FB2025_02 , released April 17, 2025
Gene: Dmel\bt
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\bt
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
bent
Annotation Symbol
CG32019
Feature Type
FlyBase ID
FBgn0005666
Gene Model Status
Stock Availability
Gene Summary
bent (bt) encodes the protein Projectin, a large protein associated with myosin thick filaments in insect muscles that contributes to the stiffness of flight muscle. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
Also Known As

projectin, twitchin, l(4)23, l(4)2, CT8086

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
Sequence location
Recombination map
4-0
RefSeq locus
NC_004353 REGION:724400..776474
Sequence
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (11 terms)
Molecular Function (4 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables ATP binding
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR000719, InterPro:IPR017441
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:Q23551
Biological Process (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from expression pattern
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN004438718
Cellular Component (4 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in I band
inferred from direct assay
located_in sarcomere
inferred from direct assay
located_in Z disc
inferred from direct assay
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in M band
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN004438718
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
bent (bt) encodes the protein Projectin, a large protein associated with myosin thick filaments in insect muscles that contributes to the stiffness of flight muscle. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
CALCIUM/CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASES -
The Calcium/Calmodulin-dependent kinase family are serine/threonine kinases which, in general, prefer substrates containing basic residues. Many, but not all, members are regulated by calcium or calmodulin. (Adapted from FBrf0132098).
Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)
bt: bent
thumb
bt: bent
From Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 216.
Wings held out at base and bent sharply backward. Rear legs often lumpy at first tarsal joint. May have one to four "preleg" or "first ventral" bristles on ventral surface of thorax anterior to first pair of legs, in space otherwise devoid of bristles or hairs. Overlaps wild type at 25, very much at 19, and little if any at 29 (Metz, 1923, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 20: 305-10). RK2 at 28.
btD: bent-Dominant
When found, btD/+ showed regularly divergent wings with some angular bend near base. Legs lumpy at low temperature. Preleg bristles present as in bt. Homozygous lethal. Fails to complement l(4)2 and l(4)23 [Hochman, 1976, The Genetics and Biology of Drosophila (Ashburner and Novistki, eds.). Academic Press, London, New York, San Francisco, Vol. 1b, pp. 903-28]. RK3 as lethal.
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
5
Number of Unique Polypeptides
5

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\bt for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry D1YSG0)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.55

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Annotated transcripts do not represent all possible combinations of alternative exons and/or alternative promoters.

Gene model reviewed during 5.47

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
FBtr0089793
26619
8648
FBtr0301340
27474
8933
FBtr0334482
25818
8408
FBtr0334483
27666
8866
FBtr0344988
26421
8602
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)

5.286 (compiled cDNA)

>20 (northern blot)

Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
FBpp0088734
968.2
8648
6.05
FBpp0290554
1000.1
8933
6.07
FBpp0306552
941.1
8408
6.12
FBpp0306553
992.5
8866
6.02
FBpp0311242
963.0
8602
6.21
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

None of the polypeptides share 100% sequence identity.

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
 
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\bt using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.64

Transcript Expression
No Assay Recorded
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
RNase protection, primer extension, SI map
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
RT-PCR
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Additional Descriptive Data

bt is enriched in border follicle cells relative to follicle cells.

Indirect evidence suggests that the bt transcript is only expressed in larval and adult muscle.

bt transcripts are detected in all types of muscle, both synchronous and asynchronous in pupae and adults.

Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
No Assay Recorded
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
western blot
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Additional Descriptive Data

bt protein can be detected in scattered aggregates dispersed in the cytoplasm of muscle cell precursors as early at 30 hrs APF. By 48 hours bt, along with other myofibrillar proteins, have organized into Z-bands.

bt protein was immunolocalized to indirect flight muscle with a Lethocerus antibody. It localizes to flight muscles in the region containing C-filaments immediately adjacent to Z-discs.

bt protein is first detected by westerns blots at the mid-embryo stage and increases progressively until the end of the adult stage. The location of bt protein differs in nonfibrillar muscle from that in flight muscles. In the latter, it is located around the Z disc while in tubular muscle, it is located on the A band with a gap in the middle.

Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in I band
inferred from direct assay
located_in sarcomere
inferred from direct assay
located_in Z disc
inferred from direct assay
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\bt in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)
  • Stages(s) 13-16
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 56 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 12 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of bt
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of bt
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 13 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
Other Phenotypes
Allele
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (147)
9 of 14
Yes
Yes
7 of 14
No
Yes
5 of 14
No
Yes
4 of 14
No
Yes
4 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
Yes
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
Yes
4  
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
5  
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
5  
1 of 14
No
No
2  
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
2  
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
4  
1 of 14
No
No
2  
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
4  
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
4  
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
3  
1 of 14
No
No
2  
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
2  
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
4  
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1  
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
4  
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
2  
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
2  
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
2  
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
2  
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
3  
1 of 14
No
No
4  
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (88)
5 of 14
Yes
Yes
4 of 14
No
Yes
4 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (86)
8 of 14
Yes
Yes
6 of 14
No
Yes
4 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
Yes
4 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (93)
3 of 13
Yes
Yes
2 of 13
No
Yes
2 of 13
No
Yes
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (118)
9 of 14
Yes
Yes
9 of 14
Yes
Yes
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
Yes
3 of 14
No
Yes
3 of 14
No
Yes
3 of 14
No
Yes
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
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No
No
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No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
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No
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Yes
1 of 14
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Yes
1 of 14
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Yes
1 of 14
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No
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No
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1 of 14
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Yes
1 of 14
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Yes
1 of 14
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Yes
1 of 14
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Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
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No
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No
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No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
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Yes
1 of 14
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Yes
1 of 14
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1 of 14
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Yes
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Yes
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Yes
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1 of 14
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1 of 14
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1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (70)
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
5 of 14
No
No
4 of 14
No
Yes
3 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
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1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
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No
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1 of 14
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No
1 of 14
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No
1 of 14
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1 of 14
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1 of 14
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1 of 14
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No
1 of 14
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No
1 of 14
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No
1 of 14
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No
1 of 14
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No
1 of 14
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1 of 14
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No
1 of 14
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No
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1 of 14
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1 of 14
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No
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1 of 14
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1 of 14
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1 of 14
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No
1 of 14
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No
1 of 14
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No
1 of 14
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No
1 of 14
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No
1 of 14
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1 of 14
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No
1 of 14
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No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (70)
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
1 of 12
No
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (42)
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
Yes
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
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Yes
No
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Yes
Yes
1 of 13
Yes
Yes
1 of 13
Yes
No
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Yes
No
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Yes
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Yes
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Yes
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Yes
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Yes
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Yes
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Yes
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Yes
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Yes
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Yes
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Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (5)
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
1 of 13
Yes
No
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (6)
1 of 12
Yes
No
1 of 12
Yes
No
1 of 12
Yes
No
1 of 12
Yes
No
1 of 12
Yes
No
1 of 12
Yes
No
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:bt. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (62)
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Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 8 )
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Functional Complementation Data
    Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
    Interactions
    Summary of Physical Interactions
    Interaction Browsers

    Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
    protein-protein
    Physical Interaction
    Assay
    References
    Summary of Genetic Interactions
    Interaction Browsers
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    External Data
    Linkouts
    BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
    DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
    MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
    Pathways
    Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
    Metabolic Pathways
    FlyBase
    External Links
    External Data
    Linkouts
    SignaLink - A signaling pathway resource with multi-layered regulatory networks.
    Class of Gene
    Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
    Chromosome (arm)
    4
    Recombination map
    4-0
    Cytogenetic map
    Sequence location
    FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Evidence for location
    102D5-102E1
    Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Notes
    References
    102-102
    (determined by in situ hybridisation)
    Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
    Location
    Left of (cM)
    Right of (cM)
    Notes

    Mapped in diplo-4 triploids.

    Stocks and Reagents
    Stocks (33)
    Genomic Clones (26)
    cDNA Clones (110)
     

    Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

    cDNA clones, fully sequenced
    Other clones
    Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

    For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

    cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
    RNAi and Array Information
    Linkouts
    DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
    Antibody Information
    Laboratory Generated Antibodies
    Commercially Available Antibodies
     
    Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank - Monoclonal antibodies for use in research
    Cell Line Information
    Publicly Available Cell Lines
     
      Other Stable Cell Lines
       
        Other Comments

        dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene tested in RNAi screen for effects on Kc167 and S2R+ cell morphology.

        sls along with bt protein may determine most of the high passive stiffness of the indirect flight muscle that is necessary for stretch activation.

        "Identified with: GM13171" was stated as revision. "Identified with: GM10074" was stated as revision. "Identified with: HL02324" was stated as revision. "Identified with: HL05966" was stated as revision.

        EST HL02324, referred to as "myosin LCK" in FBrf123240, actually corresponds to bt. EST GM13171, referred to as "titin" in FBrf123240, actually corresponds to bt. EST GM10074, referred to as "C-protein" in FBrf123240, actually corresponds to bt.

        The genomic organisation of the bt locus has been characterised.

        The bt genomic region has been analysed.

        Isolation and partial characterization of bt, includes identification of twitchin-like motifs.

        An analysis of bt gene product, projectin, was performed to present evidence that projectin and twitchin may share functional protein kinase domains. As described for titin, bt is also demonstrated to be phosphorylated in vivo at Ser residues.

        bt is a single copy gene containing a two motif amino acid sequence pattern that characterizes twitchin and titin. bt appears to encode projectin: a muscle protein thought to play a structural role in asynchronous flight muscle.

        A protein component of connecting filaments of both asynchronous and synchronous muscles. In synchronous muscles projectin is found in the region of the thick filaments; in asynchronous muscles it is between the Z-band and thick filaments. The projectin of the two classes of muscle are similar, if not identical, by SDS electrophoresis and peptide mapping.

        Relationship to Other Genes
        Source for database merge of

        Source for merge of: bt CG10285

        Additional comments

        Annotations CG10285, CG1479 merged as CG32019 in release 3 of the genome annotation.

        Hochman isolated 3 spontaneous alleles, 6 X ray induced alleles, 23 ethyl methanesulfonate induced alleles and 3 ICR170 induced alleles.

        Nomenclature History
        Source for database identify of

        Source for identity of: bt CG1479

        Nomenclature comments
        Etymology
        Synonyms and Secondary IDs (29)
        Reported As
        Symbol Synonym
        Prj
        l(4)102CDa
        l(4)21
        l(4)37
        l(4)38
        l(4)PT-2
        Name Synonyms
        Projectin myosin light chain kinase
        lethal(4) Powell, Tennessee-2
        myosin LCK
        Secondary FlyBase IDs
        • FBgn0000232
        • FBgn0004518
        • FBgn0004630
        • FBgn0005627
        • FBgn0039921
        • FBgn0052019
        Datasets (0)
        Study focus (0)
        Experimental Role
        Project
        Project Type
        Title
        Study result (0)
        Result
        Result Type
        Title
        External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 103 )
        Sequence Crossreferences
        NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
        GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
        RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
        UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
        UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
        Other crossreferences
        AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
        BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
        DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
        EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
        FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
        FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
        KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
        MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
        Linkouts
        BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
        Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
        DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
        DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
        Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank - Monoclonal antibodies for use in research
        Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
        FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
        FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
        Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
        Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
        FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.
        iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
        MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        SignaLink - A signaling pathway resource with multi-layered regulatory networks.
        References (200)