FB2020_06, released Dec 22, 2020

Gene: Dmel\thr

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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\thr
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
three rows
Annotation Symbol
CG5785
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0003701
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
11 publicly available
Gene Snapshot
three rows (thr) encodes a protein that, together with the product of Sse, forms the endoprotease separase complex, which cleaves a subunit of the cohesin complex, thereby allowing separation of the sister chromatids. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-14]
Other Summaries
Also Known As

anch, anarchist, ana

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
54F3-54F4
Sequence location
2R:17,861,273..17,865,963 [-]
Recombination map

2-84

RefSeq locus
NT_033778 REGION:17861273..17865963
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
GO Summary Ribbons
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (12 terms)
Molecular Function (1 term)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables protein binding
inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:Q24454
(assigned by UniProt )
(Jager et al., 2001)
inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:Q9VRN6
(assigned by UniProt )
(Jager et al., 2001)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Biological Process (10 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (9 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in digestive tract mesoderm development
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Weyers et al., 2011)
involved_in foregut morphogenesis
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Liu et al., 1999)
involved_in gonad development
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Weyers et al., 2011)
involved_in head involution
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Liu et al., 1999)
involved_in hindgut morphogenesis
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Liu et al., 1999)
involved_in Malpighian tubule morphogenesis
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Jack and Myette, 1999, Liu et al., 1999)
involved_in mitotic sister chromatid separation
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Pandey et al., 2005)
involved_in morphogenesis of an epithelium
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Liu et al., 1999)
involved_in open tracheal system development
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Liu et al., 1999)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in mitotic sister chromatid segregation
traceable author statement
(Lee and Orr-Weaver, 2003, Leismann et al., 2000)
Cellular Component (1 term)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in cytoplasm
inferred from direct assay
(assigned by UniProt )
(Herzig et al., 2002)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
    -
    Summaries
    Protein Function (UniProtKB)
    Required specifically for chromosome disjunction during all mitoses; maternally provided protein is sufficient until mitosis 14 then zygotic protein is required. Involved in formation and/or maintenance of epithelial structures: bud extension during Malpighian tubule development, and foregut and hindgut morphogenesis.
    (UniProt, P42286)
    Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)
    thr: three rows
    Larval denticles sparse and arranged in few rows, all pointing posteriorly. Denticles larger than normal. Apparently no mitoses after the first post-blastoderm mitosis, resulting in embryos with fewer and larger cells than normal. TSP 4-9 h. Homozygous lethal in embryo.
    Gene Model and Products
    Number of Transcripts
    2
    Number of Unique Polypeptides
    1

    Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\thr for information on other features

    To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

    Protein Domains (via Pfam)
    Isoform displayed:
    Pfam protein domains
    InterPro name
    classification
    start
    end
    Protein Domains (via SMART)
    Isoform displayed:
    SMART protein domains
    InterPro name
    classification
    start
    end
    Comments on Gene Model

    Gene model reviewed during 5.50

    Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
    nuclear_gene
    protein_coding_gene
    Transcript Data
    Annotated Transcripts
    Name
    FlyBase ID
    RefSeq ID
    Length (nt)
    Assoc. CDS (aa)
    thr-RB
    FBtr0086825
    NM_166257
    4358
    1379
    thr-RC
    FBtr0340283
    NM_001299623
    4578
    1379
    Additional Transcript Data and Comments
    Reported size (kB)

    4.7, 4.4 (northern blot)

    (D'Andrea et al., 1993)

    4.4 (unknown)

    (Philp et al., 1993)
    Comments
    External Data
    Crossreferences
    Polypeptide Data
    Annotated Polypeptides
    Name
    FlyBase ID
    Predicted MW (kDa)
    Length (aa)
    Theoretical pI
    RefSeq ID
    GenBank
    thr-PB
    FBpp0086004
    157.6
    1379
    8.72
    NP_725731
    AAF57778
    thr-PC
    FBpp0309246
    157.6
    1379
    8.72
    NP_001286552
    AHN56348
    Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

    The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

    1379 aa isoforms: thr-PB, thr-PC
    Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
    Reported size (kDa)

    1209 (aa); 137.9 (kD predicted)

    (D'Andrea et al., 1993)

    1172 (aa)

    (Philp et al., 1993)
    Comments
    External Data
    Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

    Interacts with pim and Sse. Cleavage of thr contributes to inactivation of Sse.

    (UniProt, P42286)
    Post Translational Modification

    Proteolytically cleaved after the metaphase-to-anaphase transition, C-terminal cleavage product is degraded. Cleavage can only proceed within complexes that contain active Sse.

    (UniProt, P42286)
    Crossreferences
    Linkouts
    Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
    Mapped Features

    Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\thr using the Feature Mapper tool.

    External Data
    Crossreferences
    Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
    Linkouts
    Expression Data
    Expression Summary Ribbons
    Colored tiles in ribbon indicate that expression data has been curated by FlyBase for that anatomical location. Colorless tiles indicate that there is no curated data for that location.
    For complete stage-specific expression data, view the modENCODE Development RNA-Seq section under High-Throughput Expression below.
    Transcript Expression
    No Assay Recorded
    Stage
    Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
    Reference
    embryonic stage 4
    (Philp et al., 1993)
    embryonic stage
    presumptive embryonic/larval central nervous system
    (Philp et al., 1993)
    in situ
    Stage
    Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
    Reference
    extended germ band stage
    presumptive embryonic/larval central nervous system
    (D'Andrea et al., 1993)
    presumptive embryonic/larval peripheral nervous system
    (D'Andrea et al., 1993)
    northern blot
    Stage
    Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
    Reference
    third instar larval stage
    (D'Andrea et al., 1993)
    embryonic stage 4
    organism | ubiquitous
    (D'Andrea et al., 1993)
    embryonic stage 13
    embryonic brain | restricted
    (D'Andrea et al., 1993)
    ventral nerve cord
    (D'Andrea et al., 1993)
    embryonic stage
    (D'Andrea et al., 1993)
    adult stage
    (D'Andrea et al., 1993)
    embryonic stage 5
    organism | ubiquitous
    (D'Andrea et al., 1993)
    Additional Descriptive Data

    In Northern blots, thr transcript is detected at high levels in 4 hr and younger embryos, and at lower levels throughout the rest of embryogenesis. In situ hybridization experiments show thr transcript to be evenly distributed in the embryo before cellularization. After cellularization, thr transcript continues to be expressed ubiquitously, but is at higher levels in the pole cell region. Expression declines during germ band extension. After germ band extension, thr transcript is detected in the central and peripheral nervous sys ems. After germ band retraction, a subset of cells in the ventral nerve cord and the proliferating areas of the brain express thr. RNAse protection experiments show that thr transcript is present in third instar larvae, in adults of both sexes, and in Schneider line 2 cells.

    (D'Andrea et al., 1993)

    thr transcript is distributed in a punctate and perinuclear pattern in embryonic cells.

    (D'Andrea et al., 1993, Philp et al., 1993)
    Marker for
     
    Subcellular Localization
    CV Term
    Polypeptide Expression
    Additional Descriptive Data
    Marker for
     
    Subcellular Localization
    CV Term
    Evidence
    References
    located_in cytoplasm
    inferred from direct assay
    (assigned by UniProt )
    (Herzig et al., 2002)
    Expression Deduced from Reporters
    High-Throughput Expression Data
    Associated Tools

    GBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

    View Dmel\thr in GBrowse 2
    RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
    Bulk Downloads
    RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
    Reference
    See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
    Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
    Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
    External Data and Images
    Linkouts
    FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies
    FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
    Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
    Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
    Images
    FlyBase Wiki
    Image Based Resources
    Alleles, Insertions, and Transgenic Constructs
    Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 29 )
    For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
     
    Other relevant insertions
    Transgenic Constructs ( 24 )
    For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
    Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of thr
    Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of thr
    Deletions and Duplications ( 26 )
    Phenotypes
    For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
    Lethality
    Allele
    lethal
    lethal, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
    lethal (with thr1)
    lethal (with thrIR14)
    lethal | recessive
    lethal - all die before end of embryonic stage | maternal effect | cold sensitive
    lethal - all die before end of embryonic stage | recessive
    partially lethal - majority die, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
    Other Phenotypes
    Allele
    cytokinesis defective
    decreased occurrence of cell division | embryonic cycle 15
    endomitotic cell cycle defective | larval stage, with Scer\GAL469B
    increased cell death | embryonic stage
    mitotic cell cycle defective
    mitotic cell cycle defective | embryonic cycle 15
    mitotic cell cycle defective | embryonic stage | heat sensitive
    mitotic cell cycle defective | recessive
    some die during embryonic stage | maternal effect | cold sensitive
    some die during embryonic stage | recessive
    some die during pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
    visible
    visible, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
    wild-type
    Phenotype manifest in
    Allele
    aster | maternal effect
    centrosome | maternal effect
    chromosome | larval stage, with Scer\GAL469B
    cleavage nucleus
    condensed nuclear chromosome | embryonic cycle 15
    denticle belt
    embryo | embryonic stage 4 | maternal effect
    embryo | embryonic stage 5 | maternal effect
    embryonic/larval esophagus | embryonic stage
    embryonic/larval foregut | embryonic stage
    embryonic/larval hindgut | embryonic stage
    embryonic/larval trachea
    embryonic epidermis
    embryonic head
    embryonic midgut constriction
    eye
    gonad | embryonic stage (with thr15.54)
    gonad | embryonic stage (with thr34.52)
    gonadal sheath proper primordium | embryonic stage (with thr15.54)
    gonadal sheath proper primordium | embryonic stage (with thr34.52)
    larval neuroblast | larval stage, with Scer\GAL469B
    Malpighian tubule
    mesothoracic tergum, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
    metaphase plate
    mitotic cell cycle | embryonic stage
    mitotic spindle | embryonic stage
    ommatidium
    presumptive embryonic/larval peripheral nervous system
    visceral mesoderm | embryonic stage (with thr15.54)
    visceral mesoderm | embryonic stage (with thr34.52)
    Orthologs
    Downloads
    Download All DIOPT Orthologs
    Download All OrthoDB Orthologs
    Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0)
    Homo sapiens (Human) (0)
    No records found.
    Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0)
    Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (0)
    No records found.
    Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (0)
    No records found.
    Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (0)
    No records found.
    Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (0)
    No records found.
    Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (0)
    No records found.
    Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
    No records found.
    Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
    No records found.
    Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
    No records found.
    Ortholog(s) in Drosophila Species (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG091902NJ )
    Organism
    Common Name
    Gene
    AAA Syntenic Ortholog
    Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
    Drosophila suzukii
    Spotted wing Drosophila
    Dsuz\DS10_00003109
    Drosophila simulans
    Dsim\GD25435
    Drosophila sechellia
    Dsec\GM19944
    Drosophila erecta
    Dere\GG21013
    Drosophila yakuba
    Dyak\GE13956
    Drosophila ananassae
    Dana\GF13218
    Drosophila pseudoobscura pseudoobscura
    Dpse\thr
    Drosophila persimilis
    Dper\GL17267
    Drosophila willistoni
    Dwil\GK22071
    Drosophila virilis
    Dvir\thr
    Drosophila mojavensis
    Dmoj\GI20434
    Drosophila grimshawi
    Dgri\GH19844
    Orthologs in non-Drosophila Dipterans (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG091500DV )
    Organism
    Common Name
    Gene
    Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
    Musca domestica
    House fly
    Mdoa\17016239
    Glossina morsitans
    Tsetse fly
    Gmor\GMOY011166
    Lucilia cuprina
    Australian sheep blowfly
    Lcup\FF38_13333
    Mayetiola destructor
    Hessian fly
    Mdes\Mdes005675
    Orthologs in non-Dipteran Insects (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( None identified )
    No non-Dipteran orthologies identified
    Orthologs in non-Insect Arthropods (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( None identified )
    No non-Insect Arthropod orthologies identified
    Orthologs in non-Arthropod Metazoa (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( None identified )
    No non-Arthropod Metazoa orthologies identified
    Paralogs
    Downloads
    Download All DIOPT Paralogs
    Paralogs (via DIOPT v8.0)
    Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (0)
    No records found.
    Human Disease Associations
    FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
      Disease Model Summary Ribbon
      Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
      Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
      Allele
      Disease
      Evidence
      References
      Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
      Human Ortholog
      Disease
      Evidence
      References
      Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
      Allele
      Disease
      Interaction
      References
      Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0 and OMIM)
      Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
      Homo sapiens (Human)
      Gene name
      Score
      OMIM
      OMIM Phenotype
      DO term
      Complementation?
      Transgene?
      Functional Complementation Data
      Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
      Interactions
      Summary of Physical Interactions
      esyN Network Diagram
      Show neighbor-neighbor interactions:
      Select Layout:
      Legend:
      Protein
      RNA
      Selected Interactor(s)
      Interactions Browser
      View in Interactions Browser
      Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
      protein-protein
      Physical Interaction
      Assay
      References
      thr - Sse
      two hybrid, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
      (Jager et al., 2001)
      thr - pim
      two hybrid, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
      (Jager et al., 2004, Jager et al., 2001)
      Summary of Genetic Interactions
      esyN Network Diagram
      esyN Network Key:
      Suppression
      Enhancement
      View in Interactions Browser
      Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
      Starting gene(s)
      Interaction type
      Interacting gene(s)
      Reference
      thr
      enhanceable
      Cenp-C
      (Heeger et al., 2005)
      thr
      enhanceable
      Spc105R
      (Schittenhelm et al., 2009)
      thr
      suppressible
      Sse
      (Herzig et al., 2002)
      Starting gene(s)
      Interaction type
      Interacting gene(s)
      Reference
      CycB
      enhanceable
      thr
      (Ji et al., 2005)
      External Data
      Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
      Interacts with pim and Sse. Cleavage of thr contributes to inactivation of Sse.
      (UniProt, P42286 )
      Linkouts
      BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
      DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
      InterologFinder - Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets.
      MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
      Pathways
      Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
      Metabolic Pathways
      External Data
      Linkouts
      Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
      Chromosome (arm)
      2R
      Recombination map

      2-84

      Cytogenetic map
      54F3-54F4
      Sequence location
      2R:17,861,273..17,865,963 [-]
      FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
      Cytogenetic map
      Evidence for location
      54F3-54F4
      Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}grh06850&P{lacW}olf186-Fk11505 and P{PZ}Hsf03091&P{EP}Dgp-1EP731
      Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
      Cytogenetic map
      Notes
      References
      55A1-55A1
      (Liu et al., 1999, Prokopenko, 1999.8.5)
      54F-54F
      (Philp, 1993.11.24)
      54F4-54F5
      (determined by in situ hybridisation)
      (Spradling et al., 1999)
      54F-55A1
      (Glover, 1996.3.6)
      54F4-54F5
      (BDGP Project Members, 1994-1999)
      54F3-54F6
      (determined by in situ hybridisation)
      (Philp et al., 1993)
      Mapping method not described.
      (Glover, 1996.3.6)
      Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
      Location

      2-84

      (FlyBase, 2016)

      2-87.2

      (Comeron et al., 2012)

      2-86

      (Tearle and Nusslein-Volhard, 1987)
      Left of (cM)
      Right of (cM)
      Notes
      Stocks and Reagents
      Stocks (11)
      Genomic Clones (17)
       

      Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

      cDNA Clones (20)
       

      Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see GBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

      cDNA clones, fully sequenced
      BDGP DGC clones
      Other clones
        Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

        For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

        cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
        BDGP DGC clones
        Other clones
        RNAi and Array Information
        Linkouts
        DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
        GenomeRNAi - A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents
        Antibody Information
        Laboratory Generated Antibodies
         
        Commercially Available Antibodies
         
        Other Information
        Relationship to Other Genes
        Source for database identify of
        Source for database merge of
        Additional comments
        Other Comments

        RNAi screen using dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene results in aberrantly long spindles when assayed in S2 cells. This phenotype can be observed when the screen is performed with or without Cdc27 dsRNA.

        (Goshima et al., 2007)

        thr protein is cleaved after metaphase-to-anaphase transition during mitosis and this cleavage requires functional Sse protein complexes.

        (Herzig et al., 2002)

        pim and thr are required for sister chromatin separation in mitosis.

        (Leismann et al., 2000)

        There is no synergistic interaction between pim and thr.

        (Philp and Glover, 1997)

        The metaphase arrest seen in fzy mutants persists in the absence of pim or thr function.

        (Philp and Glover, 1997)

        Zygotic expression of thr is required for the embryonic mitoses.

        (D'Andrea et al., 1993)

        The maternal thr genotype influences the zygotic mutant phenotype.

        (D'Andrea et al., 1993)

        The thr gene was cloned by a combination of chromosome microdissection and P element tagging: predicted protein bears little resemblence to any sequence previously reported. Most significant similarity is over a 26 amino acid stretch where similarity to the S.pombe nuc2 nuclear scaffold-like protein is detectable. Mutants in thr show abnormal mitoses, becoming delayed at mitosis 15, with the chromosomes remaining at the metaphase plate, and subsequently decondensing. Maternal mRNA and protein are apparently sufficient for 14 rounds of mitosis in thr mutant embryos.

        (Philp et al., 1993)
        Origin and Etymology
        Discoverer
        Etymology
        Identification
        External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 44 )
        Sequence Crossreferences
        NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
        GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
        GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
        RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
        UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
        UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
        Other crossreferences
        Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
        Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
        Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
        Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
        GenomeRNAi - A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents
        KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
        modMine - A data warehouse for the modENCODE project
        Linkouts
        ApoDroso - Functional genomic database for photoreceptor development, survival and function
        BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
        DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
        DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
        FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies
        FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
        FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
        FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
        InterologFinder - Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets.
        MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        Synonyms and Secondary IDs (13)
        Datasets (0)
        Study focus (0)
        Experimental Role
        Project
        Project Type
        Title
        References (108)