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Gene Dmel\Gad1

General Information
Symbol	Dmel\Gad1	Species	D. melanogaster
Name	Glutamic acid decarboxylase 1	Annotation symbol	CG14994
Feature type	protein_coding_gene	FlyBase ID	FBgn0004516
Gene Model Status	Current	Stock availability	11 publicly available
Also Known As	gad, DGAD1
Genomic Location
Chromosome (arm)	3L	Recombination map
Cytogenetic map	64A5-64A5	Sequence location	3L:4,074,077..4,088,744 [-]
Genomic Maps Select View:Gene Models/EvidenceExpression/RegulationMegaViewGene Disruptions, Stocks and Reagents Beta	Decorated FastA GenBankGFF Gene region Extended Gene region CDSIntronsExonsTranslationsTranscripts3' UTR5' UTR
Summary Information
Automatically generated summary See sections below for more information	The gene Glutamic acid decarboxylase 1 is referred to in FlyBase by the symbol Dmel\Gad1 (CG14994, FBgn0004516). It is a protein_coding_gene from Drosophila melanogaster. There is experimental evidence that it has the molecular function: glutamate decarboxylase activity. There is experimental evidence that it is involved in the biological process: response to mechanical stimulus; olfactory learning; synapse assembly; gamma-aminobutyric acid biosynthetic process; neuromuscular junction development; neurotransmitter receptor metabolic process; glutamate catabolic process; larval locomotory behavior. 20 alleles are reported. The phenotypes of these alleles are annotated with: mushroom body anterior paired lateral cell; bouton; neuromuscular junction. It has 4 annotated transcripts and 4 annotated polypeptides. Protein features are: Pyridoxal phosphate-dependent decarboxylase; Pyridoxal phosphate-dependent transferase; Pyridoxal phosphate-dependent transferase, major region, subdomain 1; Pyridoxal phosphate-dependent transferase, major region, subdomain 2; Pyridoxal-phosphate binding site. Summary of modENCODE Temporal Expression Profile: Temporal profile ranges from a peak of high expression to a trough of extremely low expression. Peak expression observed within 18-24 hour embryonic stages, during late pupal stages. Summary of FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data: Expression at high levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: adult head, larval/adult central nervous system. Comments on Affy2 ProbeSet: ProbeSet 1627818_s_at completely aligns to an exonic region common to each of the 3 FlyBase-annotated transcript isoforms of Gad1. Gene sequence location is 3L:4074077..4088744.
User Contributed Data
	Beta version, feedback welcome
Phenotypic Description from the Red Book (Lindsley & Zimm 1992)
Gene/Allele symbols may differ from current usage	Gad: Glutamic acid decarboxylase (J.C. Hall) The structural gene for glutamic acid decarboxylase. Gad probes detect putative GAD-encoding 3.1-kb mRNA, from 4-8 h of embryogenesis to adulthood; a 2.6-kb RNA was also found, in embryos and pupae only; in situ hybridization detects the RNA(s) in widely, but not uniformly, distributed CNS cortical regions (of adult heads and larvae), with no detectable signals in non-neural tissues.
Recent Updates
Description	What does this section display? This section contains items that were added to this record for each release. It currently only tracks new links between this FlyBase report and other FlyBase data classes (e.g. genes, references, stocks) or controlled vocabulary terms (e.g. GO, anatomy terms). What does this section not display? This section does not currently display links that were removed or gene model changes.
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FB2013_03
FB2013_02
All updates	Click here to see a list of all updates to this record from FB2010_08 and on.
Detailed Mapping Data
FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map Evidence for location 64A5-64A5   Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}l(3)rG166rG166 and P{PZ}sinu06524
Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map Notes References 64A5-64A5   (determined by in situ hybridisation)   (Newby et al., 1993) 64A3-64A5   (determined by in situ hybridisation)   (Jackson et al., 1990)
Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
Location
Left of (cM)
Right of (cM)
Notes
Gene Model & Products
Please see the GBrowse view of Dmel\Gad1 for information on other features To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form
Comments on Gene Model
	Gene model reviewed during 5.46 Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.
Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name FlyBase ID RefSeq ID Length (nt) Associated CDS (aa) Gad1-RA FBtr0073276  NM_079190   3050   510 Gad1-RB FBtr0073275  NM_168055   3362   510 Gad1-RC FBtr0073277  NM_168056   3151   510 Gad1-RD FBtr0332980  NM_001274467   3017   510
Additional Transcript Data & Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name FlyBase ID Predicted MW (kDa) Length (aa) Theoretical pI RefSeq ID GenBank protein Gad1-PA   FBpp0073132   57.8   510   6.51     NP_523914   AAF47834 Gad1-PB   FBpp0073131   57.8   510   6.51     NP_728930   AAN11581 Gad1-PC   FBpp0073133   57.8   510   6.51     NP_728931   AAN11582 Gad1-PD   FBpp0305196   57.8   510   6.51     NP_001261396   AGB94091
Additional Polypeptide Data & Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Linkouts
Crossreferences	InterPro domains - A database of protein families, domains, and functional sites • Pyridoxal phosphate-dependent decarboxylase (IPR002129) Pyridoxal phosphate-dependent transferase, major region, subdomain 1 (IPR015421) Pyridoxal phosphate-dependent transferase (IPR015424) Pyridoxal-phosphate binding site (IPR021115) Pyridoxal phosphate-dependent transferase, major region, subdomain 2 (IPR015422)
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank	DNA sequence Protein sequence Name AA567961   AA697794   AE014296 AAF47834   AE014296 AAN11581   AE014296 AAN11582   AE014296 AGB94091   AI296759   AI296942   AI387485   AI402411   AI517263   AI944434   AW941414   AY089526 AAL90264   BG632996   BH840476   BI171687   BI215824   BI237754   BI237974   BI566570   BI566628   BI573974   BI573975   BI575110   BI575291   BI575439   BI575560   BI575970   BI576933   BI581256   BI581471   BI581792   BI583231   BI583558   BI584505   BI585138   BI586466   BI587381   BI588163   BI604552   BI604646   BI605249   BI605388   BI605516   BI606065   BI608814   BI610055   BI611251   BI612945   BI613359   BI614602   BI615637   BI616801   BI616941   BI618834   BI621703   BI622434   BI625768   BI626895   BI627980   BI628695   BI630394   BI630508   BI634475   CK135038   CO177499   CO272168   CO290798   CO292999   CO305913   CO307221   CO307406   CO310525   CO311268   CO324398   CO331416   CO331586   CO339723   CO342128   CZ467699   CZ469142   CZ477444   EC063694   EC063989   EC064702   EC072719   EC086256   EC091153   EC203626   EC209211   EC228042   EC237953   EC243897   EC256006   EC260777   ES693426   ES693490   ES693503   ES693664   ES694027   ES694371   ES694372   ES694520   ES694608   ES694775   ES694809   ES694865   ES694866   ES694921   ES694922   ES694943   ES694944   ES694972   ES695053   ES695054   ES695109   ES695162   ES695163   GH944053   GH945234   GH948454   GH952046   GH955973   GH965835   GH966045   GH966473   GH968282   GH968880   GH969650   GH970672   GH971839   GH973376   GH981189   GH985057   X76198 CAA53791
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot	P20228
UniProtKB/TrEMBL
Mapped Features
Mapped Features have been reorganized, please see this article for details. Additional mapped features and mutations can be found on GBrowse or related reports. Type Symbol & Location Additional Notes References
External Data
Linkouts
Crossreferences
Expression Data
Transcript Expression
in situ Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference embryonic stage 13 -- 16   embryonic brain   (Fisher et al., 2012) embryonic central brain neuron   (Fisher et al., 2012) embryonic/larval nervous system   (Fisher et al., 2012) lateral cord neuron   (Fisher et al., 2012) ventral midline   (Fisher et al., 2012) ventral nerve cord   (Fisher et al., 2012)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference adult stage   local interneuron of adult antennal lobe   (Chou et al., 2010) lamina | restricted   (Kolodziejczyk et al., 2008) centrifugal neuron C2   (Kolodziejczyk et al., 2008) centrifugal neuron C3   (Kolodziejczyk et al., 2008) adult dorsomedial neurosecretory cell | subset   (Enell et al., 2010) adult pars intercerebralis   (Enell et al., 2010) ellipsoid body anterior shell   (Kahsai et al., 2012) ellipsoid body posterior shell | restricted   (Kahsai et al., 2012) ellipsoid body outer ring | restricted   (Kahsai et al., 2012)
Additional Descriptive Data
	Most, but not quite all, local interneurons of the adult antennal lobe express Gad1. (Chou et al., 2010) Gad1 protein is expressed in both the anterior and posterior rings of the ellipsoid body. (Kahsai et al., 2012) Gad1 protein is expressed in a few cells adjacent to the insulin producing cells (IPC) of the pars intercerebralis. (Enell et al., 2010)
Marker for
Subcellular Localization (GO Cellular Component)
CV term Evidence References
Expression Deduced from Reporters
Reporter: P{Gad1-GAL4.3.098} Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference larval stage   antennal lobe   (Jefferis et al., 2004) GABAergic neuron   (Nässel et al., 2008) prepupal stage P1 -- P4   organism   (Jefferis et al., 2004) Comment:expression is absent adult stage   intrinsic neuron | subset   (Ng et al., 2002, Yu et al., 2004) GABAergic neuron   (Nässel et al., 2008) neuron | subset of adult brain   (Chen et al., 2012) eye   (Chen et al., 2012) Comment:medium expression ellipsoid body   (Chen et al., 2012) Comment:strong expression adult mushroom body   (Chen et al., 2012) Comment:strong expression antennal lobe projection neuron   (Chen et al., 2012) Comment:medium expression mushroom body dorsal paired medial cell   (Chen et al., 2012) Comment:faint expression local interneuron of adult antennal lobe | subset   (Ng et al., 2002) adult antennal lobe glomerulus   (Ng et al., 2002, Yu et al., 2004) local interneuron of adult antennal lobe   (Yu et al., 2004) adult antennal lobe   (Yu et al., 2004) adult antennal lobe | restricted   (Ng et al., 2002)
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools
Reference	See Gelbart and Emmert, 2010.10.13 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
FlyAtlas Anatomy Microarray
FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data (FlyAtlas-RNA.adult) (FlyAtlas-RNA.larva)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap Back-to-back    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High level expression bin max Very high expression bin max Summary of FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data: Expression at high levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: adult head, larval/adult central nervous system. [download data (TSV)] Guide to FlyAtlas expression level colors   No expression (0 - 9.999)   Low expression (10 - 99.999)   Moderate expression (100 - 499.999)   High level expression (500 - 999.999)   Very high expression (>999.999) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    1296.475 Larval Midgut    7.3 Larval Hindgut    1.2 Larval Malpighian Tubules    3.2 Larval Fat Body    6.6 Larval Salivary Gland    5.2 Larval Trachea    2.875 Larval Carcass    4.8 Adult Head    1119.5 Adult Eye    84.525 Adult Brain    2478.9 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    3766.7 Adult Crop    6.9 Adult Midgut    3.3 Adult Hindgut    1.6 Adult Malpighian Tubules    2.5 Adult Fat Body    10.9 Adult Salivary Gland    12.4 Adult Heart    1.075 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    6.3 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    2.3 Adult Ovary    1.1 Adult Testis    1.5 Adult Male Accessory Gland    2.4 Adult Carcass    64.4 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System  (1296.475) Larval Midgut    7.3 Larval Hindgut    1.2 Larval Malpighian Tubules    3.2 Larval Fat Body    6.6 Larval Salivary Gland    5.2 Larval Trachea    2.875 Larval Carcass    4.8 Adult Head  (1119.5) Adult Eye    84.525 Adult Brain  (2478.9) Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion  (3766.7) Adult Crop    6.9 Adult Midgut    3.3 Adult Hindgut    1.6 Adult Malpighian Tubules    2.5 Adult Fat Body    10.9 Adult Salivary Gland    12.4 Adult Heart    1.075 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    6.3 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    2.3 Adult Ovary    1.1 Adult Testis    1.5 Adult Male Accessory Gland    2.4 Adult Carcass    64.4 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High  Linear, scaled to High level expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System  (1296.475) Larval Midgut    7.3 Larval Hindgut    1.2 Larval Malpighian Tubules    3.2 Larval Fat Body    6.6 Larval Salivary Gland    5.2 Larval Trachea    2.875 Larval Carcass    4.8 Adult Head  (1119.5) Adult Eye    84.525 Adult Brain  (2478.9) Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion  (3766.7) Adult Crop    6.9 Adult Midgut    3.3 Adult Hindgut    1.6 Adult Malpighian Tubules    2.5 Adult Fat Body    10.9 Adult Salivary Gland    12.4 Adult Heart    1.075 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    6.3 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    2.3 Adult Ovary    1.1 Adult Testis    1.5 Adult Male Accessory Gland    2.4 Adult Carcass    64.4 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Very high expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    1296.475 Larval Midgut    7.3 Larval Hindgut    1.2 Larval Malpighian Tubules    3.2 Larval Fat Body    6.6 Larval Salivary Gland    5.2 Larval Trachea    2.875 Larval Carcass    4.8 Adult Head    1119.5 Adult Eye    84.525 Adult Brain    2478.9 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    3766.7 Adult Crop    6.9 Adult Midgut    3.3 Adult Hindgut    1.6 Adult Malpighian Tubules    2.5 Adult Fat Body    10.9 Adult Salivary Gland    12.4 Adult Heart    1.075 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    6.3 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    2.3 Adult Ovary    1.1 Adult Testis    1.5 Adult Male Accessory Gland    2.4 Adult Carcass    64.4 Expression Level Scale  Very high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    1296.475 Larval Midgut    7.3 Larval Hindgut    1.2 Larval Malpighian Tubules    3.2 Larval Fat Body    6.6 Larval Salivary Gland    5.2 Larval Trachea    2.875 Larval Carcass    4.8 Adult Head    1119.5 Adult Eye    84.525 Adult Brain    2478.9 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    3766.7 Adult Crop    6.9 Adult Midgut    3.3 Adult Hindgut    1.6 Adult Malpighian Tubules    2.5 Adult Fat Body    10.9 Adult Salivary Gland    12.4 Adult Heart    1.075 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    6.3 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    2.3 Adult Ovary    1.1 Adult Testis    1.5 Adult Male Accessory Gland    2.4 Adult Carcass    64.4 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  log, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System  (1296.475) Larval Midgut    7.3 Larval Hindgut    1.2 Larval Malpighian Tubules    3.2 Larval Fat Body    6.6 Larval Salivary Gland    5.2 Larval Trachea    2.875 Larval Carcass    4.8 Adult Head  (1119.5) Adult Eye    84.525 Adult Brain  (2478.9) Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion  (3766.7) Adult Crop    6.9 Adult Midgut    3.3 Adult Hindgut    1.6 Adult Malpighian Tubules    2.5 Adult Fat Body    10.9 Adult Salivary Gland    12.4 Adult Heart    1.075 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    6.3 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    2.3 Adult Ovary    1.1 Adult Testis    1.5 Adult Male Accessory Gland    2.4 Adult Carcass    64.4 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High  log, scaled to High level expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System  1296.475 Larval Midgut    7.3 Larval Hindgut    1.2 Larval Malpighian Tubules    3.2 Larval Fat Body    6.6 Larval Salivary Gland    5.2 Larval Trachea    2.875 Larval Carcass    4.8 Adult Head  1119.5 Adult Eye    84.525 Adult Brain  (2478.9) Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion  (3766.7) Adult Crop    6.9 Adult Midgut    3.3 Adult Hindgut    1.6 Adult Malpighian Tubules    2.5 Adult Fat Body    10.9 Adult Salivary Gland    12.4 Adult Heart    1.075 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    6.3 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    2.3 Adult Ovary    1.1 Adult Testis    1.5 Adult Male Accessory Gland    2.4 Adult Carcass    64.4 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  log, scaled to Very high expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    1296.475 Larval Midgut    7.3 Larval Hindgut    1.2 Larval Malpighian Tubules    3.2 Larval Fat Body    6.6 Larval Salivary Gland    5.2 Larval Trachea    2.875 Larval Carcass    4.8 Adult Head    1119.5 Adult Eye    84.525 Adult Brain    2478.9 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    3766.7 Adult Crop    6.9 Adult Midgut    3.3 Adult Hindgut    1.6 Adult Malpighian Tubules    2.5 Adult Fat Body    10.9 Adult Salivary Gland    12.4 Adult Heart    1.075 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    6.3 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    2.3 Adult Ovary    1.1 Adult Testis    1.5 Adult Male Accessory Gland    2.4 Adult Carcass    64.4 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  Heatmap Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System     Larval Midgut     Larval Hindgut     Larval Malpighian Tubules     Larval Fat Body     Larval Salivary Gland     Larval Trachea     Larval Carcass     Adult Head     Adult Eye     Adult Brain     Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion     Adult Crop     Adult Midgut     Adult Hindgut     Adult Malpighian Tubules     Adult Fat Body     Adult Salivary Gland     Adult Heart     Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca     Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca     Adult Ovary     Adult Testis     Adult Male Accessory Gland     Adult Carcass     FlyAtlas Organ/Tissue Expression, larval vs. adult Larval Expression Level Tissue Adult Expression Level   NA  Head    1119.5   NA  Eye    84.525   NA  Brain    2478.9   1296.475  Central Nervous System    NA   NA  Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    3766.7   NA  Crop    6.9   7.3  Midgut    3.3   1.2  Hindgut    1.6   3.2  Malpighian Tubules    2.5   6.6  Fat Body    no informative data   5.2  Salivary Gland    no informative data   NA  Heart    1.075   2.875  Trachea    NA   NA  VirginFemale Spermatheca    6.3   NA  InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    2.3   NA  Ovary    1.1   NA  Testis    1.5   NA  Male Accessory Gland    2.4   4.8  Carcass    64.4 FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data (Chintapalli et al., 2007)
modENCODE Anatomy RNA-Seq
modENCODE Tissue Expression Data (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_tissues)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No/Extremely low expression (0 - 0)   Very low expression (1 - 3)   Low expression (4 - 10)   Moderate expression (11 - 25)   Moderately high expression (26 - 50)   High expression (51 - 100)   Very high expression (101 - 1000)   Extremely high expression (>1000) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    2 central nervous system, larvae L3    18 central nervous system, pupae P8    55 head, virgin 1-day female    217 head, virgin 4-day female    160 head, virgin 20-day female    42 head, mated 1-day female    191 head, mated 4-day female    101 head, mated 20-day female    42 head, mated 1-day male    299 head, mated 4-day male    226 head, mated 20-day male    124 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    1 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    0 digestive system, 1-day adult    0 digestive system, 4-day adult    0 digestive system, 20-day adult    0 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    0 fat body, white prepupae    0 fat body, pupae P8    1 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    2 carcass, 1-day adult    32 carcass, 4-day adult    27 carcass, 20-day adult    13 ovary, virgin 4-day female    0 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    0 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    2 central nervous system, larvae L3    18 central nervous system, pupae P8  (55) head, virgin 1-day female  (217) head, virgin 4-day female  (160) head, virgin 20-day female  (42) head, mated 1-day female  (191) head, mated 4-day female  (101) head, mated 20-day female  (42) head, mated 1-day male  (299) head, mated 4-day male  (226) head, mated 20-day male  (124) salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    1 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    0 digestive system, 1-day adult    0 digestive system, 4-day adult    0 digestive system, 20-day adult    0 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    0 fat body, white prepupae    0 fat body, pupae P8    1 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    2 carcass, 1-day adult  (32) carcass, 4-day adult  (27) carcass, 20-day adult    13 ovary, virgin 4-day female    0 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    0 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    2 central nervous system, larvae L3    18 central nervous system, pupae P8    55 head, virgin 1-day female  (217) head, virgin 4-day female  (160) head, virgin 20-day female    42 head, mated 1-day female  (191) head, mated 4-day female  101 head, mated 20-day female    42 head, mated 1-day male  (299) head, mated 4-day male  (226) head, mated 20-day male  (124) salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    1 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    0 digestive system, 1-day adult    0 digestive system, 4-day adult    0 digestive system, 20-day adult    0 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    0 fat body, white prepupae    0 fat body, pupae P8    1 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    2 carcass, 1-day adult    32 carcass, 4-day adult    27 carcass, 20-day adult    13 ovary, virgin 4-day female    0 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    0 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    2 central nervous system, larvae L3    18 central nervous system, pupae P8    55 head, virgin 1-day female    217 head, virgin 4-day female    160 head, virgin 20-day female    42 head, mated 1-day female    191 head, mated 4-day female    101 head, mated 20-day female    42 head, mated 1-day male    299 head, mated 4-day male    226 head, mated 20-day male    124 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    1 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    0 digestive system, 1-day adult    0 digestive system, 4-day adult    0 digestive system, 20-day adult    0 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    0 fat body, white prepupae    0 fat body, pupae P8    1 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    2 carcass, 1-day adult    32 carcass, 4-day adult    27 carcass, 20-day adult    13 ovary, virgin 4-day female    0 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    0 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    1 Expression Level Scale  Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    2 central nervous system, larvae L3    18 central nervous system, pupae P8    55 head, virgin 1-day female    217 head, virgin 4-day female    160 head, virgin 20-day female    42 head, mated 1-day female    191 head, mated 4-day female    101 head, mated 20-day female    42 head, mated 1-day male    299 head, mated 4-day male    226 head, mated 20-day male    124 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    1 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    0 digestive system, 1-day adult    0 digestive system, 4-day adult    0 digestive system, 20-day adult    0 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    0 fat body, white prepupae    0 fat body, pupae P8    1 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    2 carcass, 1-day adult    32 carcass, 4-day adult    27 carcass, 20-day adult    13 ovary, virgin 4-day female    0 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    0 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    2 central nervous system, larvae L3    18 central nervous system, pupae P8  (55) head, virgin 1-day female  (217) head, virgin 4-day female  (160) head, virgin 20-day female  (42) head, mated 1-day female  (191) head, mated 4-day female  (101) head, mated 20-day female  (42) head, mated 1-day male  (299) head, mated 4-day male  (226) head, mated 20-day male  (124) salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    1 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    0 digestive system, 1-day adult    0 digestive system, 4-day adult    0 digestive system, 20-day adult    0 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    0 fat body, white prepupae    0 fat body, pupae P8    1 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    2 carcass, 1-day adult  32 carcass, 4-day adult  27 carcass, 20-day adult    13 ovary, virgin 4-day female    0 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    0 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    2 central nervous system, larvae L3    18 central nervous system, pupae P8    55 head, virgin 1-day female  (217) head, virgin 4-day female  (160) head, virgin 20-day female    42 head, mated 1-day female  (191) head, mated 4-day female  101 head, mated 20-day female    42 head, mated 1-day male  (299) head, mated 4-day male  (226) head, mated 20-day male  124 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    1 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    0 digestive system, 1-day adult    0 digestive system, 4-day adult    0 digestive system, 20-day adult    0 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    0 fat body, white prepupae    0 fat body, pupae P8    1 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    2 carcass, 1-day adult    32 carcass, 4-day adult    27 carcass, 20-day adult    13 ovary, virgin 4-day female    0 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    0 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    2 central nervous system, larvae L3    18 central nervous system, pupae P8    55 head, virgin 1-day female    217 head, virgin 4-day female    160 head, virgin 20-day female    42 head, mated 1-day female    191 head, mated 4-day female    101 head, mated 20-day female    42 head, mated 1-day male    299 head, mated 4-day male    226 head, mated 20-day male    124 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    1 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    0 digestive system, 1-day adult    0 digestive system, 4-day adult    0 digestive system, 20-day adult    0 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    0 fat body, white prepupae    0 fat body, pupae P8    1 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    2 carcass, 1-day adult    32 carcass, 4-day adult    27 carcass, 20-day adult    13 ovary, virgin 4-day female    0 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    0 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering     central nervous system, larvae L3     central nervous system, pupae P8     head, virgin 1-day female     head, virgin 4-day female     head, virgin 20-day female     head, mated 1-day female     head, mated 4-day female     head, mated 20-day female     head, mated 1-day male     head, mated 4-day male     head, mated 20-day male     salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering     salivary gland, white prepupae     digestive system, larvae L3 wandering     digestive system, 1-day adult     digestive system, 4-day adult     digestive system, 20-day adult     fat body, larvae L3 wandering     fat body, white prepupae     fat body, pupae P8     carcass, larvae L3 wandering     carcass, 1-day adult     carcass, 4-day adult     carcass, 20-day adult     ovary, virgin 4-day female     ovary, mated 4-day female     testis, mated 4-day male     accessory gland, mated 4-day male
modENCODE Development RNA-Seq
modENCODE Temporal Expression Data (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_U)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max Summary of modENCODE Temporal Expression Profile: Temporal profile ranges from a peak of high expression to a trough of extremely low expression. Peak expression observed within 18-24 hour embryonic stages, during late pupal stages. [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No/Extremely low expression (0 - 0)   Very low expression (1 - 3)   Low expression (4 - 10)   Moderate expression (11 - 25)   Moderately high expression (26 - 50)   High expression (51 - 100)   Very high expression (101 - 1000)   Extremely high expression (>1000) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    0 embryo 08-10hr    0 embryo 10-12hr    1 embryo 12-14hr    2 embryo 14-16hr    7 embryo 16-18hr    23 embryo 18-20hr    43 embryo 20-22hr    49 embryo 22-24hr    58 larva L1    52 larva L2    17 larva L3 12hr old    5 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    2 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    2 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    2 white prepupae new    1 white prepupae 12hr    3 white prepupae 24hr    3 pupae 2d postWPP    7 pupae 3d postWPP    32 pupae 4d postWPP    56 adult male 01day    38 adult male 05day    30 adult male 30day    24 adult female 01day    19 adult female 05day    5 adult female 30day    4 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    0 embryo 08-10hr    0 embryo 10-12hr    1 embryo 12-14hr    2 embryo 14-16hr    7 embryo 16-18hr    23 embryo 18-20hr  (43) embryo 20-22hr  (49) embryo 22-24hr  (58) larva L1  (52) larva L2    17 larva L3 12hr old    5 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    2 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    2 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    2 white prepupae new    1 white prepupae 12hr    3 white prepupae 24hr    3 pupae 2d postWPP    7 pupae 3d postWPP  (32) pupae 4d postWPP  (56) adult male 01day  (38) adult male 05day  (30) adult male 30day    24 adult female 01day    19 adult female 05day    5 adult female 30day    4 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    0 embryo 08-10hr    0 embryo 10-12hr    1 embryo 12-14hr    2 embryo 14-16hr    7 embryo 16-18hr    23 embryo 18-20hr    43 embryo 20-22hr    49 embryo 22-24hr    58 larva L1    52 larva L2    17 larva L3 12hr old    5 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    2 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    2 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    2 white prepupae new    1 white prepupae 12hr    3 white prepupae 24hr    3 pupae 2d postWPP    7 pupae 3d postWPP    32 pupae 4d postWPP    56 adult male 01day    38 adult male 05day    30 adult male 30day    24 adult female 01day    19 adult female 05day    5 adult female 30day    4 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    0 embryo 08-10hr    0 embryo 10-12hr    1 embryo 12-14hr    2 embryo 14-16hr    7 embryo 16-18hr    23 embryo 18-20hr    43 embryo 20-22hr    49 embryo 22-24hr    58 larva L1    52 larva L2    17 larva L3 12hr old    5 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    2 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    2 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    2 white prepupae new    1 white prepupae 12hr    3 white prepupae 24hr    3 pupae 2d postWPP    7 pupae 3d postWPP    32 pupae 4d postWPP    56 adult male 01day    38 adult male 05day    30 adult male 30day    24 adult female 01day    19 adult female 05day    5 adult female 30day    4 Expression Level Scale  Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    0 embryo 08-10hr    0 embryo 10-12hr    1 embryo 12-14hr    2 embryo 14-16hr    7 embryo 16-18hr    23 embryo 18-20hr    43 embryo 20-22hr    49 embryo 22-24hr    58 larva L1    52 larva L2    17 larva L3 12hr old    5 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    2 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    2 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    2 white prepupae new    1 white prepupae 12hr    3 white prepupae 24hr    3 pupae 2d postWPP    7 pupae 3d postWPP    32 pupae 4d postWPP    56 adult male 01day    38 adult male 05day    30 adult male 30day    24 adult female 01day    19 adult female 05day    5 adult female 30day    4 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High  log, scaled to Moderate expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    0 embryo 08-10hr    0 embryo 10-12hr    1 embryo 12-14hr    2 embryo 14-16hr    7 embryo 16-18hr    23 embryo 18-20hr  (43) embryo 20-22hr  (49) embryo 22-24hr  (58) larva L1  (52) larva L2    17 larva L3 12hr old    5 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    2 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    2 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    2 white prepupae new    1 white prepupae 12hr    3 white prepupae 24hr    3 pupae 2d postWPP    7 pupae 3d postWPP  32 pupae 4d postWPP  (56) adult male 01day  (38) adult male 05day  30 adult male 30day    24 adult female 01day    19 adult female 05day    5 adult female 30day    4 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    0 embryo 08-10hr    0 embryo 10-12hr    1 embryo 12-14hr    2 embryo 14-16hr    7 embryo 16-18hr    23 embryo 18-20hr    43 embryo 20-22hr    49 embryo 22-24hr    58 larva L1    52 larva L2    17 larva L3 12hr old    5 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    2 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    2 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    2 white prepupae new    1 white prepupae 12hr    3 white prepupae 24hr    3 pupae 2d postWPP    7 pupae 3d postWPP    32 pupae 4d postWPP    56 adult male 01day    38 adult male 05day    30 adult male 30day    24 adult female 01day    19 adult female 05day    5 adult female 30day    4 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    0 embryo 08-10hr    0 embryo 10-12hr    1 embryo 12-14hr    2 embryo 14-16hr    7 embryo 16-18hr    23 embryo 18-20hr    43 embryo 20-22hr    49 embryo 22-24hr    58 larva L1    52 larva L2    17 larva L3 12hr old    5 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    2 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    2 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    2 white prepupae new    1 white prepupae 12hr    3 white prepupae 24hr    3 pupae 2d postWPP    7 pupae 3d postWPP    32 pupae 4d postWPP    56 adult male 01day    38 adult male 05day    30 adult male 30day    24 adult female 01day    19 adult female 05day    5 adult female 30day    4 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr     embryo 02-04hr     embryo 04-06hr     embryo 06-08hr     embryo 08-10hr     embryo 10-12hr     embryo 12-14hr     embryo 14-16hr     embryo 16-18hr     embryo 18-20hr     embryo 20-22hr     embryo 22-24hr     larva L1     larva L2     larva L3 12hr old     larva L3 puffstage 1-2     larva L3 puffstage 3-6     larva L3 puffstage 7-9     white prepupae new     white prepupae 12hr     white prepupae 24hr     pupae 2d postWPP     pupae 3d postWPP     pupae 4d postWPP     adult male 01day     adult male 05day     adult male 30day     adult female 01day     adult female 05day     adult female 30day     modENCODE Temporal Expression Data (Graveley et al., 2011)
modENCODE Cell Lines RNA-Seq
modENCODE Treatments RNA-Seq
modENCODE Treatment Expression Data (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_treatments)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No/Extremely low expression (0 - 0)   Very low expression (1 - 3)   Low expression (4 - 10)   Moderate expression (11 - 25)   Moderately high expression (26 - 50)   High expression (51 - 100)   Very high expression (101 - 1000)   Extremely high expression (>1000) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    10 cold shock, 4-day adult    8 heat shock, 4-day adult    6 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    2 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    10 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    21 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    33 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    53 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    12 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    3 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    2 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    3 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    21 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    11 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    26 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    20 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    3 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    10 cold shock, 4-day adult    8 heat shock, 4-day adult    6 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    2 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    10 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    21 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (33) Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (53) Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    12 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    3 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    2 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    3 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    21 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    11 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  26 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    20 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    3 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    10 cold shock, 4-day adult    8 heat shock, 4-day adult    6 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    2 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    10 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    21 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    33 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    53 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    12 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    3 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    2 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    3 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    21 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    11 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    26 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    20 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    3 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    10 cold shock, 4-day adult    8 heat shock, 4-day adult    6 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    2 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    10 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    21 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    33 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    53 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    12 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    3 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    2 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    3 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    21 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    11 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    26 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    20 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    3 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Expression Level Scale  Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    10 cold shock, 4-day adult    8 heat shock, 4-day adult    6 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    2 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    10 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    21 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    33 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    53 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    12 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    3 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    2 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    3 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    21 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    11 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    26 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    20 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    3 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High  log, scaled to Moderate expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    10 cold shock, 4-day adult    8 heat shock, 4-day adult    6 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    2 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    10 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    21 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (33) Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (53) Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    12 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    3 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    2 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    3 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    21 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    11 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  26 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    20 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    3 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    10 cold shock, 4-day adult    8 heat shock, 4-day adult    6 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    2 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    10 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    21 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    33 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    53 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    12 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    3 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    2 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    3 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    21 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    11 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    26 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    20 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    3 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    10 cold shock, 4-day adult    8 heat shock, 4-day adult    6 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    2 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    10 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    21 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    33 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    53 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    12 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    3 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    2 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    3 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    21 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    11 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    26 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    20 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    3 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    2 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult     cold shock, 4-day adult     heat shock, 4-day adult     Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3     Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3     Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3     Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3     Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3     Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3     Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3     Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3     Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3     Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3
Expression Clusters
	A cluster of genes with similar mRNA expression dynamics across development. (The modENCODE Consortium, 2010, Graveley et al., 2011) mE2_34_mRNA_expression_cluster_15 mE1_20_mRNA_expression_cluster_11
External Data & Images
Linkouts	BDGP expression data • HL02049 RH17433 FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies • FBgn0004516 FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array • CG14994-RB FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data) • Show all FlyExpress processed images for Gad1 Stages(s) 13-16
Alleles & Phenotypes
Summary of Allele Phenotypes
Lethality Allele lethal, with Scer\GAL4elav.PLu Gad1GD8508 lethal | embryonic stage | recessive Gad1A30 Gad1E143K Gad1G373S Gad1L352F lethal | recessive Gad1A8 Gad1B9 Gad1unspecified viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237 Gad1GD8508 Other Phenotypes Allele flight defective, with Scer\GAL4elav.PLu Gad1GD8508 locomotor behavior defective Gad1E143K Gad1G373S Gad1L352F locomotor behavior defective, with Scer\GAL4elav.PLu Gad1GD8508 neurophysiology defective Gad1L352F neurophysiology defective, with Scer\GAL4elav.PLu Gad1Scer\UAS.cFa neurophysiology defective | embryonic stage | recessive Gad1G373S Gad1L352F smell perception defective, with Scer\GAL4GH146 Gad1GD8508 Phenotype manifest in Allele bouton Gad1G373S Gad1L352F mushroom body anterior paired lateral cell, with Scer\GAL4GH146 Gad1GD8508 neuromuscular junction Gad1G373S Gad1L352F
Classical Alleles ( 15 )
For All Classical Alleles Show
Allele of Gad1 Class Mutagen Stocks Known lesion Gad1A8 1 -- Gad1B9 1 -- Gad1c02123 piggyBac transposase 1 -- Gad1d10811 P-element activity 1 -- Gad1e01257 1 -- Gad1f00602 1 -- Gad1KG01955 P-element activity 1 -- Gad1L352F 1 Yes Gad1MI03864 1 -- Gad1A30 0 -- Gad1c04291 piggyBac transposase 0 -- Gad1CPTI000977 piggyBac transposase 0 Yes Gad1E143K 0 Yes Gad1G373S 0 Yes Gad1unspecified 0 --
Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs ( 5 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Allele of Gad1 Class Mutagen Stocks Known lesion Gad1GD8508 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 1 Yes Gad1JF02916 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 1 Yes Gad1Scer\UAS.cFa in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes Gad1Scer\UAS.cKa in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes Gad1tSE32 in vitro construct - genomic fragment 0 Yes
Aneuploid Aberrations
Disrupted in	Df(3L)10H (Featherstone et al., 2000) Df(3L)A466 (Kulkarni et al., 1994) Df(3L)C175 (Kueppers et al., 2003, Kulkarni et al., 1994, Harrison et al., 1995) Df(3L)Exel6100 (Ryder, 2004.4.26) Df(3L)GN19 (Feng et al., 1995, Harrison et al., 1995) Df(3L)GN34 (Feng et al., 1995, Harrison et al., 1995) Df(3L)HR119 (Featherstone et al., 2000) Df(3L)HR277 (Feng et al., 1995) Df(3L)HR298 (Kulkarni et al., 1994, Feng et al., 1995, Harrison et al., 1995) Df(3L)TE1 (Kulkarni et al., 1994, Feng et al., 1995, Harrison et al., 1995) Df(3L)X37 (Feng et al., 1995)
Not disrupted in	Df(3L)7-12 (Kulkarni et al., 1994) Df(3L)3686 (Featherstone et al., 2000) Df(3L)ems13 (Feng et al., 1995) Df(3L)GN19 (Featherstone et al., 2000) Df(3L)GN24 (Featherstone et al., 2000) Df(3L)GN50 (Featherstone et al., 2000) Df(3L)TE3 (Kulkarni et al., 1994, Feng et al., 1995) T(2;3)TE2 (Feng et al., 1995)
Transgenic Constructs & Insertions
Transgenic Constructs
	Type of construct Name Expression data UAS construct P{GD8508} NA P{TRiP.JF02916} NA P{UAS-Gad1.K} NA P{UAS-gad.F} NA GAL4 construct P{Gad1-GAL4.S} No characterization construct P{Gad1-GAL4.3.098} NA P{Gad1-GAL80} NA
Insertions
	Type of insertions Name Expression data miscellaneous insertions Mi{MIC}Gad1MI03864 NA P{SUPor-P}Gad1KG01955 NA PBac{602.P.SVS-1}Gad1CPTI000977 NA PBac{PB}Gad1c02123 NA PBac{PB}Gad1c04291 NA PBac{RB}Gad1e01257 NA PBac{WH}Gad1f00602 NA insertion of mobile activating element P{XP}Gad1d10811 NA
Gene Ontology: Function, Process & Cellular Component ( 11 unique terms )
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence ( 9 terms )
Molecular Function
CV term Evidence References
glutamate decarboxylase activity inferred from direct assay AND inferred from sequence or structural similarity (Featherstone et al., 2000)
Biological Process
CV term Evidence References
gamma-aminobutyric acid biosynthetic process inferred from mutant phenotype (Kueppers et al., 2003) glutamate catabolic process inferred from mutant phenotype (Featherstone et al., 2002) larval locomotory behavior inferred from mutant phenotype (Featherstone et al., 2000) neuromuscular junction development inferred from mutant phenotype (Featherstone et al., 2000) neurotransmitter receptor metabolic process inferred from mutant phenotype (Featherstone et al., 2002) olfactory learning inferred from mutant phenotype (Liu and Davis, 2009) response to mechanical stimulus inferred from genetic interaction with kcc (Hekmat-Scafe et al., 2006) synapse assembly inferred from mutant phenotype (Featherstone et al., 2002)
Cellular Component ( 0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions ( 5 terms )
Molecular Function
CV term Evidence References
glutamate decarboxylase activity inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:Q99259 (FlyBase, 1992-) non-traceable author statement (Featherstone et al., 2002, Swiss-Prot Project Members, 1991.2.1) pyridoxal phosphate binding inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR002129, InterPro:IPR015421, InterPro:IPR015422 (FlyBase Curators et al., 2004-)
Biological Process
CV term Evidence References
gamma-aminobutyric acid biosynthetic process non-traceable author statement (Featherstone et al., 2002) glutamate catabolic process non-traceable author statement (Swiss-Prot Project Members, 1991.2.1) neurotransmitter biosynthetic process non-traceable author statement (Swiss-Prot Project Members, 1991.2.1)
Cellular Component ( 0 terms)
Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
	gene_with_edited_transcript (Graveley et al., 2011) nuclear_gene   protein_coding_gene
Interactions & Pathways
Summary of Physical Interactions
protein-protein
Interacting group Assay References
Gad1 - Arc1 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - Arf79F anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - Atx2 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - CG10077 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - CG11107 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - CG12264 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - CG13472 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - CG13900 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - CG1416 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - CG1785 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - CG18178 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - CG2064 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - CG31739 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - CG3817 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - CG4553 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - CG4611 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - CG4612 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - CG5746 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - CG6701 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - CG6937 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - CG7878 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - CG7903 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - CG9775 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - Cdc5 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - Dp1 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - EfTuM anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - Fatp anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - Gale anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - Hel25E anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - Hsc70-1 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - Hsp22 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - Hsp23 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - Hsp27 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - Hsp68 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - Hsp70Aa anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - Prosα2 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - Prosβ6 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - Psi anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - Rab5 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - Rbp1-like anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - RpL35A anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - RpS19a anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - Rpt1 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - Rpt2 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - Rpt4 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - Rpt6 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - Rsf1 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - SC35 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - SF1 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - Srp54 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - Syp anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - Txl anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - U2A anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - Upf1 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - Zn72D anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - b anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - btz anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - cathD anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - eIF-2β anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - hts anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - hyd anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - levy anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - mRpL20 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - mRpL4 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - mRpS24 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - mTerf3 anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - nito anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - qkr54B anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - ref(2)P anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - shrb anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - snama anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23) Gad1 - tyf anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting (Mintseris et al., 2009.11.23)
Summary of Genetic Interactions
Interacts with	Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions Gad1 allele Gene References
External Data
Linkouts	BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions • 63964 DPiM - DPiM, Drosophila Protein interaction Map • FBgn0004516 DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions. • FBgn0004516 InterologFinder Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets. • 38484
Orthologs
OrthoDB Orthologs (62) - based on analysis using Dmel annotation version 5.41
OrthoDB Ortholog Groups
	OrthoDB orthology group searches (Waterhouse et al., 2011, Nucleic Acids Res. 39(Database issue): D283--D288) Drosophila inclusive ortholog search EOG63R468 Dipteran inclusive ortholog search EOG62828V Insect inclusive ortholog search EOG6H44ZW Arthropod inclusive ortholog search EOG666T22 Metazoa inclusive ortholog search EOG6QCCZV
Orthologs in Drosophila Species (EOG63R468)
Organism Common Name Gene AAA Syntenic Ortholog Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Drosophila melanogaster fruit fly  Dmel\Gad1     Drosophila simulans   Dsim\GD13295 Y   Drosophila sechellia   Dsec\GM14017 Y   Drosophila erecta   Dere\GG14223 Y   Drosophila yakuba   Dyak\GE20651 Y   Drosophila ananassae   Dana\GF24407 Y   Drosophila pseudoobscura pseudoobscura   Dpse\Gad1 Y   Drosophila persimilis   Dper\GL16767 Y   Drosophila willistoni   Dwil\GK13724 Y   Drosophila virilis   Dvir\GJ13613 Y   Drosophila mojavensis   Dmoj\GI11417 Y   Drosophila grimshawi   Dgri\GH17003 Y
Orthologs in non-Drosophila Dipterans (EOG62828V)
Organism Common Name Gene Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Aedes aegypti Yellow fever mosquito  Aaeg\AAEL011981   Anopheles gambiae Malaria mosquito  Agam\AGAP005866   Culex quinquefasciatus Southern house mosquito  Cqui\CPIJ018101
Orthologs in non-Dipteran Insects (EOG6H44ZW)
Organism Common Name Gene Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Apis mellifera Western honey bee  Amel\GB40118   Nasonia vitripennis Parasitic wasp  Nvit\Nasvi2EG006301   Acromyrmex echinatior Panamanian leafcutter ant  Aech\AECH13450   Atta cephalotes Leafcutter ant  Acep\ACEP24736   Camponotus floridanus Florida carpenter ant  Cflo\CFLO19691   Harpegnathos saltator Jerdons jumping ant  Hsal\HSAL23702   Linepithema humile Argentine ant  Lhum\LH22089   Pogonomyrmex barbatus Red harvester ant  Pbar\PB14083   Solenopsis invicta Red fire ant  Sinv\SINV24888   Acyrthosiphon pisum Pea aphid  Apim\ACYPI005171   Bombyx mori Silkmoth  Bmor\BGIBMGA003219   Pediculus humanus Human body louse  Phum\PHUM035540   Tribolium castaneum Red flour beetle  Tcas\TC009324
Orthologs in non-Insect Arthropods (EOG666T22)
Organism Common Name Gene Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Daphnia pulex Water flea  Dpux\JGI_V11_129671 Y Daphnia pulex Water flea  Dpux\JGI_V11_236646 Y Ixodes scapularis Deer tick  Isca\ISCW014530 Y
Orthologs in non-Arthropod Metazoa (EOG6QCCZV)
Organism Common Name Gene Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Caenorhabditis elegans Nematode  Cele\unc-25 Y Strongylocentrotus purpuratus Purple sea urchin  Spur\SPU_009056gn Y Strongylocentrotus purpuratus Purple sea urchin  Spur\SPU_002857gn Y Strongylocentrotus purpuratus Purple sea urchin  Spur\SPU_027946gn Y Strongylocentrotus purpuratus Purple sea urchin  Spur\SPU_027078gn Y Danio rerio Zebrafish  Drer\gad1b Y Danio rerio Zebrafish  Drer\gad1a Y Danio rerio Zebrafish  Drer\csad Y Danio rerio Zebrafish  Drer\DKEY-151M6.5 Y Danio rerio Zebrafish  Drer\gad2 Y Xenopus tropicalis Western clawed frog  Xtro\gad2 Y Xenopus tropicalis Western clawed frog  Xtro\gad1.1 Y Xenopus tropicalis Western clawed frog  Xtro\csad Y Xenopus tropicalis Western clawed frog  Xtro\ENSXETG00000005863 Y Xenopus tropicalis Western clawed frog  Xtro\gadl1 Y Gallus gallus Domestic chicken  Ggal\GAD2 Y Gallus gallus Domestic chicken  Ggal\GADL1 Y Gallus gallus Domestic chicken  Ggal\GAD67 Y Mus musculus House mouse  Mmus\Gad2 Y Mus musculus House mouse  Mmus\Gad1 Y Mus musculus House mouse  Mmus\Csad Y Mus musculus House mouse  Mmus\Gadl1 Y Mus musculus House mouse  Mmus\Gad1-ps Y Rattus norvegicus Norway rat  Rnor\ENSRNOG00000013221 Y Rattus norvegicus Norway rat  Rnor\Csad Y Rattus norvegicus Norway rat  Rnor\Gad2 Y Rattus norvegicus Norway rat  Rnor\Gad1 Y Homo sapiens Human  Hsap\ENSG00000139631 Y Homo sapiens Human  Hsap\GAD1 Y Homo sapiens Human  Hsap\GAD2 Y Homo sapiens Human  Hsap\GADL1 Y
Human Orthologs (4)
Gene OMIM HGNC Hsap\ENSG00000139631     Hsap\GAD1     Hsap\GAD2     Hsap\GADL1
AAA Orthologs (11) based on analysis using Dmel annotation version 4.3
Organism Gene Drosophila simulans Dsim\GD13295 Drosophila sechellia Dsec\GM14017 Drosophila erecta Dere\GG14223 Drosophila yakuba Dyak\GE20651 Drosophila ananassae Dana\GF24407 Drosophila pseudoobscura pseudoobscura Dpse\Gad1 Drosophila persimilis Dper\GL16767 Drosophila willistoni Dwil\GK13724 Drosophila virilis Dvir\GJ13613 Drosophila mojavensis Dmoj\GI11417 Drosophila grimshawi Dgri\GH17003
Stocks & Reagents
Stocks Listed in FlyBase ( 11 )
Bloomington	28079 y1 v1; P{TRiP.JF02916}attP2 5186 bw1; Gad1A8 st1/TM6B, Tb+ 5187 bw1; Gad1B9 st1/TM6B, Tb+ 6295 Gad1L352F, es/TM3, Sb1 Ser1 14174 y1 w67c23; P{SUPor-P}Gad1KG01955 ry506 37375 y1 w*; Mi{MIC}Gad1MI03864/TM3, Sb1 Ser1
Harvard	- P{XP}Gad1d10811 - PBac{PB}Gad1c02123 - PBac{RB}Gad1e01257 - PBac{WH}Gad1f00602
VDRC	v32344 w1118; P{GD8508}v32344
Genomic Clones ( 1 )
	BACR09C02 Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete
cDNA Clones ( 100 )
	Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see GBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.
cDNA Clones, Fully Sequenced
BDGP DGC clones	HL02049
Other clones	DPiM_HL02049
cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
BDGP DGC clones	GH21629 GH27947 HL03166 LP11067 RE13515 RE22549 RE34042 RE34322 RH13517 RH14925 RH18624 RH18938 RH19605 RH21774 RH22196 RH23729 RH24608 RH26418 RH27976 RH28046 RH29264 RH30559 RH31091 RH31281 RH32405 RH33618 RH36252 RH36329 RH38639 RH41959 RH42502 RH44019 RH45334 RH46879 RH47118 RH49759 RH53093 RH54309 RH57210 RH59429 RH59567 RH66254 RH68008 RH69494 RH69962 RH70078 RH70825 RH70979 RH71152 RH72147
Other clones	8023 11626 19355 65851 72672 76762 99606 146906 149169 214217.18 214439.20 272526 bs01d02 CK01.117B.F5 EK053703 EK075206 EK106051 EK193523 EK201448 EK221931 EK224005 EK249662 EK254002 EK254522 EK299652 EK300609 EP13912 EP22362 GH18029 LP10830 RH09415 RH17433 RP004088259 RP004149623 RP004197638 RP004232274 RP004233944 RP004245493 RP004251810 RP004382691 RP004406846 RP004423749 RP004438223 RP004449520 RP004456906 RP004478750 RP004485339 RP004486813
RNAi & Array Information
Linkouts	DRSC - Results from RNAi screens. • FBgn0004516 GenomeRNAi - GenomeRNAi – A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents • 38484
Antibody Information
Other Information
Discoverer
Etymology
Identification
Relationship to Other Genes
Source for database identity of
Source for database merge of	Source for merge of: Gad1 l(3)64An (Featherstone et al., 2000)
Additional comments
Other Comments
	All detectable embryonic GABA is produced by the Gad1 enzyme. Onset of detectable GABA production in the embryonic CNS occurs late in neurogenesis and is tightly regulated by a suppression of Gad1 downstream of Gad1 translation. GABA expression in primary cell cultures is influenced by K+. Suppression of GABA in chronically high K+ is independent of synaptic release. The negative regulation of Gad1 can be overridden by drugs known to elevate intracellular free Ca2+. (Kueppers et al., 2003) Gad1 has a role in glutamatergic synaptogenesis. (Featherstone et al., 2000) Discussed during genetic analysis of the Ras64B-Rop region. (Harrison et al., 1995) The genomic organisation of the Gad1 locus has been determined. (Newby et al., 1993) Gad1 has been cloned and characterised. (Jackson et al., 1990) Cloned by cross-hybridization with feline GAD-encoding gene. The structural gene for glutamic acid decarboxylase. Cloned by cross-hybridization with feline GAD-encoding gene. Gad probes detect putative GAD-encoding 3.1-kb mRNA, from 4-8 h of embryogenesis to adulthood; a 2.6-kb RNA was also found, in embryos and pupae only; in situ hybridization detects the RNA(s) in widely, but not uniformly, distributed CNS cortical regions (of adult heads and larvae), with no detectable signals in non-neural tissues.
External Crossreferences & Linkouts
Sequence Crossreferences
	RefSeq (Transcripts) • NM_079190 NM_168055 NM_168056 NM_001274467 RefSeq (Proteins) • NP_523914 NP_728930 NP_728931 NP_001261396 DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank • AA567961 AAF47834 AAL90264 AAN11581 AAN11582 AGB94091 AI944434 AW941414 AY089526 BH840476 BI611251 CAA53791 CZ467699 CZ469142 CZ477444 X76198 Entrez Gene - A searchable database of RefSeq genes. • 38484 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot • P20228
Other Crossreferences
	InterPro domains - A database of protein families, domains, and functional sites • Pyridoxal phosphate-dependent decarboxylase (IPR002129) Pyridoxal phosphate-dependent transferase, major region, subdomain 1 (IPR015421) Pyridoxal phosphate-dependent transferase (IPR015424) Pyridoxal-phosphate binding site (IPR021115) Pyridoxal phosphate-dependent transferase, major region, subdomain 2 (IPR015422) BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis • HL02049 RH17433
Linkouts
	BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions • 63964 DPiM - DPiM, Drosophila Protein interaction Map • FBgn0004516 DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions. • FBgn0004516 DRSC - Results from RNAi screens. • FBgn0004516 FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies • FBgn0004516 FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array • CG14994-RB FlyMine - Integrated genomics database for Drosophila, Anopheles, and C.elegans • FBgn0004516 GenomeRNAi - GenomeRNAi – A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents • 38484 InterologFinder Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets. • 38484 modMine - Data generated by the modENCODE project. • FBgn0004516
Synonyms & Secondary IDs ( 22 )
Reported As
Symbol Synonym	CG14994 (Mohammad et al., 2009, Perkins et al., 2009) DGAD1 (Phillips et al., 2005) dgad1 (Broadie and Richmond, 2002) dGad1 (Featherstone et al., 2000) DGad1 (Phillips et al., 1995, Phillips et al., 1993) gad (Featherstone et al., 2005, Chavez et al., 2000) GAD (Verstreken and Bellen, 2002, Jackson, 1993.11.30, Jackson, 1990, Buchner, 1991, Ren et al., 2012) Gad (Kuppers et al., 2001, Feng et al., 1995, Kulkarni et al., 1994, Newby et al., 1993, Jackson et al., 1990, Leal et al., 2009, Liu and Davis, 2009, Ren et al., 2012, Wu et al., 2012) gad1 (Featherstone et al., 2002, Johard et al., 2008, Kolodziejczyk et al., 2008) GAD1 (Ng et al., 2002, Kolodziejczyk et al., 2008, Hamasaka et al., 2005, Leiss et al., 2009, Séjourné et al., 2011, Kahsai et al., 2012, Enell et al., 2007) Gad1 (Wheeler et al., 2006, Dietzl et al., 2007, Enell et al., 2010, Wheeler et al., 2008, Hekmat-Scafe et al., 2006, Mohammad et al., 2009, Okada et al., 2009, Passador-Gurgel et al., 2007, Chen et al., 2008, Nässel et al., 2008, Hekmat-Scafe et al., 2010, Kahsai and Winther, 2011, Manning et al., 2012) GAD-1 (Kolodziejczyk et al., 2008) GAD1 (Phillips et al., 1991) Glb   l(3)64An (Harrison, 1999.5.12, ) l(3)SH10 (Harrison et al., 1995)
Name Synonym	glutamatic acid decarboxylase (Wu et al., 2012) glutamic acid decarboxylase (Liu and Davis, 2009, Nässel et al., 2008, Kahsai and Winther, 2011, Ren et al., 2012) Glutamic acid decarboxylase 1 (Xun et al., 2008) glutamic acid decarboxylase-1 (Johard et al., 2008, Kolodziejczyk et al., 2008) Glutamic acid decarboxylase-1 (Chou et al., 2010) vesicular glutamic acid decarboxylase (Leal et al., 2009)
Secondary FlyBase IDs
	FBgn0001088 FBgn0001110 FBgn0016015
References ( 90 )
Generate a list of	All references relating to this gene ( 90 )
List References by type	Research paper  ( 53 ) Supplementary material  ( 5 ) Review  ( 6 ) Personal communication to FlyBase  ( 13 ) Abstract  ( 5 ) FlyBase analysis  ( 2 ) DNA/RNA sequence record  ( 1 ) Protein sequence record  ( 1 ) Website  ( 1 ) Curated genome annotation  ( 2 )
Recent research papers ( 9 )
	Chen et al., 2012, Science 335(6069): 678--685 Visualizing long-term memory formation in two neurons of the Drosophila brain. [FBrf0217453] Fontana and Crews, 2012, Dev. Biol. 372(1): 131--142 Transcriptome analysis of Drosophila CNS midline cells reveals diverse peptidergic properties and a role for castor in neuronal differentiation. [FBrf0219766] Kahsai et al., 2012, Neuroscience 208: 11--26 Distribution of metabotropic receptors of serotonin, dopamine, GABA, glutamate, and short neuropeptide F in the central complex of Drosophila. [FBrf0217851] Manning et al., 2012, Cell Rep. 2(4): 1002--1013 A Resource for Manipulating Gene Expression and Analyzing cis-Regulatory Modules in the Drosophila CNS. [FBrf0219785] Ren et al., 2012, J. Neurosci. 32(34): 11524--11538 A GABAergic inhibitory neural circuit regulates visual reversal learning in Drosophila. [FBrf0219263] Wu et al., 2012, Learn. Mem. 19(10): 478--486 The GABAergic anterior paired lateral neurons facilitate olfactory reversal learning in Drosophila. [FBrf0219465] Chiang et al., 2011, Curr. Biol. 21(1): 1--11 Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Brain-wide Wiring Networks in Drosophila at Single-Cell Resolution. [FBrf0212704] Kahsai and Winther, 2011, J. Comp. Neurol. 519(2): 290--315 Chemical neuroanatomy of the Drosophila central complex: distribution of multiple neuropeptides in relation to neurotransmitters. [FBrf0212649] Séjourné et al., 2011, Nat. Neurosci. 14(7): 903--910 Mushroom body efferent neurons responsible for aversive olfactory memory retrieval in Drosophila. [FBrf0214029] Show all research papers ...
Recent reviews (0)
	All reviews listed in FlyBase were published before 2011 Show reviews ...