FlyBase Gene Report: Dmel\st

General Information

Symbol

Dmel\st

Species

D. melanogaster

Name

scarlet

Annotation Symbol

CG4314

Feature Type

protein_coding_gene

FlyBase ID

FBgn0003515

Gene Model Status

Current

Stock Availability

664 publicly available

Gene Summary

ATP-dependent transporter of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family which transports various molecules including bioamines, neurotransmitters and metabolic intermediates (PubMed:18931318, PubMed:33820991, PubMed:812484). In the eye and probably in association with w/white, required for the transport of the eye brown pigment precursors, kynurenine and probably tryptophan, into pigment cell granules (PubMed:10407069, PubMed:812484). In Malpighian tubules and pupal eyes, involved in kynurenine transport (PubMed:812484). Probably in association with w/white, plays a role in zinc storage granule biogenesis in Malpighian tubule principal epithelial cells (PubMed:29367274). (UniProt, P45843)

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All Summaries

Alliance
Auto summary
Gene Group
UniProtKB
Red Book
Interactive Fly

Key Links

Genomic Location

Cytogenetic map

73A3-73A3

Sequence location

3L:16,497,651..16,500,460 [+]

Recombination map

3-44

RefSeq locus

NT_037436 REGION:16497651..16500460

Sequence

Get Decorated FASTA

Genomic Maps

JBrowse

Other Genome Views

The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.

Function

Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (13 terms)

Molecular Function (6 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

enables amine transmembrane transporter activity

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Borycz et al., 2008)

enables transmembrane transporter activity

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Sullivan and Sullivan, 1975)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (4 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

enables ABC-type transporter activity

inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR013525, InterPro:IPR043926

(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)

enables ATP binding

inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR003439, InterPro:IPR017871

(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)

enables ATP hydrolysis activity

inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR003439, InterPro:IPR003593, InterPro:IPR017871

(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)

enables ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activity

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN008283605

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

Biological Process (3 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

involved_in aminergic neurotransmitter loading into synaptic vesicle

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Borycz et al., 2008)

involved_in eye pigment precursor transport

inferred from expression pattern

(Mackenzie et al., 2000)

involved_in transmembrane transport

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Sasaki et al., 2021, Sullivan and Sullivan, 1975)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

involved_in eye pigment precursor transport

traceable author statement

(Reaume et al., 1991)

involved_in transmembrane transport

inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR005284

(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN008283605

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

Cellular Component (4 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)

CV Term

Evidence

References

located_in pigment granule membrane

inferred from direct assay

(Mackenzie et al., 2000)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

is_active_in cytoplasmic vesicle membrane

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN008729989

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

located_in membrane

inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR005284, InterPro:IPR013525

(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)

is_active_in plasma membrane

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000443095

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

Gene Group (FlyBase)

ABCG ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER SUBFAMILY

Protein Family (UniProt)

Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCG family. Eye pigment precursor importer (TC 3.A.1.204) subfamily. (P45843)

Protein Signatures (InterPro)

Catalytic Activity (EC/Rhea)

ATP hydrolysis activity
RHEA 13065:

Summaries

Gene Group (FlyBase)

ABCG ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER SUBFAMILY -: The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter family are primary active transporters that use ATP hydrolysis to drive the transport of substrates across the membrane. In metazoans the ABCG subfamily are half transporters. Half transporters must dimerize to form a functional transporter. (Adapted from FBrf0224053).

Protein Function (UniProtKB)

(UniProt, P45843)

Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)

st: scarlet

Eyes bright vermilion, darkening with age. Ocelli colorless, even in old fly; a reliable trait for classifying st se. Eyes of bw; st white. Eye color autonomous in larval optic disks transplanted into wild-type hosts (Beadle and Ephrussi, 1936, Genetics 21: 230). Larval Malpighian tubes pale yellow (Beadle, 1937, Genetics 22: 587-611). Phenocritical period, as indicated by temperature-shift experiments utilizing st12, is 24-48 h after pupariation at 25 (Howells, 1973). Uptake of kynurenine by Malpighian tubules and eye disks severely deficient (Sullivan and Sullivan, 1975, Biochem. Genet. 13: 603-13). 3-hydroxykynurenine accumulates only in pupae; virtually undetectable in larvae and adults (Howells and Ryall, 1976, Biochem. Genet. 14: 1077-90). Activity of phenoxazinone synthetase, which is found in pigment granules and which catalyzes the bimolecular condensation of 3-hydroxykynurenine in the production of brown eye pigment, xanthommatin, markedly reduced in st (Phillips, Forrest, and Kulkarni, 1973, Genetics 73: 45-56). RK1.

st12

Scarlet eyes at 29; normal eye color at 18; xanthommatin levels 9% and 72% of wild type respectively (Howells, 1979, Biochem. Genet. 17: 149-58).

stsp: scarlet-spotted

Eyes scarlet with facets and groups of facets that appear wild type. Darkening spreads in old fly. Not a variegated position effect. stsp/st like stsp. Larval Malpighian tubules pale yellow and classifiable (Brehme and Demerec, 1942, Growth 6: 351-56). RK2.

Gene Model and Products

Number of Transcripts

Number of Unique Polypeptides

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\st for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)

Isoform displayed:

Pfam protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Protein Domains (via SMART)

Isoform displayed:

SMART protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Structure

Protein 3D structure (Predicted by AlphaFold) (AlphaFold entry P45843)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.

Model Confidence:

Very high (pLDDT > 90)
Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures

Crossreferences

Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.45

Gene model reviewed during 5.55

Transcript Data

Annotated Transcripts

Name

FlyBase ID

RefSeq ID

Length (nt)

Assoc. CDS (aa)

st-RA

FBtr0075391

NM_079384

2146

666

Additional Transcript Data and Comments

Reported size (kB)

2.3 (northern blot)

(Tearle et al., 1989)

Comments

External Data

Crossreferences

Polypeptide Data

Annotated Polypeptides

Name

FlyBase ID

Predicted MW (kDa)

Length (aa)

Theoretical pI

UniProt

RefSeq ID

GenBank

st-PA

FBpp0075149

74.5

666

7.48

P45843

NP_524108

AAF49455

Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

There is only one protein coding transcript and one polypeptide associated with this gene

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments

Reported size (kDa)

Comments

External Data

Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

May form a heterodimer with w/white.

(UniProt, P45843)

Crossreferences

InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites

Linkouts

Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model

Nucleotide / Polypeptide Records

UniProt

P45843

Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\st using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data

Crossreferences

Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.

st_1

Linkouts

Expression Data

Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.14

Transcript Expression

No Assay Recorded

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

third instar larval stage

(Tearle et al., 1989)

in situ

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

embryonic stage 11 -- 12

Malpighian tubule main body primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

Malpighian tubule primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic stage 13 -- 16

Bolwig organ

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic Malpighian tubule

(Fisher et al., 2012)

Additional Descriptive Data

st transcripts are expressed at low levels throughout development with a peak of expression in early to mid-pupal stages. The st transcript level is not altered substantially in a w¹ mutant backgound.

(Tearle et al., 1989)

A transcript that is slightly smaller and less abundant than wild type is seen in st¹ mutant pupae.

(Tearle et al., 1989)

The st transcript is present at 5% of the wild type level in st^sp mutant pupae.

(Tearle et al., 1989)

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Polypeptide Expression

mass spectroscopy

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

adult stage

adult head

• membrane

(Aradska et al., 2015)

Additional Descriptive Data

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Evidence

References

located_in pigment granule membrane

inferred from direct assay

(Mackenzie et al., 2000)

Expression Deduced from Reporters

High-Throughput Expression Data

Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\st in JBrowse

RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region

View exonic expression by developmental stage for Dmel\st

View exonic expression by tissue for Dmel\st

Bulk Downloads

RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes

Reference

See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.

Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle

Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis

External Data and Images

Linkouts

BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis

FBgn0003515

DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species

39836/tissue=All

EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species

FBgn0003515

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

FBgn0003515

FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data

FBgn0003515

Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns

CG4314

Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut

FBgn0003515

Images

FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)

Show all FlyExpress processed images for Dmel\st

Stages(s) 1-3
Stages(s) 11-12
Stages(s) 13-16

FlyBase Wiki

Image Based Resources

Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations

Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 51 )

For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show

Other relevant insertions

Transgenic Constructs ( 8 )

For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show

Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of st

Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of st

Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 60 )

Inferred from experimentation ( 60 )

Gene disrupted in

Df(2R)M41A10

(Cicchetti and Loverre, 1988)

Df(2R)rl-D

(Cicchetti and Loverre, 1988)

Df(3L)BSC562

(Christensen et al., 2008.7.11)

Df(3L)DTS5-3

(Velissariou and Ashburner, 1981)

Df(3L)DTS5-4

(Ashburner et al., 1981, Velissariou and Ashburner, 1981)

Df(3L)G105

(Wemmer and Klämbt, 1995)

Df(3L)st2

(Ashburner et al., 1981, Velissariou and Ashburner, 1981)

Df(3L)st3

(Ashburner et al., 1981, Velissariou and Ashburner, 1981)

Df(3L)st4

(Bedian, 1998.10.2, Ashburner et al., 1981, Velissariou and Ashburner, 1981)

Df(3L)st6

(Bedian, 1998.10.2, Velissariou and Ashburner, 1981)

Df(3L)st7

(Velissariou and Ashburner, 1981)

Df(3L)st7P

(Wemmer and Klämbt, 1995, Belote et al., 1990, McKeown et al., 1987)

Df(3L)st62

(Bedian, 1998.10.2)

Df(3L)st100.62

(Belote et al., 1990, McKeown et al., 1987, Ward and Alexander, 1957)

Df(3L)st103

(Velissariou and Ashburner, 1981)

Df(3L)st106

(Velissariou and Ashburner, 1981)

Df(3L)st171

(Ward and Alexander, 1957)

Df(3L)st200

(Ward and Alexander, 1957)

Df(3L)st-a20

(McKeown et al., 1987)

Df(3L)st-b11

(Bedian, 1998.10.2)

Df(3L)st-e4

(Belote et al., 1990, McKeown et al., 1987)

Df(3L)st-E5

(Butler et al., 1986)

Df(3L)st-E34

(Belote et al., 1990, Henkemeyer et al., 1987, Butler et al., 1986)

Df(3L)st-E36

(Belote et al., 1990, Henkemeyer et al., 1987, Butler et al., 1986)

Df(3L)st-E48

(Butler et al., 1986)

Df(3L)st-E52

(Belote et al., 1990, Butler et al., 1986)

Df(3L)st-f13

(Bedian, 1998.10.2, Wemmer and Klämbt, 1995, McKeown et al., 1987)

Df(3L)st-g18

(Wemmer and Klämbt, 1995)

Df(3L)st-g24

(Belote et al., 1990, McKeown et al., 1987)

Df(3L)st-j7

(Bedian, 1998.10.2, Belote et al., 1990, McKeown et al., 1987)

Df(3L)st-j11

(Bedian, 1998.10.2)

Df(3L)st-k7

(Wemmer and Klämbt, 1995)

Df(3L)st-LM3

(Marsh and Mock, 1985)

Df(3L)st-LM19

(Marsh and Mock, 1985)

Df(3L)th105

(Ward and Alexander, 1957)

In(3L)st⁵

(Velissariou and Ashburner, 1981)

In(3LR)st^a27

(McKeown et al., 1987)

T(2;3)st^100.359

(Ward and Alexander, 1957)

T(Y;3)st^100.126

(Ward and Alexander, 1957)

Gene not disrupted in

Df(2L)C'

(Cicchetti and Loverre, 1988)

Df(2L)C

(Cicchetti and Loverre, 1988)

Df(2L)D'

(Cicchetti and Loverre, 1988)

Df(2L)D

(Cicchetti and Loverre, 1988)

Df(2L)TW65

(Cicchetti and Loverre, 1988)

Df(2L)TW161

(Cicchetti and Loverre, 1988)

Df(2R)M41A4

(Cicchetti and Loverre, 1988)

Df(2R)M41A8

(Cicchetti and Loverre, 1988)

Df(3L)st7

(Bedian, 1998.10.2)

Df(3L)th1

(Velissariou and Ashburner, 1981)

Df(3L)th2

(Bedian, 1998.10.2, Velissariou and Ashburner, 1981)

Df(3L)th45

(Velissariou and Ashburner, 1981)

Df(3L)th102

(Velissariou and Ashburner, 1981)

Df(3L)th112

(Velissariou and Ashburner, 1981)

Df(3L)th113

(Velissariou and Ashburner, 1981)

Df(3L)th117

(Velissariou and Ashburner, 1981)

Df(3L)th^SS102

(Bedian, 1998.10.2)

Df(3L)tra

(Belote et al., 1990, Tearle et al., 1989, McKeown et al., 1987)

Df(3L)VB-33

(Bedian, 1998.10.2)

In(2R)bw^VDe2LCy^R

(Cicchetti and Loverre, 1988)

In(3L)std11

(Belote et al., 1990, McKeown et al., 1987)

Gene duplicated in

Ts(YSt;3Lt)ST1

(Brizuela et al., 1994, Lindsley and Zimm, 1992)

Inferred from location ( 6 )

Variants

Variant Molecular Consequences

Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants

Phenotypes

For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.

Lethality

Allele

lethal | recessive

viable

viable, with Dcr-2^UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu

st^GD1667

viable, with Scer\GAL4^Mef2.PR

st^GD1667

viable, with Scer\GAL4^pnr-MD237

st^GD1667

viable, with Scer\GAL4^tin.CΔ4

st^GD1667

Sterility

Allele

sterile

st^S1

Other Phenotypes

Allele

abnormal eye color

abnormal eye color | heat sensitive

st¹²

abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage | progressive

st¹

abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage | progressive (with Df(3L)ED4606)

st¹

decreased cell number | adult stage

decreased cell number | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4^ple.PF

st^KK107213

decreased cell number | adult stage | progressive | heat sensitive

st¹

decreased cell number | adult stage | progressive | heat sensitive (with Df(3L)ED4606)

st¹

short lived

st¹

short lived (with Df(3L)ED4606)

st¹

visible | adult stage

visible | heat sensitive

st¹²

visible | recessive

visible | recessive | heat sensitive

st¹²

Phenotype manifest in

Allele

dopaminergic PPL1 neuron

dopaminergic PPL1 neuron, with Scer\GAL4^ple.PF

st^KK107213

dopaminergic PPL1 neuron | progressive | heat sensitive

st¹

dopaminergic PPL1 neuron | progressive | heat sensitive (with Df(3L)ED4606)

st¹

eye

pigment cell

pigment cell | heat sensitive

st¹²

Orthologs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Orthologs

Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Species\Gene Symbol

Score

Best Score

Best Reverse Score

Source

Alignment

Complementation?

Transgene?

Homo sapiens (Human) (9)

Hsap\ABCG8

8 of 14

Yes

7 of 14

6 of 14

5 of 14

4 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Species\Gene Symbol

Score

Best Score

Best Reverse Score

Source

Alignment

Complementation?

Transgene?

Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (9)

Rnor\Abcg2

7 of 14

Yes

Rnor\Abcg8

7 of 14

Yes

6 of 14

6 of 14

5 of 14

5 of 14

5 of 14

1 of 14

Yes

Rnor\Abcg3

1 of 14

Yes

Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (6)

Mmus\Abcg8

8 of 14

Yes

7 of 14

6 of 14

5 of 14

5 of 14

5 of 14

Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (5)

Xtro\abcg5

4 of 13

Yes

3 of 13

3 of 13

3 of 13

1 of 13

Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (9)

Drer\abcg2a

7 of 14

Yes

Drer\abcg2b

7 of 14

Yes

Drer\abcg2c

7 of 14

Yes

Drer\abcg2d

7 of 14

Yes

Drer\abcg8

7 of 14

Yes

6 of 14

5 of 14

5 of 14

4 of 14

Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (13)

Cele\wht-1

7 of 14

Yes

Cele\wht-3

7 of 14

Yes

Cele\wht-4

7 of 14

Yes

Cele\wht-8

7 of 14

Yes

6 of 14

6 of 14

6 of 14

5 of 14

4 of 14

3 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Yes

Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (27)

Agam\AgaP_AGAP000506

12 of 12

Yes

Agam\AgaP_AGAP001333

7 of 12

Yes

5 of 12

5 of 12

5 of 12

5 of 12

5 of 12

5 of 12

5 of 12

5 of 12

5 of 12

4 of 12

4 of 12

3 of 12

3 of 12

3 of 12

3 of 12

Yes

Agam\AgaP_AGAP001858

2 of 12

Agam\AgaP_AGAP002050

2 of 12

Agam\AgaP_AGAP013384

2 of 12

Yes

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (50)

Atha\ABCG7

9 of 13

Yes

6 of 13

6 of 13

6 of 13

6 of 13

6 of 13

6 of 13

6 of 13

5 of 13

5 of 13

5 of 13

Yes

Atha\ABCG5

5 of 13

Yes

Atha\ABCG6

5 of 13

Atha\ABCG8

5 of 13

Yes

5 of 13

5 of 13

5 of 13

5 of 13

5 of 13

5 of 13

5 of 13

5 of 13

5 of 13

5 of 13

5 of 13

Yes

Atha\ABCG3

3 of 13

Yes

3 of 13

3 of 13

3 of 13

2 of 13

2 of 13

2 of 13

2 of 13

2 of 13

2 of 13

2 of 13

2 of 13

2 of 13

2 of 13

2 of 13

2 of 13

2 of 13

2 of 13

Yes

2 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (10)

Scer\ADP1

6 of 13

Yes

Scer\YOL075C

6 of 13

Yes

4 of 13

4 of 13

4 of 13

4 of 13

4 of 13

3 of 13

3 of 13

3 of 13

Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (2)

Spom\bfr1

5 of 12

Yes

Spom\pdr1

3 of 12

Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (21)

Ecol\afuC

1 of 11

Yes

Ecol\artP

1 of 11

Yes

Ecol\cysA

1 of 11

Yes

Ecol\fetA

1 of 11

Yes

Ecol\glnQ

1 of 11

Yes

Ecol\gltL

1 of 11

Yes

Ecol\hisP

1 of 11

Yes

Ecol\lolD

1 of 11

Yes

Ecol\malK

1 of 11

Yes

Ecol\metN

1 of 11

Yes

Ecol\mlaF

1 of 11

Yes

Ecol\potA

1 of 11

Yes

Ecol\potG

1 of 11

Yes

Ecol\proV

1 of 11

Yes

Ecol\pstB

1 of 11

Yes

Ecol\tcyN

1 of 11

Yes

Ecol\thiQ

1 of 11

Yes

Ecol\ugpC

1 of 11

Yes

Ecol\yehX

1 of 11

Yes

Ecol\yhdZ

1 of 11

Yes

Ecol\ynjD

1 of 11

Yes

Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)

Data provided directly from OrthoDB:st. Refer to their site for version information.

Paralogs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Paralogs

Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Gene Symbol

Score

Source

Alignment

Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (19)

10 of 13

8 of 13

8 of 13

8 of 13

8 of 13

7 of 13

7 of 13

7 of 13

7 of 13

7 of 13

E23

7 of 13

5 of 13

5 of 13

5 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

ldd

1 of 13

osy

1 of 13

snu

1 of 13

Human Disease Associations

FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports

neurodegenerative disease (postulated), ABCG-related

Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations

Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 6 )

Allele

Disease

Evidence

References

st¹

model of neurodegenerative disease

CEA

(Cunningham et al., 2018)

st^KK107213

model of neurodegenerative disease

CEA

(Cunningham et al., 2018)

st^M1

model of neurodegenerative disease

CEA

(Cunningham et al., 2018)

st^M2

model of neurodegenerative disease

CEA

(Cunningham et al., 2018)

st^M3

model of neurodegenerative disease

CEA

(Cunningham et al., 2018)

st^M4

model of neurodegenerative disease

CEA

(Cunningham et al., 2018)

Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 2 )

Human Ortholog

Disease

Evidence

References

ABCG8; ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 8

model of sitosterolemia 1

IEA

(FlyBase, 2019-)

model of gallbladder disease

IEA

(FlyBase, 2019-)

Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 2 )

Allele

Disease

Interaction

References

st¹

model of neurodegenerative disease

is ameliorated by cn¹

(Cunningham et al., 2018)

st^UAS.Venus

ameliorates Parkinson's disease 1

modeled by Hsap\SNCA^UAS.cUa

(Cunningham et al., 2018)

modeled by Hsap\SNCA^A53T.UAS

(Cunningham et al., 2018)

modeled by Hsap\SNCA^A30P.UAS

(Cunningham et al., 2018)

Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)

Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.

Homo sapiens (Human)

Gene name

Score

OMIM

OMIM Phenotype

DO term

Complementation?

Transgene?

ABCG8; ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 8

8 of 14

605460

ABCG2; ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (JR blood group)

7 of 14

603756

ABCG1; ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 1

6 of 14

603076

ABCG4; ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 4

5 of 14

607784

ABCG5; ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 5

4 of 14

605459

SITOSTEROLEMIA 2; STSL2

sitosterolemia 2

Functional Complementation Data

Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.

Interactions

Summary of Physical Interactions

Interaction Browsers

Summary of Genetic Interactions

Interaction Browsers

View in FlyBase Interactions Browser View in MIST tool (external link)

Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

suppressible

(Cunningham et al., 2018)

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

External Data

Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

May form a heterodimer with w/white.

(UniProt, P45843 )

Linkouts

BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.

65140

DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.

FBgn0003515

MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

39836

Pathways

Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)

Metabolic Pathways

FlyBase

External Links

External Data

Linkouts

Class of Gene

nuclear_gene

protein_coding_gene

Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data

Chromosome (arm)

Recombination map

3-44

Cytogenetic map

73A3-73A3

Sequence location

3L:16,497,651..16,500,460 [+]

FlyBase Computed Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Evidence for location

73A3-73A3

Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}l(3)j10E8^j10E8&P{PZ}l(3)10532¹⁰⁵³² and P{PZ}Baldspot⁰²²⁸¹

Experimentally Determined Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Notes

References

73A3-73A4

(determined by in situ hybridisation)

(Tearle et al., 1989)

Experimentally Determined Recombination Data

Location

3-44

(FlyBase, 2016)

3-39.0

(Comeron et al., 2012)

3-44.0

Left of (cM)

(Furman and Kozhemyakina, 1991)

Abl
l(3)73Bb

(Henkemeyer et al., 1987)

(Ashburner et al., 1981)

Prosβ6

(Holden and Suzuki, 1973)

Right of (cM)

Walker

(Furman and Kozhemyakina, 1991)

Prosβ2

(Holden and Suzuki, 1973)

Pgm1

(Trippa et al., 1971, Hjorth, 1970)

Notes

Stocks and Reagents

Stocks (664)

Aberrations including deletions of this gene Aberrations including duplications of this gene

Bloomington

605

st¹

612

st^sp

686

bw¹; st¹

687

bw⁴; st¹

1040

st¹ bul^D

Kyoto

101756

st¹

106003

st¹

106036

106752

107809

4314R-1

v109793

More stocks available...

Genomic Clones (30)

Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

cDNA Clones (9)

Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

cDNA clones, fully sequenced

BDGP DGC clones

Other clones

FI22360

Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

FBgn0003515

cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)

BDGP DGC clones

Other clones

RNAi and Array Information

Linkouts

DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens

FBgn0003515

Antibody Information

Laboratory Generated Antibodies

Commercially Available Antibodies

Cell Line Information

Publicly Available Cell Lines

Other Stable Cell Lines

Other Comments

st protein is located in the membranes of pigment granules within pigment cells and retinula cells of the eye. No evidence of its presence in the plasma membrane has been seen.

(Mackenzie et al., 2000)

Transcripts of bw, st and w are all modulated by Inr-b in a developmentally-specific manner.

(Bhadra et al., 1995)

Eyes bright vermilion, darkening with age. Ocelli colorless, even in old fly; a reliable trait for classifying st se. Eyes of bw; st white. Eye color autonomous in larval optic discs transplanted into wild-type hosts. Larval Malpighian tubes pale yellow. Uptake of kynurenine by Malpighian tubules and eye discs severely deficient. 3-hydroxykynurenine accumulates only in pupae; virtually undetectable in larvae and adults. Activity of phenoxazinone synthetase, which is found in pigment granules and which catalyzes the bimolecular condensation of 3-hydroxykynurenine in the production of brown eye pigment, xanthommatin, markedly reduced in st.

(Lindsley and Zimm, 1992)

st is required for the synthesis of ommochrome in any tissue and is involved in the transport of pigmentation precursors.

(Tearle, 1991)

Lesions in st reduce or eliminate pigmentation in the eyes and ocelli and block pigmentation of the fat body and tubules.

(Tearle, 1991)

Similarity of w and st mutant phenotypes may reflect a common biochemical function for the gene products. st gene performs no function essential for viability.

(Tearle et al., 1989)

Mutant alleles are useful as markers in clonal analysis.

(Lawrence et al., 1986)

Pteridines (neodrosopterin, drosopterin, isodrosopterin, aurodrosopterin, 6-acetyl-dihydrohomopterin, sepiapterin, dihydrobiopterin, biopterin, pterin and isoxanthopterin) have been quantified in single and double mutants.

(Silva and Mensua, 1985)

Mutant individuals display bright red eyes.

(Duncan and Kaufman, 1975)

Relationship to Other Genes

Source for database merge of

Additional comments

Nomenclature History

Source for database identify of

Nomenclature comments

Etymology

Synonyms and Secondary IDs (6)

Reported As

Symbol Synonym

CG4314

(Wang et al., 2025, Wang et al., 2024, Paulsen et al., 2013, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Perkins et al., 2009, Dean et al., 2001, Fulton et al., 2001)

DmScarlet

(He et al., 2019)

(Denecke, 2022.6.8, Denecke et al., 2022)

Name Synonyms

Scarlet

(Dermauw and Van Leeuwen, 2014)

scarlet

(Missirlis, 2021, Pandey et al., 2013, Wightman et al., 2012, Baas et al., 2011, Harris et al., 2011, Anaka et al., 2008, Borycz et al., 2008, Schaeffer et al., 2008, Pankotai et al., 2005, Takahashi and Ting, 2004, Wang et al., 2004, Tearle, 1993.11.30)

Secondary FlyBase IDs

Datasets (0)

Study focus (0)

Experimental Role

Project

Project Type

Title

Study result (0)

Result

Result Type

Title

External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 42 )

Sequence Crossreferences

NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.

39836

GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.

GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.

RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.

UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.

P45843

UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information

P45843

Other crossreferences

AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.

P45843

BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis

FBgn0003515

DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species

39836/tissue=All

EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species

FBgn0003515

FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data

FBgn0003515

FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics

FBgn0003515

InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites

KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.

dme:Dmel_CG4314

MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)

39836

Linkouts

BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.

65140

Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones

FBgn0003515

DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.

FBgn0003515

DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens

FBgn0003515

Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.

st_1

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

FBgn0003515

FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel

FBGN0003515

Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns

CG4314

Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut

FBgn0003515

iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)

TC011998

MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

39836

References (198)

The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.

-0.14

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