Gene Dmel\ss
| General Information | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Symbol | Dmel\ss | Species | D. melanogaster | |
| Name | spineless | Annotation symbol | CG6993 | |
| Feature type | protein_coding_gene | FlyBase ID | FBgn0003513 | |
| Created / Updated | 2003-12-01/2003-12-01 | |||
| Genomic Location | ||||
| Chromosome (arm) | 3R | Recombination map | 3-58.5 | |
| Cytogenetic map | 89B14-89B15 | Sequence location | 3R:12,200,150..12,229,405 [-] | |
| Map ( GBrowse ) |
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Summary Information
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Automatically generated summary
See sections below for more information | The gene spineless is referred to in FlyBase by the symbol ss (CG6993, FBgn0003513). It has the cytological map location 89B14-89B15. Its sequence location is 3R:12200150..12229405. Its molecular function is described as: DNA binding; transcription factor activity; sequence-specific DNA binding; signal transducer activity. It is involved in the biological processes: regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent; transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter; antennal development; antennal morphogenesis; leg segmentation; regulation of dendrite morphogenesis; signal transduction. 72 alleles are reported. The phenotypes of these alleles are annotated with 44 unique terms, many of which group under: adult segment; peripheral nervous system; appendage segment; antennal segment; nervous system; thoracic segment; adult mesothoracic segment; metatarsus; organ system; imaginal precursor. It has one annotated transcript and one annotated polypeptide. | |||
| External Summaries | ||||
Phenotypic Description from the Red Book (Lindsley & Zimm 1992)
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| Gene/Allele symbols may differ from current usage | ss: spineless
Mutations at the spineless locus display three different phenotypes: (1) The spineless phenotype is characterized by the reduction in size of all bristles; (2) the aristapedia phenotype corresponds to the transformation of distal
antennal segments, specifically the arista and the distal portion of the third antennal segment, into distal mesothoracic
leg segments, i.e., tarsal segments; and (3) leg-segment
fusion manifested as fusion of tarsal segments on all eight
legs. Homeotic tissue does not conform to developmental compartment boundaries; therefore, ss does not qualify as a
selector gene (Struhl). Expression of these phenotypes varies
among alleles. Some alleles show only the spineless phenotype. Aristapedia alleles, symbolized ssa, vary in expression; weak alleles show a swelling of the third antennal joint
and rudimentary tarsal transformation of the base of the
arista; as expression becomes more extreme, more tarsal joints
are formed until in the most extreme alleles four tarsal segments and terminal claws are formed. Tarsal fusions are
characteristic of extreme aristapedia alleles.
ssv: spineless-variegated
Variegates for spineless character but completely
mutant for aristapedia. Male sterile. RK2A.
ss1
Bristles only a little larger than hairs; dorsocentrals least reduced; postscutellars erect. No effect on legs
or aristae. Growth of bristles slows during development [Lees
and Waddington, 1943, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), Ser. B
131: 87-110]. Dominant to aristapedia phenotype of all ssa
alleles. RK1.
ssa: spineless-aristapedia
Antennae and aristae tarsuslike; mean number of tarsal segments = 4.0; incidence of claws = 97.1% (Garcia-Bellido, 1968, Genetics 59: 487-99); classified as an intermediate allele by Struhl. Third joint of antenna like parts
of a tarsal row but with broad, flat, plate-like lobes below.
Tarsal segments of legs display intermediate level of fusion
(Struhl). Bristles like those of a medium to slight Minute.
Frequent extra dorsocentral bristles. Transformed tissue is
leg tissue in every attribute tested. Transformed tarsi elicit behavioral response similar to that of normal legs when
exposed to sugar solutions (Deak, 1976, Nature 260: 252-54).
Regions of aristae converted into tarsi not affected by
mutants affecting aristae (e.g., th and al) but are affected
by those operating on tarsi (e.g., fj, d, app, and ey) [Waddington, 1939, Growth, Suppl. 1, pp. 37-44; Braun, 1940,
Genetics 25: 143-49; Mglinetz and Ivanov, 1975, Genetika
11(#11): 27-33; 1976, Genetika 12(#12): 87-94]. Dissociated
cells from ssa antennal disks aggregate with dissociated leg-disk cells but not with those from wild-type antennal disks
(Garcia-Bellido). Antennal disks from ssa larvae give rise to
leg-like structures when transplanted into wild-type hosts as
do both duplicated and regenerated antennal disks formed from
eye-antenna-disk fragments (Gehring and Schubiger, 1975, J.
Embryol. Exp. Morph. 33: 459-69); when disks are pretreated
with colchicine, the developing structures are more aristalike
(Vogt, 1947, Experientia 3: 156-59). Homozygous clones of
ssa tissue produce antennal leg tissue when induced before
(Roberts, 1964, Genetics 49: 593-98) but not after
(Postlethwait and Girton, 1974, Genetics 76: 767-74) mid-third instar. Large clones conform to anterior and posterior
compartments comparable to those induced in normal mesothoracic legs [Morata and Lawrence, 1979, Dev. Biol. 70: 355-71
(fig.)]. No maternal effect; temperature independent.
ssa40a
Cold sensitive; phenotype normal in flies raised at
29; fully penetrant at 17 [mean number of tarsal segments =
2.8; incidence of tarsal claws = 1.3% as recorded by Garcia-Bellido (1968, Genetics 59: 487-99) probably in flies raised
at 25]. Phenocritical stage in first half of third instar
[Grigliatti and Suzuki, 1971, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA
68: 1307-11 (fig.)]. Shifts from 17 to 29 early in third
instar restrict transformation to base of arista; distal
extent of transformation increases as shift is effected later
in development (Grigliatti and Suzuki). Opposite response to
temperature for antennal transformation but not tarsal fusion
reported by Mglinetz (1977, Genetika 13: 70-75). Developmental compartments demonstrated in antennal legs [Morata and
Lawrence, 1979, Dev. Biol. 70: 355-71 (fig.)].
ssaB: spineless-aristapedia of Bridges
Bristles of female like a slight Minute, especially
postscutellars. At 25, aristae inconspicuously thickened at
base, plumed or threadlike for rest of extent. At 18
penetrance is 7% and expression weak; at 14, ssaB enhanced and
resembles ssa; al causes reduction of ssaB arista at 25 but
has no effect on transformed arista at 14 (Villee, 1943, J.
Exp. Zool. 93: 75-98). Legs frequently have lumps at
second joint of tarsi; more pronounced in male and result in doubling of sex combs, which are
strung along first and second fused joints. Eyes a little
flattened. Except at low temperatures, all characters slight
and may overlap wild type. ssaB/ss1 has slight Minute phenotype but wild-type legs and aristae. ssaB/ssaSp like ssaSp
with large tarsal aristae. RK2. Struhl (1982, Genetics
102: 737-49) and Posakony.
*ssaH (A. Hannah Alava)
Homozygous viable and fertile. Displays enlargement
of base of arista. Increased number of sex-comb teeth on basitarsus of first leg in males (12-38 with mean of 24 teeth per
leg).
*ssasnB (A. Hannah Alava)
Description incomplete. Extreme fusion of tarsal
segments; basitarsus of male first leg has 20-50 sex-comb
teeth (mean = 40); sex-comb teeth not uncommon on second leg.
ssC1
Reported to be homozygous lethal and lethal in combination with Df(3R)bxd100 (Bownes, Bournias-Vardiabasis, and
Spare, 1979, Mol. Gen. Genet. 174: 67-74); however both of
these combinations viable in the hands of
*ssiso53: spineless-isoallele
Homozygote is wild type. ssiso53/ssa,
ssiso53/ssa63c, and ssiso53/ssa53e have thickened proximal
segments of aristae, like ssaB. RK3.
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Detailed Mapping Data
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| FlyBase Computed Cytological Location | ||||
Cytogenetic map Evidence for location 89B14-89B15
Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}gish04895&P{EP}EP3171 and P{lacW}CSN5L4032
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| Experimentally Determined Cytological Location | ||||
Cytogenetic map Notes References 89C1-89C2 89C1-89C2 (determined by in situ hybridisation)
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| Experimentally Determined Recombination Data | ||||
| Location | 3-58.5 | |||
| Left of (cM) | ||||
| Right of (cM) | ||||
| Notes | ||||
| Molecular Map Data | ||||
Gene Order (in direction of increasing cytology)
References Gene Order (overall orientation not stated) References | ||||
Gene Model & Products
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Please see the
GBrowse view of
Dmel\ss
for information on other features
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| Comments on Gene Model | ||||
DGC clone appears problematic (AT29177): incomplete CDS. | ||||
Transcript Data
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| Annotated Transcripts | ||||
Name FlyBase ID RefSeq ID Length (nt) Associated CDS (aa) | ||||
| Additional Transcript Data & Comments | ||||
| Reported size (kB) | 5.4 (northern blot) | |||
| Comments | A ss probe detects a smear of transcripts from 0.7 to 6.5kb with an embedded band at 5.4kb. | |||
| External Data | ||||
| Crossreferences | ||||
Polypeptide Data
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| Annotated Polypeptides | ||||
Name FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kD)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
RefSeq ID
GenBank protein
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| Additional Polypeptide Data & Comments | ||||
| Reported size (kD) | 884 (aa) | |||
| Comments | ||||
| External Data | ||||
| Linkouts | PANTHER
- Protein classification by function, families, and pathways
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| Crossreferences | InterPro
domains - A database of protein families, domains, and functional sites
• PAS (IPR000014)
Basic helix-loop-helix dimerisation region bHLH (IPR001092)
PAC motif (IPR001610)
PAS fold-3 (IPR013655)
PAS fold (IPR013767)
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Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
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| DDBJ
/
EMBL / GenBank | DNA sequence Protein sequence Name | |||
| UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot | ||||
| UniProtKB/TrEMBL | ||||
| Maps to | ||||
| Does NOT map to | ||||
| Identified with | ||||
Mapped Features & Mutations
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Please see
GBrowse
or insertion reports for information on insertions of transgenic
constructs and features not listed here
Type Symbol & Location Additional Notes References aberration junction Df(3R)RS3-32 3R:12,242,799..12,244,818 evidence=experimental linked_to=EcoRI-EcoRI_rfrag comment=The breakpoint falls within an EcoRI fragment on the Figure 1 map in FBrf0102306. aberration junction T(2;3)ss[a75] 3R:12,240,821..12,244,818 evidence=experimental linked_to=EcoRI-EcoRI_rfrag comment=Reported to map between -17.5 and -13.5 in the coordinate system of FBrf0102306. The breakpoint falls within an EcoRI fragment on the Figure 1 map. aberration junction Ab(3;?)ss[D114.7] 3R:12,239,193..12,240,826 comment=Reported to map between -13 and -12 in the coordinate system of FBrf0102306. The breakpoint falls within an EcoRI-BamHI fragment on the Figure 1 map. evidence=experimental linked_to=EcoRI-BamHI_rfrag aberration junction Tp(3;1)ss[v] 3R:12,231,486..12,240,826 linked_to=EcoRI-XbaI_rfrag comment=Reported to map between -14 and -4 in the coordinate system of FBrf0102306. The breakpoint falls within an EcoRI-XbaI fragment on the Figure 1 map. evidence=experimental aberration junction Tp(1;3)sta 3R:12,219,601..12,225,518 comment=Reported to map between +2 and +8 in the coordinate system of FBrf0102306. The breakpoint falls within a region bounded by HindIII and EcoRI sites on the Figure 1 map. evidence=experimental linked_to=EcoRI-HindIII_rfrag aberration junction In(3R)ss[D115.1] 3R:12,214,652..12,219,606 comment=Reported to map between +8 and +13.5 in the coordinate system of FBrf0102306. The breakpoint falls within a HindIII-BamHI fragment on the Figure 1 map. evidence=experimental linked_to=HindIII-BamHI_rfrag aberration junction T(2;3)ss[D115.5] 3R:12,214,652..12,219,606 evidence=experimental linked_to=HindIII-BamHI_rfrag comment=Reported to map between +8 and +13.5 in the coordinate system of FBrf0102306. The breakpoint falls within a HindIII-BamHI fragment on the Figure 1 map. aberration junction In(3LR)P88 3R:12,207,854..12,210,656 comment=The breakpoint falls within HindIII fragment on the Figure 1 map of FBrf0102306. evidence=experimental linked_to=HindIII-HindIII_rfrag aberration junction T(Y;3)ss[D116.2] 3R:12,204,844..12,207,859 linked_to=HindIII-EcoRI_rfrag comment=Reported to map between +21 and +23 in the coordinate system of FBrf0102306. The breakpoint falls within a HindIII-EcoRI fragment on the Figure 1 map. evidence=experimental aberration junction Tp(3;?)ss[D114.6] 3R:12,204,844..12,207,859 comment=Repprted to map between +21 and +23 in the coordinate system of FBrf0102306. The breakpoint falls within a HindIII-EcoRI fragment on the Figure 1 map. evidence=experimental linked_to=HindIII-EcoRI_rfrag aberration junction In(3R)ss[D114.9] 3R:12,203,300..12,204,849 evidence=experimental linked_to=EcoRI-BamHI_rfrag comment=Reported to map between +24 and +25 in the coordinate system of FBrf0102306. The breakpoint falls within a HindIII-BamHI fragment on the Figure 1 map. aberration junction Tp(3;2)iab2[P10] 3R:12,200,169..12,203,305 comment=Reported to map between +25 and +28 in the coordinate system of FBrf0102306. The breakpoint falls within a BamHI-XbaI fragment on the Figure 1 map. evidence=experimental linked_to=BamHI-XbaI_rfrag complex substitution ss[D114.10] 3R:12,240,821..12,246,095 comment=Reported to map between -17 and -14 in the coordinate system of FBrf0102306. The breakpoint falls within a BamHI to XbaI fragment on the Figure 1 map. The XbaI site is not present in the reference sequence so the mutation is mapped to the adjacent EcoRI site. The mutation is associated with an internal deletion of at least 1kb and an insertion. evidence=experimental linked_to=BamHI-EcoRI_rfrag deletion ss[D115.7] 3R:12,204,844..12,214,657 comment=Approximate boundaries of an intragenic deletion with the distal break between +13 and +14 and the proximal break between +21 and +23 in the coordinate system of FBrf0102306. The deletion roughly maps to a BamHI-EcoRI fragment on the Figure 1 map. evidence=experimental linked_to=BamHI-EcoRI_rfrag uncharacterized change in nucleotide sequence ss[D114.3] 3R:12,231,486..12,232,729 linked_to=HindIII-XbaI_rfrag comment=Reported to map between -5.5 and -4 in the coordinate system of FBrf0102306. The breakpoint falls within a HindIII-XbaI fragment on the Figure 1 map. evidence=experimental uncharacterized change in nucleotide sequence ss[D115.2] 3R:12,214,652..12,219,606 comment=Reported to map between +8 and +13.5 in the coordinate system of FBrf0102306. The breakpoint falls within a HindIII-BamHI fragment on the Figure 1 map. evidence=experimental linked_to=HindIII-BamHI_rfrag uncharacterized change in nucleotide sequence ss[D115.3] 3R:12,204,844..12,207,859 evidence=experimental linked_to=HindIII-EcoRI_rfrag comment=Reported to map between +21 and +23 in the coordinate system of FBrf0102306. The breakpoint appears to fall within a HindIII-EcoRI fragment on the Figure 1 map. | ||||
External Data
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| Linkouts | DEDB
- Drosophila exon database: splicing graphs
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| Crossreferences | ||||
Expression Data
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| FlyBase-Curated Data | ||||
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Transcript and Protein data | Please see the FlyBase Gene Expression Report for details of gene expression from the literature. | |||
Summary of Transcript Expression
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Stage Tissue/Position
Reference
embryonic stage | stage >8
embryonic labial segment
pupal stage
sensillum precursor
embryonic stage
embryonic antennal segment
pupal stage
trichogen cell
larval stage | third instar
dorsal metathoracic disc
larval stage | third instar
tarsus | presumptive
larval stage | third instar
eye disc
larval stage | second instar
antennal disc
larval stage | second instar
tarsus | presumptive
embryonic stage | stage >8
leg | anlagen
larval stage | third instar
dorsal mesothoracic disc | restricted
larval stage | third instar
labial disc
embryonic stage | stage >8
embryonic mandibular segment
embryonic stage | stage >8
embryonic maxillary segment
embryonic stage | stage >8
embryonic peripheral nervous system
embryonic stage | stage 8
cephalic furrow | anterior to
larval stage | third instar
genital disc
larval stage | third instar
morphogenetic furrow
larval stage | third instar
antennal disc
larval stage | third instar
ventral thoracic disc
larval stage | third instar
maxillary palpus | anlagen | ||||
| Marker for | ||||
| Subcellular Localization | ||||
| CV Term | ||||
Summary of Polypeptide Expression
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Stage Tissue/Position
Reference
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| Marker for | ||||
| Subcellular Localization | ||||
| CV Term | ||||
External Data & Images
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| Linkouts | FLIGHT
- Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies
FlyAtlas
- Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
GEO (NCBI)
- Gene expression data: microarray and other high-throughput technologies
FlyExpress
- Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)
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Alleles & Phenotypes
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Summary of Allele Phenotypes
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Lethality Allele Other Phenotypes Allele visible (with Df(3R)ss-D114.4) visible (with ssaBR30-71) Sterility Allele Phenotype manifest in Allele antenna (with ssaBR30-71) chaeta (with ssaBR30-71) tarsal segment 1 (with ssa) arista (with Df(3R)ss-D114.4) tarsal segment 2 (with ssD115.7) tarsal segment 3 (with ssD115.7) tarsal segment 4 (with ssD115.7) tarsal segment 5 (with ssD115.7) dendrite & dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaC | somatic clone tarsal segment 2 (with ssD114.9) tarsal segment 3 (with ssD114.9) tarsal segment 4 (with ssD114.9) tarsal segment 5 (with ssD114.9) dendrite & tracheal innervating neuron, with Scer\GAL4477 dendrite & dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaC, with Scer\GAL4ppk.1.9 tarsal segment 1 (with ssD114.9) | ||||

Stage(s)
9-10
Stage(s)
11-12
Stage(s)
13-16