A Database of Drosophila Genes & Genomes

FB2008_07, released August 8, 2008
 

Gene Dmel\ss

General Information
SymbolDmel\ssSpeciesD. melanogaster
NamespinelessAnnotation symbolCG6993
Feature typeprotein_coding_geneFlyBase IDFBgn0003513
Created / Updated2003-12-01/2003-12-01
Genomic Location
Chromosome (arm)3RRecombination map3-58.5
Cytogenetic map89B14-89B15Sequence location3R:12,200,150..12,229,405 [-]
Map ( GBrowse ) detailed view
hide Summary Information
Automatically generated summary

See sections below for more information
The gene spineless is referred to in FlyBase by the symbol ss (CG6993, FBgn0003513). It has the cytological map location 89B14-89B15. Its sequence location is 3R:12200150..12229405. Its molecular function is described as: DNA binding; transcription factor activity; sequence-specific DNA binding; signal transducer activity. It is involved in the biological processes: regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent; transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter; antennal development; antennal morphogenesis; leg segmentation; regulation of dendrite morphogenesis; signal transduction. 72 alleles are reported. The phenotypes of these alleles are annotated with 44 unique terms, many of which group under: adult segment; peripheral nervous system; appendage segment; antennal segment; nervous system; thoracic segment; adult mesothoracic segment; metatarsus; organ system; imaginal precursor. It has one annotated transcript and one annotated polypeptide.

External Summaries
hide Phenotypic Description from the Red Book (Lindsley & Zimm 1992)
Gene/Allele symbols may differ from current usage
ss: spineless
Mutations at the spineless locus display three different phenotypes: (1) The spineless phenotype is characterized by the reduction in size of all bristles; (2) the aristapedia phenotype corresponds to the transformation of distal antennal segments, specifically the arista and the distal portion of the third antennal segment, into distal mesothoracic leg segments, i.e., tarsal segments; and (3) leg-segment fusion manifested as fusion of tarsal segments on all eight legs. Homeotic tissue does not conform to developmental compartment boundaries; therefore, ss does not qualify as a selector gene (Struhl). Expression of these phenotypes varies among alleles. Some alleles show only the spineless phenotype. Aristapedia alleles, symbolized ssa, vary in expression; weak alleles show a swelling of the third antennal joint and rudimentary tarsal transformation of the base of the arista; as expression becomes more extreme, more tarsal joints are formed until in the most extreme alleles four tarsal segments and terminal claws are formed. Tarsal fusions are characteristic of extreme aristapedia alleles.
ssv: spineless-variegated
Variegates for spineless character but completely mutant for aristapedia. Male sterile. RK2A.
ss1
Bristles only a little larger than hairs; dorsocentrals least reduced; postscutellars erect. No effect on legs or aristae. Growth of bristles slows during development [Lees and Waddington, 1943, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), Ser. B 131: 87-110]. Dominant to aristapedia phenotype of all ssa alleles. RK1.
ssa: spineless-aristapedia
thumb
ssa: spineless-aristapedia
From Bridges and Brehme, 1944, Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. No. 552: 179.
Antennae and aristae tarsuslike; mean number of tarsal segments = 4.0; incidence of claws = 97.1% (Garcia-Bellido, 1968, Genetics 59: 487-99); classified as an intermediate allele by Struhl. Third joint of antenna like parts of a tarsal row but with broad, flat, plate-like lobes below. Tarsal segments of legs display intermediate level of fusion (Struhl). Bristles like those of a medium to slight Minute. Frequent extra dorsocentral bristles. Transformed tissue is leg tissue in every attribute tested. Transformed tarsi elicit behavioral response similar to that of normal legs when exposed to sugar solutions (Deak, 1976, Nature 260: 252-54). Regions of aristae converted into tarsi not affected by mutants affecting aristae (e.g., th and al) but are affected by those operating on tarsi (e.g., fj, d, app, and ey) [Waddington, 1939, Growth, Suppl. 1, pp. 37-44; Braun, 1940, Genetics 25: 143-49; Mglinetz and Ivanov, 1975, Genetika 11(#11): 27-33; 1976, Genetika 12(#12): 87-94]. Dissociated cells from ssa antennal disks aggregate with dissociated leg-disk cells but not with those from wild-type antennal disks (Garcia-Bellido). Antennal disks from ssa larvae give rise to leg-like structures when transplanted into wild-type hosts as do both duplicated and regenerated antennal disks formed from eye-antenna-disk fragments (Gehring and Schubiger, 1975, J. Embryol. Exp. Morph. 33: 459-69); when disks are pretreated with colchicine, the developing structures are more aristalike (Vogt, 1947, Experientia 3: 156-59). Homozygous clones of ssa tissue produce antennal leg tissue when induced before (Roberts, 1964, Genetics 49: 593-98) but not after (Postlethwait and Girton, 1974, Genetics 76: 767-74) mid-third instar. Large clones conform to anterior and posterior compartments comparable to those induced in normal mesothoracic legs [Morata and Lawrence, 1979, Dev. Biol. 70: 355-71 (fig.)]. No maternal effect; temperature independent.
ssa40a
Cold sensitive; phenotype normal in flies raised at 29; fully penetrant at 17 [mean number of tarsal segments = 2.8; incidence of tarsal claws = 1.3% as recorded by Garcia-Bellido (1968, Genetics 59: 487-99) probably in flies raised at 25]. Phenocritical stage in first half of third instar [Grigliatti and Suzuki, 1971, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 68: 1307-11 (fig.)]. Shifts from 17 to 29 early in third instar restrict transformation to base of arista; distal extent of transformation increases as shift is effected later in development (Grigliatti and Suzuki). Opposite response to temperature for antennal transformation but not tarsal fusion reported by Mglinetz (1977, Genetika 13: 70-75). Developmental compartments demonstrated in antennal legs [Morata and Lawrence, 1979, Dev. Biol. 70: 355-71 (fig.)].
ssaB: spineless-aristapedia of Bridges
Bristles of female like a slight Minute, especially postscutellars. At 25, aristae inconspicuously thickened at base, plumed or threadlike for rest of extent. At 18 penetrance is 7% and expression weak; at 14, ssaB enhanced and resembles ssa; al causes reduction of ssaB arista at 25 but has no effect on transformed arista at 14 (Villee, 1943, J. Exp. Zool. 93: 75-98). Legs frequently have lumps at second joint of tarsi; more pronounced in male and result in doubling of sex combs, which are strung along first and second fused joints. Eyes a little flattened. Except at low temperatures, all characters slight and may overlap wild type. ssaB/ss1 has slight Minute phenotype but wild-type legs and aristae. ssaB/ssaSp like ssaSp with large tarsal aristae. RK2. Struhl (1982, Genetics 102: 737-49) and Posakony.
*ssaH (A. Hannah Alava)
Homozygous viable and fertile. Displays enlargement of base of arista. Increased number of sex-comb teeth on basitarsus of first leg in males (12-38 with mean of 24 teeth per leg).
*ssasnB (A. Hannah Alava)
Description incomplete. Extreme fusion of tarsal segments; basitarsus of male first leg has 20-50 sex-comb teeth (mean = 40); sex-comb teeth not uncommon on second leg.
ssC1
Reported to be homozygous lethal and lethal in combination with Df(3R)bxd100 (Bownes, Bournias-Vardiabasis, and Spare, 1979, Mol. Gen. Genet. 174: 67-74); however both of these combinations viable in the hands of
*ssiso53: spineless-isoallele
Homozygote is wild type. ssiso53/ssa, ssiso53/ssa63c, and ssiso53/ssa53e have thickened proximal segments of aristae, like ssaB. RK3.
hide Detailed Mapping Data
FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map
Evidence for location
89B14-89B15  
Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}gish04895&P{EP}EP3171 and P{lacW}CSN5L4032  
Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map
Notes
References
89C1-89C2
89C1-89C2
(determined by in situ hybridisation)  
Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
Location
3-58.5
Left of (cM)
Right of (cM)
Notes
Molecular Map Data
Gene Order (in direction of increasing cytology)
References
Gene Order (overall orientation not stated)
References
hide Gene Model & Products
Please see the GBrowse view of Dmel\ss for information on other features
detailed view FBtr0083318 FBpp0082768 FBti0067581 FBti0042706
Comments on Gene Model
DGC clone appears problematic (AT29177): incomplete CDS.
hide Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Associated CDS (aa)
FBtr0083318
  5190
  884
Additional Transcript Data & Comments
Reported size (kB)
5.4 (northern blot)
Comments
A ss probe detects a smear of transcripts from 0.7 to 6.5kb with an embedded band at 5.4kb.
External Data
Crossreferences
hide Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kD)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
RefSeq ID
GenBank protein
ss-PA  
FBpp0082768  
97.7  
884  
8.06  
Additional Polypeptide Data & Comments
Reported size (kD)
Comments
External Data
Linkouts
PANTHER - Protein classification by function, families, and pathways
Crossreferences
InterPro domains - A database of protein families, domains, and functional sites
PAS (IPR000014)
PAC motif (IPR001610)
PAS fold-3 (IPR013655)
PAS fold (IPR013767)
hide Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
DDBJ /
EMBL /
GenBank
DNA sequence
Protein sequence
Name
 
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    Maps to
    Does NOT map to
    Identified with
    hide Mapped Features & Mutations
    Please see GBrowse or insertion reports for information on insertions of transgenic constructs and features not listed here
    Type
    Symbol & Location
    Additional Notes
    References
    aberration junction
    evidence=experimental
    linked_to=EcoRI-EcoRI_rfrag
    comment=The breakpoint falls within an EcoRI fragment on the Figure 1 map in FBrf0102306.
    aberration junction
    evidence=experimental
    linked_to=EcoRI-EcoRI_rfrag
    comment=Reported to map between -17.5 and -13.5 in the coordinate system of FBrf0102306. The breakpoint falls within an EcoRI fragment on the Figure 1 map.
    aberration junction
    Ab(3;?)ss[D114.7]
    3R:12,239,193..12,240,826
    comment=Reported to map between -13 and -12 in the coordinate system of FBrf0102306. The breakpoint falls within an EcoRI-BamHI fragment on the Figure 1 map.
    evidence=experimental
    linked_to=EcoRI-BamHI_rfrag
    aberration junction
    linked_to=EcoRI-XbaI_rfrag
    comment=Reported to map between -14 and -4 in the coordinate system of FBrf0102306. The breakpoint falls within an EcoRI-XbaI fragment on the Figure 1 map.
    evidence=experimental
    aberration junction
    comment=Reported to map between +2 and +8 in the coordinate system of FBrf0102306. The breakpoint falls within a region bounded by HindIII and EcoRI sites on the Figure 1 map.
    evidence=experimental
    linked_to=EcoRI-HindIII_rfrag
    aberration junction
    comment=Reported to map between +8 and +13.5 in the coordinate system of FBrf0102306. The breakpoint falls within a HindIII-BamHI fragment on the Figure 1 map.
    evidence=experimental
    linked_to=HindIII-BamHI_rfrag
    aberration junction
    evidence=experimental
    linked_to=HindIII-BamHI_rfrag
    comment=Reported to map between +8 and +13.5 in the coordinate system of FBrf0102306. The breakpoint falls within a HindIII-BamHI fragment on the Figure 1 map.
    aberration junction
    comment=The breakpoint falls within HindIII fragment on the Figure 1 map of FBrf0102306.
    evidence=experimental
    linked_to=HindIII-HindIII_rfrag
    aberration junction
    linked_to=HindIII-EcoRI_rfrag
    comment=Reported to map between +21 and +23 in the coordinate system of FBrf0102306. The breakpoint falls within a HindIII-EcoRI fragment on the Figure 1 map.
    evidence=experimental
    aberration junction
    Tp(3;?)ss[D114.6]
    3R:12,204,844..12,207,859
    comment=Repprted to map between +21 and +23 in the coordinate system of FBrf0102306. The breakpoint falls within a HindIII-EcoRI fragment on the Figure 1 map.
    evidence=experimental
    linked_to=HindIII-EcoRI_rfrag
    aberration junction
    evidence=experimental
    linked_to=EcoRI-BamHI_rfrag
    comment=Reported to map between +24 and +25 in the coordinate system of FBrf0102306. The breakpoint falls within a HindIII-BamHI fragment on the Figure 1 map.
    aberration junction
    comment=Reported to map between +25 and +28 in the coordinate system of FBrf0102306. The breakpoint falls within a BamHI-XbaI fragment on the Figure 1 map.
    evidence=experimental
    linked_to=BamHI-XbaI_rfrag
    complex substitution
    comment=Reported to map between -17 and -14 in the coordinate system of FBrf0102306. The breakpoint falls within a BamHI to XbaI fragment on the Figure 1 map. The XbaI site is not present in the reference sequence so the mutation is mapped to the adjacent EcoRI site. The mutation is associated with an internal deletion of at least 1kb and an insertion.
    evidence=experimental
    linked_to=BamHI-EcoRI_rfrag
    deletion
    comment=Approximate boundaries of an intragenic deletion with the distal break between +13 and +14 and the proximal break between +21 and +23 in the coordinate system of FBrf0102306. The deletion roughly maps to a BamHI-EcoRI fragment on the Figure 1 map.
    evidence=experimental
    linked_to=BamHI-EcoRI_rfrag
    uncharacterized change in nucleotide sequence
    linked_to=HindIII-XbaI_rfrag
    comment=Reported to map between -5.5 and -4 in the coordinate system of FBrf0102306. The breakpoint falls within a HindIII-XbaI fragment on the Figure 1 map.
    evidence=experimental
    uncharacterized change in nucleotide sequence
    comment=Reported to map between +8 and +13.5 in the coordinate system of FBrf0102306. The breakpoint falls within a HindIII-BamHI fragment on the Figure 1 map.
    evidence=experimental
    linked_to=HindIII-BamHI_rfrag
    uncharacterized change in nucleotide sequence
    evidence=experimental
    linked_to=HindIII-EcoRI_rfrag
    comment=Reported to map between +21 and +23 in the coordinate system of FBrf0102306. The breakpoint appears to fall within a HindIII-EcoRI fragment on the Figure 1 map.
    hide External Data
    Linkouts
    DEDB - Drosophila exon database: splicing graphs
    Crossreferences
    hide Expression Data
    FlyBase-Curated Data
    Transcript and
    Protein data
    Please see the FlyBase Gene Expression Report for details of gene expression from the literature.
    hide Summary of Transcript Expression
    Stage
    Tissue/Position
    Reference
     embryonic stage | stage >8
     embryonic labial segment
     pupal stage
     sensillum precursor
     embryonic stage
     embryonic antennal segment
     pupal stage
     trichogen cell
     larval stage | third instar
     dorsal metathoracic disc
     larval stage | third instar
     tarsus | presumptive
     larval stage | third instar
     eye disc
     larval stage | second instar
     antennal disc
     larval stage | second instar
     tarsus | presumptive
     embryonic stage | stage >8
     leg | anlagen
     larval stage | third instar
     dorsal mesothoracic disc | restricted
     larval stage | third instar
     labial disc
     embryonic stage | stage >8
     embryonic mandibular segment
     embryonic stage | stage >8
     embryonic maxillary segment
     embryonic stage | stage >8
     embryonic peripheral nervous system
     embryonic stage | stage 8
     cephalic furrow | anterior to
     larval stage | third instar
     genital disc
     larval stage | third instar
     morphogenetic furrow
     larval stage | third instar
     antennal disc
     larval stage | third instar
     ventral thoracic disc
     larval stage | third instar
     maxillary palpus | anlagen
    Marker for
      Subcellular Localization
      CV Term
      hide Summary of Polypeptide Expression
      Stage
      Tissue/Position
      Reference
      Marker for
        Subcellular Localization
        CV Term
        hide External Data & Images
        Linkouts
        FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies
        FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
        GEO (NCBI) - Gene expression data: microarray and other high-throughput technologies
        FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)
        hide Alleles & Phenotypes
        hide Summary of Allele Phenotypes
        Lethality
        Allele
        Other Phenotypes
        Allele
        Sterility
        Allele
        Phenotype manifest in
        Allele
        dendrite & dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaE (with ssD115.7)
        dendrite & dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaE
        dendrite & dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaE | somatic clone
        dendrite & dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaD | somatic clone
        dendrite & dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaB | somatic clone
        dendrite & lateral multidendritic neuron ldaB | somatic clone
        dendrite & dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaF | somatic clone
        dendrite & dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaC | somatic clone
        dendrite & dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaE (with ss134)
        dendrite & tracheal innervating neuron, with Scer\GAL4477
        dendrite & dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaC, with Scer\GAL4ppk.1.9