NR2E2
transcription factor - nuclear receptor - zinc finger - regulates neuronal sub-type identity, including motor, serotonergic and dopaminergic neuron identity - required for efficient proliferation and prolonged maintenance of mushroom body progenitors in the Drosophila brain - regulates germ band retraction, dorsal closure, muscle and heart development.
Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\tll for information on other features
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AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.
Gene model reviewed during 5.47
2.0 (northern blot)
There is only one protein coding transcript and one polypeptide associated with this gene
452 (aa); 50.5 (kD)
Monomer.
Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\tll using the Feature Mapper tool.
The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).
Comment: anlage in statu nascendi
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage in statu nascendi
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage in statu nascendi
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage in statu nascendi
Comment: 0-15% egg length
0-16% egg length
reference states 0-15% egg length
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium
At embryonic stage 10, tll expression overlaps with the anterior part of the visual system that will give rise to the anterior lip of the optic lobe. At stage 12, tll is also observed at the posterior lip of the optic lobe but not in Bolwig's organ. In larvae, tll is expressed in the optic lobe of the larva brain. It is also expressed in both the antennal and eye portions of the eye-antennal disc
tll transcripts are expressed in the procephalic neurectoderm from the blastoderm stage into late stages of embryogenesis. tll transcripts are present in all proneural domains of the protocerebrum. The level of tll transcripts in a given domain is highest just before and during the stage in which the neurons from that domain delaminate. From stage 12 on, tll transcripts are present in the optic lobe and are also observed in the late third instar larval optic lobe.
tll transcripts are first observed at nuclear cycle 9 as two dots of staining in the nuclei of the terminal region cells. Staining is strongest in the most terminal nuclei and becomes progressively less intense in subterminal nuclei. During nuclear cycles 10, 11, and 12, staining increases over the nuclei and then in the surrounding cytoplasm until a solid cap of staining is seen at both termini. After the terminal caps form, they resolve into smaller domains. By the beginning of cellularization, the posterior cap has retracted from 20% to 16% egg length. The anterior cap also retracts both from the anterior tip progressing toward the posterior and from the ventral midline progressing laterally. By the end of syncytial blastoderm stage, the anterior domain has become a horseshoe shaped stripe from 75-88% egg length extending about 2/3 of the way towards the ventral midline. Posterior staining is stronger than anterior staining.
tll transcript levels reach a peak at 2-4 hr of embryogenesis. At the syncytial blastoderm stage, tll is expressed in a symmetrical pattern extending from 0-20% egg length and 80-100% egg length. By the cellular blastoderm stage, the tll domain has become smaller. Anteriorly, expression is seen in a stripe from 76-89% egg length in the lateral and dorsal part of the embryo. The posterior band has receded to cover 0-15% egg length. After the cellular blastoderm stage, tll expression is seen mainly in the anterior of the embryo, particularly in the forming brain. From stage 13 on, expression is lost in parts of the brain but persists in cortical regions. By stage 16, expression is mainly seen in the optic lobes. Transient expression occurs in the PNS in stages 12 and 13.
tll-protein expression detected immunohistochemically with two different antibodies, one raised against Drosophila Tll and one against human NR2E1.
tll protein is expressed in the oldest of the larval medulla forming neuroblasts.
tll protein is observed in syncytial blastoderm embryos as a covering over the anterior and posterior termini of the embryo. As with the RNA, the terminal caps are resolved into smaller domains in the cellular blastoderm embryo. Staining is greater in the posterior cap than in the anterior cap.
JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals
View Dmel\tll in JBrowsePlease Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete
Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.
For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.
polyclonal
DNA-protein interactions: genome-wide binding profile assayed for tll protein in 2-3 hr embryos; see BDTNP1_TFBS_tll collection report.
Mutant embryos lack the corpus cardiacum.
tll functions to drive cells to optic lobe as opposed to Bolwig's organ fate in the developing embryonic visual system.
Mutants are isolated in an EMS mutagenesis screen to identify zygotic mutations affecting germ cell migration at discrete points during embryogenesis: mutants exhibit gap pattern defects.
Probes labelled with digoxigenin, fluorescein and biotin allow detection of RNA of three different genes in three different colours.
Gene product is known to regulate Kr CD (cis acting control element) expression.
"Splice" phenotype of torNRE dependent on tll, trk and tsl.
tll is required for normal pattern of prd in the embryo.
DNA sequence comparisons between D.melanogaster and D.virilis, DNAseI footprinting and promoter dissection identify two tll promoter elements in the previously defined D3 promoter region to be potential regulatory targets of phl-activated transcription factors. Sequence comparisons also reveal that unique residues in the DNA binding domain of the tll protein itself are conserved, and may be responsible for differences between the tll binding site and that of the closely related retinoid/estrogen receptors.
An artificial bcd responder gene composed of three bcd consensus binding sites driving Ecol\lacZ is activated by bcd and repressed by tor. This repression does not require tll or hkb.
Evolutionary history for nuclear receptor genes, in which gene duplication events and swapping between domains of different origins took place, is studied.
csw- syncytial and cellular blastoderm embryos show reduced posterior tll domain. csw and phl acts in concert to regulate tll expression.
The activation and spatial limitation of tll and hkb expression in the posterior region of the embryo is critically dependent on tor activity. The spatial limitation of hkb and tll expression is not regulated by the "central gap genes" which are essential for the establishment of segmentation in the trunk of the embryo, and also does not involve mutual interactions between hkb and tll.
tll was included in a study to determine how gap genes influence gt expression.
tll exerts a negative effect on gt expression in the embryo.
Mutations in zygotic cardinal gene tll do not interact with RpII140wimp.
Zygotically active locus involved in the terminal developmental program in the embryo.
tll mutants exhibit deletions in the terminal regions of the embryo.
tll represses Kr expression in the central segmentation domain and activates Kr expression in the posterior Malpighian tubule domain.
Molecular analysis and cloning of tll suggests that the tll protein functions as a transcription factor.
Genetic and phenotypic investigation of the tll gene demonstrate it is required for the formation of the normal body pattern. tll and maternal terminal genes act together in a common pathway to establish the posterior and anterior domains of the embryo.
A detailed analysis of the tll mutant phenotype has been carried out.
tll mutants display deletion of A8 and telson and a defective head skeleton.
Source for identity of: tll CG1378