 2011)

located_in nucleus

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN004180845

(assigned by GO_Central )

(Gaudet et al., 2011)

Gene Group (FlyBase)

BASIC HELIX-LOOP-HELIX TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS

Protein Family (UniProt)

-

Protein Signatures (InterPro)

Summaries

Gene Group (FlyBase)

BASIC HELIX-LOOP-HELIX TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS -: Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors are sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins that regulate transcription. They are characterized by a 60 amino acid region comprising a basic DNA binding domain followed by a HLH motif formed from two amphipathic α-helices connected by a loop. bHLH transcription factors form homo- and hetero-dimeric complexes, which bind to a E box consensus sequence. (Adapted from PMID:15186484).

Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)

ss: spineless

Mutations at the spineless locus display three different phenotypes: (1) The spineless phenotype is characterized by the reduction in size of all bristles; (2) the aristapedia phenotype corresponds to the transformation of distal antennal segments, specifically the arista and the distal portion of the third antennal segment, into distal mesothoracic leg segments, i.e., tarsal segments; and (3) leg-segment fusion manifested as fusion of tarsal segments on all eight legs. Homeotic tissue does not conform to developmental compartment boundaries; therefore, ss does not qualify as a selector gene (Struhl). Expression of these phenotypes varies among alleles. Some alleles show only the spineless phenotype. Aristapedia alleles, symbolized ssa, vary in expression; weak alleles show a swelling of the third antennal joint and rudimentary tarsal transformation of the base of the arista; as expression becomes more extreme, more tarsal joints are formed until in the most extreme alleles four tarsal segments and terminal claws are formed. Tarsal fusions are characteristic of extreme aristapedia alleles.

ssv: spineless-variegated

Variegates for spineless character but completely mutant for aristapedia. Male sterile. RK2A.

ss1

Bristles only a little larger than hairs; dorsocentrals least reduced; postscutellars erect. No effect on legs or aristae. Growth of bristles slows during development [Lees and Waddington, 1943, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), Ser. B 131: 87-110]. Dominant to aristapedia phenotype of all ssa alleles. RK1.

ssa: spineless-aristapedia

ssa: spineless-aristapedia

From Bridges and Brehme, 1944, Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. No. 552: 179.

Antennae and aristae tarsuslike; mean number of tarsal segments = 4.0; incidence of claws = 97.1% (Garcia-Bellido, 1968, Genetics 59: 487-99); classified as an intermediate allele by Struhl. Third joint of antenna like parts of a tarsal row but with broad, flat, plate-like lobes below. Tarsal segments of legs display intermediate level of fusion (Struhl). Bristles like those of a medium to slight Minute. Frequent extra dorsocentral bristles. Transformed tissue is leg tissue in every attribute tested. Transformed tarsi elicit behavioral response similar to that of normal legs when exposed to sugar solutions (Deak, 1976, Nature 260: 252-54). Regions of aristae converted into tarsi not affected by mutants affecting aristae (e.g., th and al) but are affected by those operating on tarsi (e.g., fj, d, app, and ey) [Waddington, 1939, Growth, Suppl. 1, pp. 37-44; Braun, 1940, Genetics 25: 143-49; Mglinetz and Ivanov, 1975, Genetika 11(#11): 27-33; 1976, Genetika 12(#12): 87-94]. Dissociated cells from ssa antennal disks aggregate with dissociated leg-disk cells but not with those from wild-type antennal disks (Garcia-Bellido). Antennal disks from ssa larvae give rise to leg-like structures when transplanted into wild-type hosts as do both duplicated and regenerated antennal disks formed from eye-antenna-disk fragments (Gehring and Schubiger, 1975, J. Embryol. Exp. Morph. 33: 459-69); when disks are pretreated with colchicine, the developing structures are more aristalike (Vogt, 1947, Experientia 3: 156-59). Homozygous clones of ssa tissue produce antennal leg tissue when induced before (Roberts, 1964, Genetics 49: 593-98) but not after (Postlethwait and Girton, 1974, Genetics 76: 767-74) mid-third instar. Large clones conform to anterior and posterior compartments comparable to those induced in normal mesothoracic legs [Morata and Lawrence, 1979, Dev. Biol. 70: 355-71 (fig.)]. No maternal effect; temperature independent.

ssa40a

Cold sensitive; phenotype normal in flies raised at 29; fully penetrant at 17 [mean number of tarsal segments = 2.8; incidence of tarsal claws = 1.3% as recorded by Garcia-Bellido (1968, Genetics 59: 487-99) probably in flies raised at 25]. Phenocritical stage in first half of third instar [Grigliatti and Suzuki, 1971, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 68: 1307-11 (fig.)]. Shifts from 17 to 29 early in third instar restrict transformation to base of arista; distal extent of transformation increases as shift is effected later in development (Grigliatti and Suzuki). Opposite response to temperature for antennal transformation but not tarsal fusion reported by Mglinetz (1977, Genetika 13: 70-75). Developmental compartments demonstrated in antennal legs [Morata and Lawrence, 1979, Dev. Biol. 70: 355-71 (fig.)].

ssaB: spineless-aristapedia of Bridges

Bristles of female like a slight Minute, especially postscutellars. At 25, aristae inconspicuously thickened at base, plumed or threadlike for rest of extent. At 18 penetrance is 7% and expression weak; at 14, ssaB enhanced and resembles ssa; al causes reduction of ssaB arista at 25 but has no effect on transformed arista at 14 (Villee, 1943, J. Exp. Zool. 93: 75-98). Legs frequently have lumps at second joint of tarsi; more pronounced in male and result in doubling of sex combs, which are strung along first and second fused joints. Eyes a little flattened. Except at low temperatures, all characters slight and may overlap wild type. ssaB/ss1 has slight Minute phenotype but wild-type legs and aristae. ssaB/ssaSp like ssaSp with large tarsal aristae. RK2. Struhl (1982, Genetics 102: 737-49) and Posakony.

*ssaH (A. Hannah Alava)

Homozygous viable and fertile. Displays enlargement of base of arista. Increased number of sex-comb teeth on basitarsus of first leg in males (12-38 with mean of 24 teeth per leg).

*ssasnB (A. Hannah Alava)

Description incomplete. Extreme fusion of tarsal segments; basitarsus of male first leg has 20-50 sex-comb teeth (mean = 40); sex-comb teeth not uncommon on second leg.

ssC1

Reported to be homozygous lethal and lethal in combination with Df(3R)bxd100 (Bownes, Bournias-Vardiabasis, and Spare, 1979, Mol. Gen. Genet. 174: 67-74); however both of these combinations viable in the hands of

*ssiso53: spineless-isoallele

Homozygote is wild type. ssiso53/ssa, ssiso53/ssa63c, and ssiso53/ssa53e have thickened proximal segments of aristae, like ssaB. RK3.

Summary (Interactive Fly)

bHLH PAS domain transcription factor - plays a central role in defining the distal regions of both the antenna and leg

Interactive Fly

Gene Model and Products

Number of Transcripts

3

Number of Unique Polypeptides

2

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\ss for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)

Isoform displayed:

Pfam protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Protein Domains (via SMART)

Isoform displayed:

SMART protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.48

Annotated transcripts do not represent all possible combinations of alternative exons and/or alternative promoters.

Gene model reviewed during 5.56

Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene

protein_coding_gene

Transcript Data

Annotated Transcripts

Name

FlyBase ID

RefSeq ID

Length (nt)

Assoc. CDS (aa)

FBtr0083318

5184

884

FBtr0306026

4019

1015

FBtr0306027

3997

1015

Additional Transcript Data and Comments

Reported size (kB)

5.4 (northern blot)

(Duncan et al., 1998)

Comments

External Data

Crossreferences

Polypeptide Data

Annotated Polypeptides

Name

FlyBase ID

Predicted MW (kDa)

Length (aa)

Theoretical pI

RefSeq ID

GenBank

FBpp0082768

97.7

884

8.06

FBpp0297168

111.2

1015

7.62

FBpp0297169

111.2

1015

7.62

Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

1015 aa isoforms: ss-PC, ss-PD

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments

Reported size (kDa)

884 (aa)

(Duncan et al., 1998)

Comments

External Data

Crossreferences

InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites

Linkouts

Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model

Nucleotide / Polypeptide Records

Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\ss using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data

Crossreferences

Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.

ss_1

Linkouts

Expression Data

Expression Summary Ribbons

Colored tiles in ribbon indicate that expression data has been curated by FlyBase for that anatomical location. Colorless tiles indicate that there is no curated data for that location.

For complete stage-specific expression data, view the modENCODE Development RNA-Seq section under High-Throughput Expression below.

Transcript Expression

in situ

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

embryonic stage 9 -- 17

presumptive embryonic/larval peripheral nervous system

(Duncan et al., 1998)

embryonic maxillary segment

(Duncan et al., 1998)

embryonic mandibular segment

(Duncan et al., 1998)

embryonic labial segment

(Duncan et al., 1998)

ventral thoracic disc primordium

(Duncan et al., 1998)

(Duncan et al., 1998)

sensory mother cell

(Duncan et al., 1998)

embryonic stage

embryonic antennal segment

(Duncan et al., 1998)

second instar larval stage

(Duncan et al., 1998)

embryonic stage 8

cephalic furrow | anterior to

(Duncan et al., 1998)

embryonic stage 9 -- 10

antennal primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic stage 11 -- 12

antennal primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic stage 13 -- 16

embryonic antennal sense organ

(Fisher et al., 2012)

ventral head epidermis

(Fisher et al., 2012)

early third instar larval stage

presumptive tarsal segment 3 -- presumptive tarsal segment 4

(Natori et al., 2012)

pharate adult stage P8

photoreceptor cell R7

Comment: in 60-80% of ommatidia

(Wernet et al., 2006)

interommatidial bristle

(Wernet et al., 2006)

Additional Descriptive Data

ss expression is observed in all bristle cells as well as in one photoreceptor cell (R7) in 60-80% of all ommatidia. Levels of ss vary considerably among R7 cells, ranging from very faint to very strong in 60-80% of R7 cells.

(Wernet et al., 2006)

ss transcripts are expressed in embryos starting in stage 8 in a crescent just anterior to the cephalic furrow. As germ band extension proceeds, expression is observed in the maxillary, labial, mandibular, and antennal segments. This is followed by a patch of expression in the thoracic segments that corresponds to the leg anlage. Expression is also observed in the peripheral nervous system. ss transcripts are first detected in leg discs in 2nd instar larvae in a central ring that corresponds to the presumptive tarsal region. The ring fades by late third instar. ss is then expressed in a patch in the anterior-proximal part of the disc that gives rise to thoracic structures. Staining in the antennal disc is first detected in 2nd instar larvae and is located in an oval patch in the central portion of the disc. After disc eversion, the limits of the intense ss staining corresponds to the boundary between the second and third antennal segments. In late third instar, ss is expressed in the part of the disc corresponding to the maxillary palp anlage. In the wing disc, ss expression is in the region corresponding to the presumptive notum and the wing hinge. Expression is also observed in the haltere, genital, and labial discs and in the morphogenetic furrow in the eye disc. At pupariation, expression is observed in sensory organ precursor cells in most discs. At later stages, expression is seen in developing bristle cells but not in the associated socket cells.

(Duncan et al., 1998)

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Polypeptide Expression

immunolocalization

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

eye photoreceptor cell | subset

(Thanawala et al., 2013)

third instar larval stage

mesothoracic leg disc

(Tsubota et al., 2008)

metathoracic leg disc

(Tsubota et al., 2008)

mesothoracic leg disc

(Tsubota et al., 2008)

metathoracic leg disc

(Tsubota et al., 2008)

pupal stage -- adult stage

photoreceptor cell R7 of yellow ommatidium

(Johnston and Desplan, 2014)

photoreceptor cell R7 | subset

(Johnston and Desplan, 2014)

Additional Descriptive Data

ss is expressed in photoreceptor cells R7 of yellow ommatidium (yR), where Rh4 is active and Rh3 is repressed. This group comprises 65% of all R7 cells.

(Johnston and Desplan, 2014)

ss protein is expressed in a subset of photoreceptor cells in the adult retina, in on/off manner. Expression in cells in the dorsal third region of the retina, relative to the equator is lower than in the other regions.

(Thanawala et al., 2013)

ss is expressed in the dorsal-proximal region of the 2nd thoracic and third thoracic leg discs. Expression is first detected in the mid third instar larval stage and persists at least until the early pupal stage. The distal region of the ss domain overlaps with the most proximal region of the al domain.

(Bennett et al., 2008)

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Evidence

References

located_in cytosol

inferred from high throughput direct assay

(Lye et al., 2014)

located_in nucleus

inferred from direct assay

(Céspedes et al., 2010)

Expression Deduced from Reporters

Reporter: P{ss-Gal4.K}

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

embryonic stage 16 -- late third instar larval stage

larval multidendritic class III neuron

(Parrish et al., 2009)

Reporter: P{ss-lacZ.B6.9}

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

embryonic stage 9 -- 17

antennal segment

(Emmons et al., 2007)

third instar larval stage

third segment of antenna | precursor

(Emmons et al., 2007)

arista | precursor

(Emmons et al., 2007)

(Emmons et al., 2007)

maxillary palpus | precursor

(Emmons et al., 2007)

maxillary palpus | precursor

(Emmons et al., 2007)

Reporter: PBac{768.FSVS-0}ss^CPTI003674

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

adult brain cell body rind

Comment: adult brain cortex and possibly cell bodies in glial sheath

(Knowles-Barley, 2011.8.24)

adult gnathal ganglion | restricted

Comment: part of the adult subesophageal ganglion

(Knowles-Barley, 2011.8.24)

High-Throughput Expression Data

Associated Tools

GBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\ss in GBrowse 2

RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region

View exonic expression by developmental stage for Dmel\ss

View exonic expression by tissue for Dmel\ss

Bulk Downloads

RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes

Reference

See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.

Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle

Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis

External Data and Images

Linkouts

BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis

FBgn0003513

FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies

FBgn0003513

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

CG6993-RA

Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns

CG6993

Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut

FBgn0003513

Images

FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)

Show all FlyExpress processed images for Dmel\ss

Stages(s) 9-10
Stages(s) 11-12
Stages(s) 13-16

Image Based Resources

Alleles, Insertions, and Transgenic Constructs

Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 78 )

For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show

Other relevant insertions

Transgenic Constructs ( 21 )

For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show

Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of ss

Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of ss

Deletions and Duplications ( 37 )

Disrupted in

Ab(3;?)ss^D114.7

(Duncan et al., 1998)

Df(3R)Abd-B^S10

(Tiong et al., 1987)

(Tiong et al., 1985, Struhl, 1982)

(Ryder, 2004.4.26)

(Ryder, 2004.4.26)

(Tiong et al., 1985, Struhl, 1982)

(Tiong et al., 1985, Struhl, 1982)

(Appel, 1995)

(Tiong et al., 1985, Struhl, 1984, Struhl, 1982, Lewis, 1980)

(Tiong et al., 1985, Struhl, 1982)

Df(3R)ss-D114.1

(Duncan et al., 1998)

Df(3R)ss-D114.4

(Duncan et al., 1998)

Df(3R)ss-D115.8

(Duncan et al., 1998)

(Duncan et al., 1998)

In(3R)ss^D114.9

(Duncan et al., 1998)

In(3R)ss^D115.1

(Duncan et al., 1998)

In(3R)ss^D116.1

(Duncan et al., 1998)

T(1;3)ss^D114.3

(Duncan et al., 1998)

T(2;3)ss^D115.5

(Duncan et al., 1998)

T(Y;3)ss^114.12

(Duncan et al., 1998)

T(Y;3)ss^D116.2

(Duncan et al., 1998)

Tp(3;3)ss-D115.12

(Duncan et al., 1998)

Tp(3;?)ss^D114.6

(Duncan et al., 1998)

Duplicated in

(Melnick et al., 1993, Struhl, 1984, Lewis, 1980, Lewis, 1978)

Dp(3;3)bxd¹⁰⁰

Dp(3;3)sbd¹⁰⁴

(Struhl, 1982)

Dp(3;Y)Abd-B^S10

(Tiong et al., 1987)

Not disrupted in

(Tiong et al., 1985)

(Tiong et al., 1985)

(Appel, 1995)

(Appel, 1995)

(Tiong et al., 1985)

Tp(3;2)iab2^P10

(Duncan et al., 1998)

Partially disrupted in

(Duncan et al., 1998)

Not duplicated in

(Struhl, 1982)

Phenotypes

For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.

Lethality

Allele

lethal | heat sensitive, with Scer\GAL4^hs.PB

ss^UAS.A5

lethal | recessive

partially lethal

ss^a53e

viable, with Dcr-2^UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu

ss^GD4491

viable, with Scer\GAL4^Mef2.PR

ss^GD4491

viable, with Scer\GAL4^pnr-MD237

ss^GD4491

viable, with Scer\GAL4^tin.CΔ4

ss^GD4491

viable | recessive

ss^aH

Sterility

Allele

female semi-sterile

ss^a52g

fertile | recessive

ss^aH

ss^a52g

ss^a53e

Other Phenotypes

Allele

behavior defective

ss^a

cell number defective | adult stage

ss^transgene6

courtship behavior defective

ss^a40a

decreased occurrence of cell division

ss^aSc

flightless | recessive

gravitaxis defective

increased cell death | cell autonomous | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4^Act5C.PI

ss^UAS.A5

increased cell death | cell non-autonomous | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4^Act5C.PI

ss^UAS.A5

increased occurrence of cell division

ss^aSc

memory defective

ss^a40a

neuroanatomy defective

neuroanatomy defective, with Scer\GAL4⁴⁷⁷

ss^UAS.A5

neuroanatomy defective, with Scer\GAL4^ppk.PG

ss^UAS.A5

neuroanatomy defective (with ss¹³⁴)

ss^D115.7

neuroanatomy defective (with ss^D115.7)

ss¹³⁴

neuroanatomy defective | adult stage

ss^transgene6

neuroanatomy defective | somatic clone

ss^aSc

visible, with Scer\GAL4^GMR.PU

ss^UAS.cCa

visible, with Scer\GAL4^pnr-MD237

ss^GD4491

visible, with Scer\GAL4^rn-GAL4

ss^UAS.cCa

visible (with Df(3R)ss-D114.4)

visible (with ss¹³⁴)

ss^aBR30-71

visible (with ss^aBR30-71)

ss¹³⁴

visible (with ss^abr)

ss^sta

visible (with ss^D114.9)

ss^D115.7

visible (with ss^D115.7)

ss^D114.9

visible (with ss^sta)

ss^abr

visible | dominant

ss^aD

visible | homeotic | recessive

visible | recessive

visible | somatic clone

ss^unspecified

visual perception defective

ss^sin

Phenotype manifest in

Allele

antenna (with ss¹³⁴)

ss^aBR30-71

antenna (with ss^aBR30-71)

ss¹³⁴

antenna | distal | somatic clone

ss^a

antennal disc (with Df(3R)ss-D114.4)

ss^D114.9

antennal segment

antennal sense organ

ss^D115.7

arista (with Df(3R)ss-D114.4)

arista | cold sensitive

ss^aF

arista | proximal

ss^aC3

ss^unspecified

chaeta (with ss¹³⁴)

ss^aBR30-71

chaeta (with ss^aBR30-71)

ss¹³⁴

dendrite & dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaB | somatic clone

dendrite & dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaC, with Scer\GAL4^ppk.PG

ss^UAS.A5

dendrite & dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaC | somatic clone

ss^D115.7

dendrite & dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaD | somatic clone

dendrite & dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaE

dendrite & dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaE (with ss¹³⁴)

ss^D115.7

dendrite & dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaE (with ss^D115.7)

ss¹³⁴

dendrite & dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaE | somatic clone

dendrite & dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaF | somatic clone

dendrite & lateral multidendritic neuron ldaB | somatic clone

dendrite & tracheal innervating neuron, with Scer\GAL4⁴⁷⁷

ss^UAS.A5

denticle belt | medial, with Scer\GAL4^69B

ss^UAS.A5

dorsomedial papilla

ss^D115.7

eye, with Scer\GAL4^GMR.long

ss^UAS.A5

eye, with Scer\GAL4^GMR.PU

ss^UAS.cCa

eye-antennal disc

ss^a

eye photoreceptor cell, with Scer\GAL4^GMR.long

ss^UAS.A5

eye photoreceptor cell, with Scer\GAL4^GMR.PF

ss^UAS.A5

eye photoreceptor cell | heat sensitive, with Scer\GAL4^hs.PB

ss^UAS.A5

ss^UAS.A5

fifth segment of antenna (with Df(3R)ss-D114.4)

ss^D114.9

fourth segment of antenna (with Df(3R)ss-D114.4)

ss^D114.9

joint (with ss^a)

ss^D114.9

joint (with ss^D114.9)

ss^a

labial sensillum

ss^unspecified

labial sensillum | somatic clone

ss^unspecified

leg, with Scer\GAL4^rn-GAL4

ss^UAS.cCa

leg | distal, with Scer\GAL4^ptc-559.1

ss^UAS.A5

ss^D114.9

leg | ectopic (with ss¹³⁴)

ss^aBR30-71

leg | ectopic (with ss^aBR30-71)

ss¹³⁴

leg | ectopic | somatic clone

ss^a

leg anterior compartment

ss^UAS.A5

maxillary palpus

ss^D115.7

maxillary palpus, with Scer\GAL4^ptc-559.1

ss^UAS.A5

mesothoracic leg

ss^asnB

mesothoracic leg disc | larval stage

ss^aSc

mesothoracic tarsal segment

ss^a40aw

mesothoracic tarsal segment | distal | ectopic

mesothoracic tergum, with Scer\GAL4^pnr-MD237

ss^GD4491

ss^D115.7

metatarsus (with ss^a)

ss^D114.9

metatarsus (with ss^D114.9)

ss^a

metathoracic leg disc | larval stage

ss^aSc

metathoracic tarsal segment

ss^a40aw

ommatidium, with Scer\GAL4^GMR.long

ss^UAS.A5

pale ommatidium | ectopic

ss^D115.7

pale ommatidium | ectopic | somatic clone

ss^D115.7

photoreceptor cell R7 of pale ommatidium, with Scer\GAL4^GMR.PF

ss^UAS.A5

photoreceptor cell R7 of pale ommatidium, with Scer\GAL4^Pan-R7

ss^UAS.A5

photoreceptor cell R7 of pale ommatidium | ectopic | somatic clone

ss^D115.7

photoreceptor cell R7 of pale ommatidium | heat sensitive, with Scer\GAL4^hs.PB

ss^UAS.A5

photoreceptor cell R7 of yellow ommatidium | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4^GMR.PF

ss^UAS.A5

photoreceptor cell R7 of yellow ommatidium | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4^Pan-R7

ss^UAS.A5

photoreceptor cell R7 of yellow ommatidium | ectopic | heat sensitive, with Scer\GAL4^hs.PB

ss^UAS.A5

photoreceptor cell R7 of yellow ommatidium | somatic clone

ss^D115.7

photoreceptor cell R8 of pale ommatidium

ss^transgene6

photoreceptor cell R8 of yellow ommatidium

ss^transgene6

posterior vertical bristle

ss^37b

pretarsus (with ss^D114.9)

ss^D115.7

pretarsus (with ss^D115.7)

ss^D114.9

pretarsus | ectopic (with Df(3R)ss-D114.4)

ss^D115.7

prothoracic leg disc | larval stage

ss^aSc

prothoracic tarsal segment

ss^a40aw

rostral membrane, with Scer\GAL4^ptc-559.1

ss^UAS.A5

scutellar bristle

ss^37b

second segment of antenna (with Df(3R)ss-D114.4)

ss^D114.9

sex comb | ectopic (with ss^a)

ss^D114.9

sex comb | ectopic (with ss^D114.9)

ss^a

tarsal segment 2

ss^D115.7

tarsal segment 2 (with ss^D114.9)

ss^D115.7

tarsal segment 2 (with ss^D115.7)

ss^D114.9

tarsal segment 3

ss^D115.7

tarsal segment 3 (with ss^D114.9)

ss^D115.7

tarsal segment 3 (with ss^D115.7)

ss^D114.9

tarsal segment 4

ss^D115.7

tarsal segment 4 (with ss^D114.9)

ss^D115.7

tarsal segment 4 (with ss^D115.7)

ss^D114.9

tarsal segment, with Scer\GAL4^rn-GAL4

ss^UAS.cCa

tarsal segment (with Df(3R)ss-D114.4)

ss^D115.7

tarsal segment (with ss^abr)

ss^sta

tarsal segment (with ss^sta)

ss^abr

tarsal segment | ectopic

ss^a

tarsal segment | ectopic (with Df(3R)ss-D114.4)

tergite, with Scer\GAL4^ptc-559.1

ss^UAS.A5

third segment of antenna

ss^aP88

third segment of antenna (with Df(3R)ss-D114.4)

third segment of antenna | distal

ss^aSp

tibia, with Scer\GAL4^ptc-559.1

ss^UAS.A5

tracheal branch primordium, with Scer\GAL4^69B

ss^UAS.A5

trichogen cell, with Scer\GAL4^pnr-MD237

ss^GD4491

unguis | ectopic

ss^a52g

unguis | ectopic (with Df(3R)ss-D114.4)

ss^D115.7

ventral thoracic disc (with ss^D114.9)

ss^D115.7

ventral thoracic disc (with ss^D115.7)

ss^D114.9

vertical bristle

ss^37b

ss^a53e

wing, with Scer\GAL4^ptc-559.1

ss^UAS.A5

wing, with Scer\GAL4^sd-SG29.1

ss^UAS.A5

wing disc | cell autonomous | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4^Act5C.PI

ss^UAS.A5

wing margin, with Scer\GAL4^NP7148

ss^UAS.A5

yellow ommatidium

ss^D115.7

yellow ommatidium | somatic clone

ss^D115.7

Orthologs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Orthologs

Download All OrthoDB Orthologs

Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0)

Homo sapiens (Human) (3)

Species\Gene Symbol

Score

Best Score

Best Reverse Score

Source

Alignment

Complementation?

Transgene?

10 of 15

Yes

Yes

1

6 of 15

No

Yes

1 of 15

No

No

Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0)

Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (2)

Species\Gene Symbol

Score

Best Score

Best Reverse Score

Source

Alignment

Complementation?

Transgene?

10 of 15

Yes

Yes

2

6 of 15

No

Yes

Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (2)

9 of 13

Yes

Yes

5 of 13

No

Yes

Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (3)

6 of 12

Yes

Yes

1 of 12

No

Yes

1 of 12

No

No

Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (4)

10 of 15

Yes

Yes

8 of 15

No

Yes

6 of 15

No

Yes

5 of 15

No

Yes

Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (1)

11 of 15

Yes

Yes

Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)

No records found.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)

No records found.

Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)

No records found.

Ortholog(s) in Drosophila Species (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG091902KZ )

Organism

Common Name

Gene

AAA Syntenic Ortholog

Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group

Drosophila suzukii

Spotted wing Drosophila

Dsuz\DS10_00010463

Drosophila simulans

Drosophila sechellia

Drosophila erecta

Drosophila yakuba

Drosophila ananassae

Drosophila pseudoobscura pseudoobscura

Drosophila persimilis

Drosophila willistoni

Drosophila virilis

Drosophila mojavensis

Drosophila grimshawi

Orthologs in non-Drosophila Dipterans (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG091501OD )

Organism

Common Name

Gene

Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group

Musca domestica

House fly

Glossina morsitans

Tsetse fly

Gmor\GMOY008471

Glossina morsitans

Tsetse fly

Gmor\GMOY000536

Lucilia cuprina

Australian sheep blowfly

Lcup\FF38_13083

Mayetiola destructor

Hessian fly

Mdes\Mdes001921

Aedes aegypti

Yellow fever mosquito

Aaeg\AAEL011825

Anopheles darlingi

American malaria mosquito

Adar\ADAC002019

Anopheles gambiae

Malaria mosquito

Agam\AGAP010259

Orthologs in non-Dipteran Insects (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG090W03J7 )

Organism

Common Name

Gene

Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group

Bombyx mori

Silkmoth

Bmor\BGIBMGA010013

Danaus plexippus

Monarch butterfly

Dple\DPOGS214844-PA

Heliconius melpomene

Postman butterfly

Hmel\HMEL007609

Apis florea

Little honeybee

Aflo\2376247012

Apis mellifera

Western honey bee

Bombus impatiens

Common eastern bumble bee

Bombus terrestris

Buff-tailed bumblebee

Linepithema humile

Argentine ant

Megachile rotundata

Alfalfa leafcutting bee

Mrot\MROTU:001470

Nasonia vitripennis

Parasitic wasp

Nvit\Nasvi2EG008882

Dendroctonus ponderosae

Mountain pine beetle

Tribolium castaneum

Red flour beetle

Pediculus humanus

Human body louse

Phum\PHUM298050

Rhodnius prolixus

Kissing bug

Rpro\RPRC004232

Cimex lectularius

Bed bug

Clec\CLEC009100

Acyrthosiphon pisum

Pea aphid

Apim\ACYPI008375

Zootermopsis nevadensis

Nevada dampwood termite

Znev\Znev_05838

Orthologs in non-Insect Arthropods (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG090X0Q3W )

Organism

Common Name

Gene

Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group

Strigamia maritima

European centipede

Smar\SMAR001354

Ixodes scapularis

Black-legged tick

Isca\ISCW019892

Stegodyphus mimosarum

African social velvet spider

Smim\KFM61464.1

Stegodyphus mimosarum

African social velvet spider

Smim\KFM77861.1

Stegodyphus mimosarum

African social velvet spider

Smim\KFM77862.1

Stegodyphus mimosarum

African social velvet spider

Smim\KFM61465.1

Tetranychus urticae

Two-spotted spider mite

Turt\tetur03g01600

Daphnia pulex

Water flea

Dpux\DAPPUDRAFT_42139

Orthologs in non-Arthropod Metazoa (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG091G16AJ )

Organism

Common Name

Gene

Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group

Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

Purple sea urchin

Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

Purple sea urchin

Ciona intestinalis

Vase tunicate

Gallus gallus

Domestic chicken

Gallus gallus

Domestic chicken

Ggal\ENSGALG00000004322

Gallus gallus

Domestic chicken

Gallus gallus

Domestic chicken

Paralogs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Paralogs

Paralogs (via DIOPT v8.0)

Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (0)

No records found.

Human Disease Associations

FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports

Disease Model Summary Ribbon

Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations

Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )

Allele

Disease

Evidence

References

Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )

Human Ortholog

Disease

Evidence

References

Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )

Allele

Disease

Interaction

References

Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0 and OMIM)

Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.

Homo sapiens (Human)

Gene name

Score

OMIM

OMIM Phenotype

DO term

Complementation?

Transgene?

AHR; aryl hydrocarbon receptor

10 of 15

RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA 85; RP85

AHRR; aryl-hydrocarbon receptor repressor

6 of 15

Functional Complementation Data

Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.

Interactions

Summary of Physical Interactions

esyN Network Diagram

Interactions Browser

View in Interactions Browser

Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details

protein-protein

Physical Interaction

Assay

References

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, two hybrid

(Céspedes et al., 2010, Kudo et al., 2009, Emmons et al., 1999)

Summary of Genetic Interactions

esyN Network Diagram

esyN Network Key:

Suppression

Enhancement

View in Interactions Browser

Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

enhanceable

(Mikuta and Mglinets, 1978)

suppressible

(Jukam et al., 2016)

suppressible

(Emerald et al., 2003)

suppressible

(Adachi-Yamada et al., 2005)

enhanceable

(Melnick et al., 1993)

suppressible

(Adachi-Yamada et al., 2005)

suppressible

(Kuzin et al., 1997)

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

enhanceable

(Mglinets and Ivanov, 1975)

suppressible

(Emerald and Cohen, 2004)

suppressible

(Jukam et al., 2016)

enhanceable

(Waddington, 1953)

enhanceable

(Ebacher et al., 2007)

External Data

Linkouts

BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.

67033

DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.

FBgn0003513

InterologFinder - Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets.

41988

MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

ss

MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

ss

Pathways

Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)

Metabolic Pathways

External Data

Linkouts

Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.

Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data

Chromosome (arm)

3R

Recombination map

3-58

Cytogenetic map

Sequence location

3R:16,374,434..16,403,690 [-]

FlyBase Computed Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Evidence for location

89B14-89B15

Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}gish⁰⁴⁸⁹⁵&P{EP}EP3171 and P{lacW}CSN5^L4032

Experimentally Determined Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Notes

References

89C1-89C2

(Duncan, 1998.2.24)

89C1-89C2

(determined by in situ hybridisation)

(Duncan et al., 1998)

Experimentally Determined Recombination Data

Location

3-58

(FlyBase, 2016)

3-58.4

(Comeron et al., 2012)

3-58.5

(Neel, 1942)

Left of (cM)

Right of (cM)

Sb

(Struhl, 1984)

l(3)DTS8

(Holden and Suzuki, 1973)

Notes

Stocks and Reagents

Stocks (78)

2973

4225

603

78354

w^*; P{UAS-ss.A5}A1/SM6a

19112

w¹¹¹⁸; PBac{WH}ss^f07846

107499

107644

101731

101760

st¹ ss¹ e¹¹

v108732

P{KK107561}VIE-260B

v10715

w¹¹¹⁸; P{GD4491}v10715

v12258

w¹¹¹⁸; P{GD4491}v12258

More stocks available...

Genomic Clones (27)

Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

cDNA Clones (17)

Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see GBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

cDNA clones, fully sequenced

BDGP DGC clones

AT29177

Other clones

Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)

BDGP DGC clones

Other clones

RNAi and Array Information

Linkouts

DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens

FBgn0003513

GenomeRNAi - A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents

41988

Antibody Information

Laboratory Generated Antibodies

polyclonal

(Tsubota et al., 2008)

Commercially Available Antibodies

Other Information

Relationship to Other Genes

Source for database identify of

Source for database merge of

Additional comments

Other Comments

ss regulates dendrite diversity in the dendritic arborization sensory neurons.

(Kim et al., 2006)

The ss gene product is incapable of high-affinity, specific binding of ³H-TCDD or ³H-BNF.

(Butler et al., 2001)

ss and tgo proteins interact to control antennal and tarsal development.

(Emmons et al., 1999)

Loss of function alleles cause three major phenotypes: transformation of distal antenna to leg, deletion of distal leg, and reduction in the size of most bristles. Ectopic expression causes transformation of the maxillary palp and distal leg to distal antenna, and induces formation of ectopic antenna in the rostral membrane.

(Duncan et al., 1998)

ss plays a central role in defining the distal regions of both the antenna and the leg. Loss of function phenotypes suggest that ss played a central role in the evolution of distal structures in arthropod limbs.

(Duncan et al., 1998)

Mutants do not exhibit defects in the denticle belt of hairs of the larvae.

(Dickinson and Thatcher, 1997)

Results suggests that ss interacts with genes of homeotic complexes: ss gene is capable of repressing the effect of ANTC and BXC gene products on the formation of distal structure of the antennae and leg.

(Kuzin et al., 1997)

Varied sensitivities of the antenna-to-leg transformation are found both spatially and temporally.

(Larsen et al., 1996)

Mutations at the spineless locus display three different phenotypes: (1) The spineless phenotype is characterized by the reduction in size of all bristles; (2) the aristapedia phenotype corresponds to the transformation of distal antennal segments, specifically the arista and the distal portion of the third antennal segment, into distal mesothoracic leg segments, i.e., tarsal segments; and (3) leg-segment fusion manifested as fusion of tarsal segments on all eight legs. Expression of these phenotypes varies among alleles. Some alleles show only the spineless phenotype. Aristapedia alleles, symbolized ss^a, vary in expression; weak alleles show a swelling of the third antennal joint and rudimentary tarsal transformation of the base of the arista; as expression becomes more extreme, more tarsal joints are formed until in the most extreme alleles four tarsal segments and terminal claws are formed. Tarsal fusions are characteristic of extreme aristapedia alleles.

(Lindsley and Zimm, 1992)

Effects of ss mutations on geotaxis measured in a Hirsch-type geotaxis maze: alleles of the "aristapedia" type show extremely positive geotaxis.

(McMillan and McGuire, 1992)

Homeotic tissue does not conform to developmental compartment boundaries; therefore, ss does not qualify as a selector gene.

(Struhl, 1982)

Origin and Etymology

Discoverer

Etymology

Identification

External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 54 )

Sequence Crossreferences

NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.

41988

GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.

GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.

RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.

UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information

Other crossreferences

BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis

FBgn0003513

Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.

ss_1

Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns

CG6993

Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut

FBgn0003513

GenomeRNAi - A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents

41988

iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)

TC011105

InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites

KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.

Dmel_CG6993

modMine - A data warehouse for the modENCODE project

FBgn0003513

Linkouts

BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.

67033

DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.

FBgn0003513

DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens

FBgn0003513

FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies

FBgn0003513

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

CG6993-RA

FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel

FBGN0003513

FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics

FBgn0003513

Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution

Interactive Fly

InterologFinder - Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets.

41988

MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

ss

MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

ss

Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.

Synonyms and Secondary IDs (11)

Reported As

Symbol Synonym

AHR

(Butler et al., 2001)

AhR

(Kudo et al., 2009)

CG6993

(Ni et al., 2010.12.1, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Perkins et al., 2009.3.31)

SS

(McRobert, 1991)

Ss

(Ruiz-Losada et al., 2018, Friedrich et al., 2016, Viets et al., 2016, Johnston and Desplan, 2014, Johnston, 2013, Rister et al., 2013, Thanawala et al., 2013, Jukam and Desplan, 2010, Pistillo et al., 2007, Reig et al., 2007, Adachi-Yamada et al., 2006)

ss

(Chang et al., 2020, Gozalo et al., 2020, Ahmad and Spens, 2019, Chai et al., 2019, Courgeon and Desplan, 2019, Papadopoulos et al., 2019, Viets et al., 2019, Akishina et al., 2018, Heinloth et al., 2018, Palliyil et al., 2018, Anderson et al., 2017, Erceg et al., 2017, Kojima, 2017, Yan et al., 2017, Jukam et al., 2016, Miller et al., 2016, Johnston and Desplan, 2014, Kuzin et al., 2014, Hammonds et al., 2013, Ibrahim et al., 2013, Thanawala et al., 2013, Cole et al., 2012.7.6, Manning et al., 2012, Papadopoulos et al., 2012, Spokony, 2012.12.12, Spokony and White, 2012.11.14, Bantignies et al., 2011, Céspedes et al., 2010, Duncan et al., 2010, Long et al., 2009, Parrish et al., 2009, Johnston and Desplan, 2008, Lebreton et al., 2008, Pueyo and Couso, 2008, Tsubota et al., 2008, Ebacher et al., 2007, Emmons et al., 2007, Firth and Baker, 2007, Lidder and Desplan, 2007, Joulia et al., 2006, Kim et al., 2006, Kozu et al., 2006, Wernet et al., 2006, Reeves and Posakony, 2005, Yoshii et al., 2004)

ssa

(GAELLE et al., 2006)

Name Synonyms

Spineless

(Heinloth et al., 2018, Copf, 2015, Wernet et al., 2015, Johnston and Desplan, 2014, Puram and Bonni, 2013, Thanawala et al., 2013, Long et al., 2009, Reig et al., 2007)

aristapedia

(Dietrich, 2003, Garcia-Bellido, 1998)

spineless-aristapedia

(Greenspan, 2003)

Secondary FlyBase IDs

Datasets (0)

Study focus (0)

Experimental Role

Project

Project Type

Title

References (240)