FlyBase Gene Report: Dmel\bt

General Information

Symbol

Dmel\bt

Species

D. melanogaster

Name

bent

Annotation Symbol

CG32019

Feature Type

protein_coding_gene

FlyBase ID

FBgn0005666

Gene Model Status

Current

Stock Availability

33 publicly available

Gene Summary

bent (bt) encodes the protein Projectin, a large protein associated with myosin thick filaments in insect muscles that contributes to the stiffness of flight muscle. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)

All Summaries

Gene Snapshot
Alliance
Auto summary
Gene Group
Red Book
Interactive Fly

Also Known As

projectin, twitchin, l(4)23, l(4)2, CT8086

Key Links

Genomic Location

Cytogenetic map

102D5-102E1

Sequence location

4:724,400..776,474 [+]

Recombination map

4-0

RefSeq locus

NC_004353 REGION:724400..776474

Sequence

Get Decorated FASTA

Genomic Maps

JBrowse

Other Genome Views

The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.

NCBI

UCSC

Ensembl

Function

Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (11 terms)

Molecular Function (4 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

enables protein kinase activity

inferred from direct assay

(Ayme-Southgate et al., 1995)

enables structural constituent of muscle

inferred from direct assay

(Ayme-Southgate et al., 2004)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

enables ATP binding

inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR000719, InterPro:IPR017441

(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)

enables protein kinase activity

inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR000719, InterPro:IPR008271

(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)

enables protein serine/threonine kinase activity

inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:Q23551

(Ayme-Southgate et al., 1995)

Biological Process (3 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

involved_in mesoderm development

inferred from expression pattern

(Furlong et al., 2001)

involved_in muscle thin filament assembly

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Perkins and Tanentzapf, 2014)

involved_in sarcomere organization

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Schnorrer et al., 2010)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)

CV Term

Evidence

References

involved_in sarcomere organization

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN004438718

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

Cellular Component (4 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

located_in I band

inferred from direct assay

(Bullard et al., 2005)

located_in sarcomere

inferred from direct assay

(Pantoja et al., 2013)

located_in Z disc

inferred from direct assay

(Ayme-Southgate et al., 2004)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)

CV Term

Evidence

References

is_active_in M band

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN004438718

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

Gene Group (FlyBase)

CALCIUM/CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASES

Protein Family (UniProt)

Protein Signatures (InterPro)

Summaries

Gene Snapshot

bent (bt) encodes the protein Projectin, a large protein associated with myosin thick filaments in insect muscles that contributes to the stiffness of flight muscle. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07]

Gene Group (FlyBase)

CALCIUM/CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASES -: The Calcium/Calmodulin-dependent kinase family are serine/threonine kinases which, in general, prefer substrates containing basic residues. Many, but not all, members are regulated by calcium or calmodulin. (Adapted from FBrf0132098).

Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)

bt: bent

bt: bent

From Morgan, Bridges, and Sturtevant, 1925, Bibliog. Genet. 2: 216.

Wings held out at base and bent sharply backward. Rear legs often lumpy at first tarsal joint. May have one to four "preleg" or "first ventral" bristles on ventral surface of thorax anterior to first pair of legs, in space otherwise devoid of bristles or hairs. Overlaps wild type at 25, very much at 19, and little if any at 29 (Metz, 1923, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 20: 305-10). RK2 at 28.

btD: bent-Dominant

When found, btD/+ showed regularly divergent wings with some angular bend near base. Legs lumpy at low temperature. Preleg bristles present as in bt. Homozygous lethal. Fails to complement l(4)2 and l(4)23 [Hochman, 1976, The Genetics and Biology of Drosophila (Ashburner and Novistki, eds.). Academic Press, London, New York, San Francisco, Vol. 1b, pp. 903-28]. RK3 as lethal.

Gene Model and Products

Number of Transcripts

Number of Unique Polypeptides

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\bt for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)

Isoform displayed:

Pfam protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Protein Domains (via SMART)

Isoform displayed:

SMART protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Structure

Protein 3D structure (Predicted by AlphaFold) (AlphaFold entry D1YSG0)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.

Model Confidence:

Very high (pLDDT > 90)
Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures

Crossreferences

Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.55

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Annotated transcripts do not represent all possible combinations of alternative exons and/or alternative promoters.

Gene model reviewed during 5.47

Transcript Data

Annotated Transcripts

Name

FlyBase ID

RefSeq ID

Length (nt)

Assoc. CDS (aa)

bt-RC

FBtr0089793

NM_205876

26619

8648

bt-RF

FBtr0301340

NM_001169354

27474

8933

bt-RH

FBtr0334482

NM_001272142

25818

8408

bt-RI

FBtr0334483

NM_001272143

27666

8866

bt-RJ

FBtr0344988

NM_001297787

26421

8602

Additional Transcript Data and Comments

Reported size (kB)

5.286 (compiled cDNA)

(Fyrberg et al., 1992)

>20 (northern blot)

(Ayme-Southgate et al., 1991)

Comments

External Data

Crossreferences

Polypeptide Data

Annotated Polypeptides

Name

FlyBase ID

Predicted MW (kDa)

Length (aa)

Theoretical pI

UniProt

RefSeq ID

GenBank

bt-PC

FBpp0088734

968.2

8648

6.05

FBpp0290554

1000.1

8933

6.07

FBpp0306552

941.1

8408

6.12

FBpp0306553

992.5

8866

6.02

FBpp0311242

963.0

8602

6.21

X2JD89

NP_001284716

AHN58217

Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

None of the polypeptides share 100% sequence identity.

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments

Reported size (kDa)

Comments

External Data

Crossreferences

InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites

Linkouts

Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model

Nucleotide / Polypeptide Records

UniProt

Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\bt using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data

Crossreferences

Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.

Linkouts

Expression Data

Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.64

Transcript Expression

No Assay Recorded

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

larval stage

larval muscle system

(Fyrberg et al., 1992)

pupal stage & adult stage

indirect flight muscle cell

(Ayme-Southgate et al., 1991)

in situ

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

embryonic stage 13 -- 16

dorsal pharyngeal muscle cell

(Fisher et al., 2012)

larval muscle system

(Fisher et al., 2012)

larval somatic muscle cell

(Fisher et al., 2012)

pupal stage & adult stage

synchronous muscle cell

(Ayme-Southgate et al., 1991)

adult muscle system

(Ayme-Southgate et al., 1991)

RNase protection, primer extension, SI map

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

adult stage

adult muscle system

(Fyrberg et al., 1992)

RT-PCR

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

oogenesis

border follicle cell

(Borghese et al., 2006)

Additional Descriptive Data

bt is enriched in border follicle cells relative to follicle cells.

(Borghese et al., 2006)

Indirect evidence suggests that the bt transcript is only expressed in larval and adult muscle.

(Fyrberg et al., 1992)

bt transcripts are detected in all types of muscle, both synchronous and asynchronous in pupae and adults.

(Ayme-Southgate et al., 1991)

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Polypeptide Expression

No Assay Recorded

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

adult stage

indirect flight muscle cell

(Fyrberg et al., 1992, Maroto et al., 1992)

immunolocalization

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

pupal stage P6

indirect flight muscle cell | punctate

Comment: 30 hr APF

(Ayme-Southgate et al., 2004)

pupal stage P7 -- pharate adult stage P8

indirect flight muscle cell | precursor

• myofibril

Comment: start at 36 hr APF

(Ayme-Southgate et al., 2004)

pharate adult stage P8 -- P15

indirect flight muscle cell | precursor

• Z disc

Comment: 48 hr APF

(Ayme-Southgate et al., 2004)

adult stage

tubular muscle cell

(Maroto et al., 1992)

adult stage | female

peritoneal sheath muscle cell

(Hudson et al., 2008)

ovarian sheath muscle cell

(Hudson et al., 2008)

common oviduct circular muscle cell

(Hudson et al., 2008)

mass spectroscopy

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

adult stage

adult head

• membrane

(Aradska et al., 2015)

day 5 of adulthood & male -- day 7 of adulthood & male

spermatozoon

(Wasbrough et al., 2010)

day 7 of adulthood -- day 49 of adulthood

adult heart

(Cammarato et al., 2011)

western blot

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

larval stage -- adult stage

(Maroto et al., 1992)

adult stage

organism

(Maroto et al., 1992)

Additional Descriptive Data

bt protein can be detected in scattered aggregates dispersed in the cytoplasm of muscle cell precursors as early at 30 hrs APF. By 48 hours bt, along with other myofibrillar proteins, have organized into Z-bands.

(Ayme-Southgate et al., 2004)

bt protein was immunolocalized to indirect flight muscle with a Lethocerus antibody. It localizes to flight muscles in the region containing C-filaments immediately adjacent to Z-discs.

(Fyrberg et al., 1992)

bt protein is first detected by westerns blots at the mid-embryo stage and increases progressively until the end of the adult stage. The location of bt protein differs in nonfibrillar muscle from that in flight muscles. In the latter, it is located around the Z disc while in tubular muscle, it is located on the A band with a gap in the middle.

(Maroto et al., 1992)

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Evidence

References

located_in I band

inferred from direct assay

(Bullard et al., 2005)

located_in sarcomere

inferred from direct assay

(Pantoja et al., 2013)

located_in Z disc

inferred from direct assay

(Ayme-Southgate et al., 2004)

Expression Deduced from Reporters

High-Throughput Expression Data

Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\bt in JBrowse

RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region

View exonic expression by developmental stage for Dmel\bt

View exonic expression by tissue for Dmel\bt

Bulk Downloads

RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes

Reference

See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.

Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle

Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis

External Data and Images

Linkouts

BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis

FBgn0005666

DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species

43814/tissue=All

EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species

FBgn0005666

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

FBgn0005666

FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data

FBgn0005666

Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns

CG32019

Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut

FBgn0005666

Images

FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)

Show all FlyExpress processed images for Dmel\bt

Stages(s) 13-16

FlyBase Wiki

Image Based Resources

Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations

Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 56 )

For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show

Other relevant insertions

Transgenic Constructs ( 12 )

For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show

Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of bt

Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of bt

Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 13 )

Inferred from experimentation ( 13 )

Gene not disrupted in

Df(4)ED6364

(Ryder and Roote, 2004.11.10)

Df(4)ED6366

(Ryder and Roote, 2004.11.10)

Df(4)G

(Hochman et al., 1964)

Df(4)M101-4

(Hochman et al., 1964)

Df(4)M101-62f

(Ayme-Southgate et al., 1995)

Df(4)M101-63a

(Ayme-Southgate et al., 1995)

Gene not duplicated in

Dp(2;4)ey^D

(Hochman et al., 1964)

Gene disrupted in

Df(4)c

(Hochman, 1974)

Df(4)ED6382

(Ryder and Roote, 2004.11.10)

Df(4)ED6384

(Ryder and Roote, 2004.11.10)

Df(4)G

(Hochman, 1971)

Df(4)M101-1

(Hochman, 1971)

Gene partially disrupted in

Df(4)C3

(Podemski et al., 2004)

Df(4)O2

(Podemski et al., 2004)

Inferred from location ( 7 )

Variants

Variant Molecular Consequences

Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants

Phenotypes

For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.

Lethality

Allele

lethal

lethal, with Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu

lethal, with Scer\GAL4^Mef2.PR

lethal, with Scer\GAL4^Mef2.PU

bt^JF01107

lethal (with bt^{11th-exon-dsRed})

bt^l-b

lethal (with bt^l-b)

bt^{11th-exon-dsRed}

lethal | recessive

lethal - all die before end of larval stage | recessive

lethal - all die during embryonic stage, with Scer\GAL4^Mef2.PR

bt^GD14482

lethal - all die during embryonic stage (with bt^D)

bt^l-a

lethal - all die during embryonic stage (with bt^l-a)

bt^D

partially lethal, with Dcr-2^UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu

bt^GD14482

partially lethal - majority die, with Scer\GAL4^pnr-MD237

bt^GD14482

viable, with Scer\GAL4^tin.CΔ4

bt^GD14482

Other Phenotypes

Allele

some die during embryonic stage (with bt^D)

bt^l-a

some die during embryonic stage (with bt^l-a)

bt^D

some die during larval stage | recessive

some die during pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4^pnr-MD237

bt^GD14482

visible | dominant

bt^D

visible | recessive

bt¹

Phenotype manifest in

Allele

leg

sarcomere, with Scer\GAL4^Mef2.PR

bt^GD14482

wing

Z disc, with Scer\GAL4^Mef2.PR

bt^GD14482

Orthologs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Orthologs

Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Species\Gene Symbol

Score

Best Score

Best Reverse Score

Source

Alignment

Complementation?

Transgene?

Homo sapiens (Human) (147)

Hsap\TTN

9 of 14

Yes

Hsap\OBSCN

7 of 14

Yes

Hsap\IGFN1

5 of 14

Yes

Hsap\HMCN1

4 of 14

Yes

Hsap\SPEG

4 of 14

Hsap\MYBPC2

3 of 14

Yes

Hsap\MYLK

3 of 14

Hsap\OBSL1

3 of 14

Yes

Hsap\CD22

2 of 14

Yes

Hsap\HMCN2

2 of 14

Hsap\IGSF22

2 of 14

Yes

Hsap\MYBPC1

2 of 14

Yes

Hsap\MYBPC3

2 of 14

Yes

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

Yes

Hsap\MYOT

2 of 14

Yes

Hsap\MYPN

2 of 14

Yes

Hsap\PALLD

2 of 14

Yes

Hsap\PTK7

2 of 14

Hsap\AKT2

1 of 14

Hsap\ALPK3

1 of 14

Yes

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Yes

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Yes

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Yes

Hsap\FSTL5

1 of 14

Yes

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Yes

Hsap\IGFBPL1

1 of 14

Yes

Hsap\IL1R1

1 of 14

Hsap\IL1R2

1 of 14

Yes

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Yes

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Yes

Hsap\MYOM2

1 of 14

Yes

Hsap\MYOM3

1 of 14

Yes

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Yes

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Species\Gene Symbol

Score

Best Score

Best Reverse Score

Source

Alignment

Complementation?

Transgene?

Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (88)

Rnor\Obscn

5 of 14

Yes

Rnor\Igfn1

4 of 14

Yes

4 of 14

3 of 14

3 of 14

3 of 14

Yes

Rnor\Kalrn

2 of 14

Rnor\Mybpc2

2 of 14

Yes

Rnor\Mybpc3

2 of 14

Yes

Rnor\Mybph

2 of 14

Yes

Rnor\Myom1

2 of 14

Yes

Rnor\Myom2

2 of 14

Yes

Rnor\Myom3

2 of 14

Yes

Rnor\Alpk3

1 of 14

Yes

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Yes

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Yes

Rnor\Fndc3b

1 of 14

Rnor\Fstl4

1 of 14

Yes

Rnor\Fstl5

1 of 14

Yes

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Yes

Rnor\Igfbpl1

1 of 14

Yes

Rnor\Kazald1

1 of 14

Yes

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Yes

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Yes

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Yes

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Yes

Rnor\Vwa7

1 of 14

Rnor\Wee1

1 of 14

Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (86)

Mmus\Ttn

8 of 14

Yes

Mmus\Obscn

6 of 14

Yes

Mmus\Hmcn1

4 of 14

Mmus\Igfn1

4 of 14

Yes

4 of 14

3 of 14

3 of 14

2 of 14

Yes

Mmus\Mybpc2

2 of 14

Yes

Mmus\Mybpc3

2 of 14

Yes

Mmus\Obsl1

2 of 14

Yes

Mmus\Alpk3

1 of 14

Yes

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Yes

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Yes

Mmus\Fstl5

1 of 14

Yes

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Yes

Mmus\Igfbpl1

1 of 14

Yes

Mmus\Kalrn

1 of 14

Mmus\Kazald1

1 of 14

Yes

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Yes

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Yes

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Yes

Mmus\Myom2

1 of 14

Yes

Mmus\Myom3

1 of 14

Mmus\Myot

1 of 14

Yes

Mmus\Mypn

1 of 14

Mmus\Ncam1

1 of 14

Mmus\Palld

1 of 14

Yes

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (93)

Xtro\ttn

3 of 13

Yes

Xtro\LOC105948415

2 of 13

Yes

Xtro\mybpc3

2 of 13

Yes

Xtro\mybph

2 of 13

Xtro\myom3

2 of 13

Xtro\mypn

2 of 13

Yes

Xtro\arhgap11a.1

1 of 13

Yes

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

Yes

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

Yes

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

Yes

Xtro\il1rapl2

1 of 13

Yes

Xtro\il1rap

1 of 13

Yes

Xtro\itfg2

1 of 13

Xtro\kazald1

1 of 13

Yes

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

Yes

Xtro\kcnk13

1 of 13

Yes

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

Yes

Xtro\mastl

1 of 13

Xtro\MGC107841

1 of 13

Yes

Xtro\mir155

1 of 13

Yes

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

Yes

Xtro\myom2

1 of 13

Yes

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

Yes

Xtro\palld

1 of 13

Yes

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

Yes

Xtro\smim18

1 of 13

Xtro\spats1

1 of 13

Yes

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (118)

Drer\ttn.1

9 of 14

Yes

Drer\ttn.2

9 of 14

Yes

Drer\hmcn1

3 of 14

Drer\hmcn2

3 of 14

Drer\igfn1.3

3 of 14

Yes

Drer\igfn1.4

3 of 14

Yes

Drer\mybpc2a

3 of 14

Yes

Drer\mybpc2b

3 of 14

Yes

3 of 14

3 of 14

3 of 14

2 of 14

Yes

Drer\mybpc1

2 of 14

Yes

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

2 of 14

Yes

Drer\obsl1a

2 of 14

Yes

Drer\obsl1b

2 of 14

Yes

Drer\spega

2 of 14

Drer\alpk3b

1 of 14

Yes

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Yes

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Yes

Drer\dapk3

1 of 14

Drer\ephb1

1 of 14

Drer\fstl4

1 of 14

Yes

Drer\fstl5

1 of 14

Yes

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Yes

Drer\igfn1.1

1 of 14

Yes

Drer\kazald2

1 of 14

Yes

Drer\kazald3

1 of 14

Yes

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Yes

Drer\LOC101887148

1 of 14

Yes

Drer\LOC108179342

1 of 14

Yes

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Yes

Drer\mybphb

1 of 14

Yes

Drer\myom1a

1 of 14

Yes

Drer\myom1b

1 of 14

Yes

Drer\myom2a

1 of 14

Yes

Drer\myot

1 of 14

Yes

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Yes

Drer\si:ch73-380l3.2

1 of 14

Yes

Drer\si:ch73-380l3.3

1 of 14

Yes

Drer\si:ch73-380l3.4

1 of 14

Yes

Drer\si:ch211-1i11.3

1 of 14

Drer\si:dkey-24p1.1

1 of 14

Drer\si:dkey-240h12.4

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Yes

Drer\vwa10.1

1 of 14

Yes

Drer\vwa10.2

1 of 14

Yes

Drer\zgc:86598

1 of 14

Drer\zgc:171470

1 of 14

Drer\zgc:172106

1 of 14

Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (70)

Cele\unc-22

13 of 14

Yes

Cele\unc-89

5 of 14

Cele\ttn-1

4 of 14

Yes

Cele\F21C10.7

3 of 14

Cele\dim-1

2 of 14

Yes

2 of 14

2 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Yes

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Yes

Cele\zig-7

1 of 14

Yes

Cele\zig-8

1 of 14

Cele\zig-12

1 of 14

Yes

Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (70)

Agam\AgaP_AGAP001633

12 of 12

Yes

2 of 12

2 of 12

2 of 12

2 of 12

2 of 12

2 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

Yes

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

Yes

Agam\AgaP_AGAP010633

1 of 12

Yes

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

Yes

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (42)

Atha\AT1G21590

1 of 13

Yes

Atha\AT1G30640

1 of 13

Yes

Atha\AT1G48490

1 of 13

Yes

Atha\AT1G67720

1 of 13

Yes

Atha\AT2G19400

1 of 13

Yes

Atha\AT2G20470

1 of 13

Yes

Atha\AT2G36350

1 of 13

Yes

Atha\AT3G01085

1 of 13

Yes

Atha\AT3G17850

1 of 13

Yes

Atha\AT3G23310

1 of 13

Yes

Atha\AT4G14350

1 of 13

Yes

Atha\AT4G16970

1 of 13

Yes

Atha\AT5G09890

1 of 13

Yes

Atha\AT5G63940

1 of 13

Yes

Atha\CAK1AT

1 of 13

Yes

Atha\CDPK1

1 of 13

Yes

Atha\CDPK6

1 of 13

Yes

Atha\CDPK19

1 of 13

Yes

Atha\CKA2

1 of 13

Yes

Atha\CPK1

1 of 13

Yes

Atha\CPK2

1 of 13

Yes

Atha\CPK7

1 of 13

Yes

Atha\CPK9

1 of 13

Yes

Atha\CPK14

1 of 13

Yes

Atha\CPK16

1 of 13

Yes

Atha\CPK17

1 of 13

Yes

Atha\CPK19

1 of 13

Yes

Atha\CPK21

1 of 13

Yes

Atha\CPK24

1 of 13

Yes

Atha\CPK25

1 of 13

Yes

Atha\CPK27

1 of 13

Yes

Atha\CPK28

1 of 13

Yes

Atha\CPK29

1 of 13

Yes

Atha\CPK32

1 of 13

Yes

Atha\CPK33

1 of 13

Yes

Atha\CPK34

1 of 13

Yes

Atha\IRE

1 of 13

Yes

Atha\MPK5

1 of 13

Yes

Atha\NEK1

1 of 13

Yes

Atha\NEK2

1 of 13

Yes

Atha\PEPKR1

1 of 13

Yes

Atha\WEE1

1 of 13

Yes

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (5)

Scer\CDC7

1 of 13

Yes

Scer\CKA1

1 of 13

Yes

Scer\PKH1

1 of 13

Yes

Scer\SSK2

1 of 13

Yes

Scer\SWE1

1 of 13

Yes

Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (6)

Spom\cek1

1 of 12

Yes

Spom\hsk1

1 of 12

Yes

Spom\ppk23

1 of 12

Yes

Spom\ppk31

1 of 12

Yes

Spom\spk1

1 of 12

Yes

Spom\spo4

1 of 12

Yes

Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)

Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)

Data provided directly from OrthoDB:bt. Refer to their site for version information.

Paralogs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Paralogs

Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Gene Symbol

Score

Source

Alignment

Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (62)

sls

4 of 13

Obsc

3 of 13

zormin

3 of 13

MnM

2 of 13

otk2

2 of 13

sqa

2 of 13

Strn-Mlck

2 of 13

Akt

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

dpy

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

hbs

1 of 13

ImpL2

1 of 13

kek4

1 of 13

kirre

1 of 13

klg

1 of 13

Lac

1 of 13

LanA

1 of 13

Lar

1 of 13

MstProx

1 of 13

Myt1

1 of 13

Nrg

1 of 13

Ork1

1 of 13

otk

1 of 13

Pak

1 of 13

Pdk1

1 of 13

PKD

1 of 13

Ppn

1 of 13

Ptp99A

1 of 13

Pvr

1 of 13

Pxn

1 of 13

rst

1 of 13

S6kII

1 of 13

sdk

1 of 13

sff

1 of 13

Sik3

1 of 13

sns

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

Human Disease Associations

FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports

Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations

Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )

Allele

Disease

Evidence

References

Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 8 )

Human Ortholog

Disease

Evidence

References

TTN; titin

model of tibial muscular dystrophy

IEA

(FlyBase, 2019-)

model of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 9

IEA

(FlyBase, 2019-)

model of autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2J

IEA

(FlyBase, 2019-)

model of dilated cardiomyopathy 1G

IEA

(FlyBase, 2019-)

model of myofibrillar myopathy 9

IEA

(FlyBase, 2019-)

model of congenital myopathy 5

IEA

(FlyBase, 2019-)

HMCN1; hemicentin 1

IEA

(FlyBase, 2019-)

OBSL1; obscurin like cytoskeletal adaptor 1

model of 3-M syndrome

IEA

(FlyBase, 2019-)

Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )

Allele

Disease

Interaction

References

Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)

Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.

Homo sapiens (Human)

Gene name

Score

OMIM

OMIM Phenotype

DO term

Complementation?

Transgene?

TTN; titin

9 of 14

188840

OBSCN; obscurin, cytoskeletal calmodulin and titin-interacting RhoGEF

7 of 14

608616

RHABDOMYOLYSIS, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO, 1; RHABDO1

IGFN1; immunoglobulin like and fibronectin type III domain containing 1

5 of 14

617309

HMCN1; hemicentin 1

4 of 14

608548

MACULAR DEGENERATION, AGE-RELATED, 1; ARMD1

age related macular degeneration 1

SPEG; striated muscle enriched protein kinase

4 of 14

615950

MYOPATHY, CENTRONUCLEAR, 5; CNM5

centronuclear myopathy 5

MYBPC2; myosin binding protein C2

3 of 14

160793

MYLK; myosin light chain kinase

3 of 14

600922

thoracic aortic aneurysm

OBSL1; obscurin like cytoskeletal adaptor 1

3 of 14

610991

THREE M SYNDROME 2; 3M2

3-M syndrome

Functional Complementation Data

Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.

Interactions

Summary of Physical Interactions

Interaction Browsers

View in FlyBase Interactions Browser View in MIST tool (external link)

Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details

protein-protein

Physical Interaction

Assay

References

bt - Lasp

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting

(Fernandes and Schöck, 2014)

Summary of Genetic Interactions

Interaction Browsers

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

External Data

Linkouts

BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.

68644

DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.

FBgn0005666

MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

43814

Pathways

Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)

Metabolic Pathways

FlyBase

External Links

External Data

Linkouts

SignaLink - A signaling pathway resource with multi-layered regulatory networks.

D1YSG0

Class of Gene

gene_with_edited_transcript

(Rodriguez et al., 2012, Graveley et al., 2011)

nuclear_gene

protein_coding_gene

Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data

Chromosome (arm)

Recombination map

4-0

Cytogenetic map

102D5-102E1

Sequence location

4:724,400..776,474 [+]

FlyBase Computed Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Evidence for location

102D5-102E1

Experimentally Determined Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Notes

References

102-102

(determined by in situ hybridisation)

(Fyrberg et al., 1991)

Experimentally Determined Recombination Data

Location

4-0

(FlyBase, 2016)

4-1.4

(Sturtevant, 1951)

Left of (cM)

Right of (cM)

(Fung and Stern, 1951)

Notes

Mapped in diplo-4 triploids.

(Sturtevant, 1951)

Stocks and Reagents

Stocks (33)

Aberrations including deletions of this gene Aberrations including duplications of this gene

Bloomington

636

bt¹

24272

y¹; Mi{ET1}bt^MB03788

26354

y¹; Mi{ET1}bt^MB07727

32719

y¹; Mi{MIC}bt^MI00971

60797

y¹; Mi{MIC}bt^MI06578

640

ci¹ gvl¹ bt¹

Kyoto

106020

bt¹

1479R-2

10285R-1

10285R-2

v46252

w¹¹¹⁸; P{GD14482}v46252

v46253

w¹¹¹⁸; P{GD14482}v46253

More stocks available...

Genomic Clones (26)

Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

cDNA Clones (110)

Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

cDNA clones, fully sequenced

BDGP DGC clones

Other clones

IP15922

Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

FBgn0005666

cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)

BDGP DGC clones

Other clones

RNAi and Array Information

Linkouts

DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens

FBgn0005666

Antibody Information

Laboratory Generated Antibodies

monoclonal

(Loreau et al., 2023, Schueder et al., 2023)

polyclonal

(Ayme-Southgate et al., 2004)

Commercially Available Antibodies

Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank - Monoclonal antibodies for use in research

Cell Line Information

Publicly Available Cell Lines

Other Stable Cell Lines

Other Comments

dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene tested in RNAi screen for effects on Kc167 and S2R⁺ cell morphology.

(Kiger et al., 2003)

sls along with bt protein may determine most of the high passive stiffness of the indirect flight muscle that is necessary for stretch activation.

(Kulke et al., 2001)

"Identified with: GM13171" was stated as revision. "Identified with: GM10074" was stated as revision. "Identified with: HL02324" was stated as revision. "Identified with: HL05966" was stated as revision.

(White, 2000.2.23)

EST HL02324, referred to as "myosin LCK" in FBrf123240, actually corresponds to bt. EST GM13171, referred to as "titin" in FBrf123240, actually corresponds to bt. EST GM10074, referred to as "C-protein" in FBrf123240, actually corresponds to bt.

(White, 2000.2.23)

The genomic organisation of the bt locus has been characterised.

(Daley et al., 1998)

The bt genomic region has been analysed.

(Ayme-Southgate et al., 1995)

Isolation and partial characterization of bt, includes identification of twitchin-like motifs.

(Fyrberg et al., 1992)

An analysis of bt gene product, projectin, was performed to present evidence that projectin and twitchin may share functional protein kinase domains. As described for titin, bt is also demonstrated to be phosphorylated in vivo at Ser residues.

(Maroto et al., 1992)

bt is a single copy gene containing a two motif amino acid sequence pattern that characterizes twitchin and titin. bt appears to encode projectin: a muscle protein thought to play a structural role in asynchronous flight muscle.

(Ayme-Southgate et al., 1991)

A protein component of connecting filaments of both asynchronous and synchronous muscles. In synchronous muscles projectin is found in the region of the thick filaments; in asynchronous muscles it is between the Z-band and thick filaments. The projectin of the two classes of muscle are similar, if not identical, by SDS electrophoresis and peptide mapping.

(Vigoreaux et al., 1991)

Relationship to Other Genes

Source for database merge of

Source for merge of: bt CG10285

(Ayme-Southgate, 2001.7.16)

Additional comments

Annotations CG10285, CG1479 merged as CG32019 in release 3 of the genome annotation.

(FlyBase Genome Annotators, 2002-2003)

Hochman isolated 3 spontaneous alleles, 6 X ray induced alleles, 23 ethyl methanesulfonate induced alleles and 3 ICR170 induced alleles.

Nomenclature History

Source for database identify of

Source for identity of: bt CG1479

(Milshina, 1999.11)

Nomenclature comments

Etymology

Synonyms and Secondary IDs (29)

Reported As

Symbol Synonym

39c-18

(Boyle et al., 2006)

(Bordet et al., 2021, Daneshparvar et al., 2020, Mossman et al., 2016, Kapelnikov et al., 2008)

CG10285

(Burkart et al., 2007)

CG1479

(Burkart et al., 2007, Labourier et al., 2002, Goldstein and Gunawardena, 2000, Morrison et al., 2000)

CG32019

(Neuert et al., 2017, Hosono et al., 2015, Llamusi et al., 2013, Cammarato et al., 2011, Kim et al., 2010, Ni et al., 2008, Hickson et al., 2006, Accardo et al., 2004, Vogel et al., 2003)

CT3598

(Southgate and Ayme-Southgate, 2001)

CT8086

(Southgate and Ayme-Southgate, 2001, Hynes and Zhao, 2000)

Prj

bent

(Zhang et al., 2016, Perkins and Tanentzapf, 2014, Perkins et al., 2014, Spletter and Schnorrer, 2014, Winbush et al., 2012, Vigoreaux et al., 2000)

(Cook, 2025.2.4, Cook, 2025.2.5, Trujillo et al., 2024, Zheng et al., 2023, Adashev et al., 2022, Fourth Chromosome Resource Project and Newfeld, 2022-, Gupta et al., 2022, Zhang et al., 2022, Agrawal et al., 2021, Kao et al., 2021, Pang et al., 2021, Aboukilila et al., 2020, Nikonova et al., 2020, Port et al., 2020, Raghuraman et al., 2020, Meltzer et al., 2019, Neuert et al., 2017, Transgenic RNAi Project members, 2017-, Gene Disruption Project members, 2016-, Kuleesha et al., 2016, Katsuyama et al., 2015, Ashwal-Fluss et al., 2014, Spletter and Schnorrer, 2014, Weitkunat and Schnorrer, 2014, Kwon et al., 2013, Zhu and Zhang, 2013, Conrad et al., 2012, Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21, Kaushik et al., 2012, Riddle et al., 2012, Rodriguez et al., 2012, Wilczynski et al., 2012, Kim et al., 2010, Lorbeck et al., 2010, Schnorrer et al., 2010, Wasbrough et al., 2010, Riddle et al., 2008, Baker et al., 2007, Junion et al., 2007, Podemski et al., 2004, Sun et al., 2004)

l(2)2

(Hochman, 1971)

l(2)23

(Hochman, 1971)

l(4)102CDa

l(4)2

(Hochman, 1976, Hochman, 1974)

l(4)21

l(4)23

(Hochman, 1976, Hochman, 1974)

l(4)37

l(4)38

l(4)PT-2

(Hochman, 1963)

projectin

(Spletter and Schnorrer, 2014, Ayme-Southgate et al., 2004)

titin

(White et al., 1999)

Name Synonyms

Bent

(Min et al., 2017, Mossman et al., 2016)

C-protein

(White et al., 1999)

PROJECTIN

(Morrison et al., 2000)

Projectin

(Loreau et al., 2023, Fernandes and Schöck, 2014, Spletter and Schnorrer, 2014, Pantoja et al., 2013, Hudson et al., 2008, Ayme-Southgate et al., 2005, Ayme-Southgate et al., 2005, Jacinto and Baum, 2003, Vogel et al., 2003, Champagne et al., 2000, Ayme-Southgate et al., 1999, Daley et al., 1998, Halaby and Mornon, 1998, Daley et al., 1997, Kulp et al., 1997, Southgate et al., 1997, Johnson and Quiocho, 1996)

Projectin myosin light chain kinase

(Hickson et al., 2006)

bent

(Mukherjee et al., 2020, Hosamani et al., 2016, Zhang et al., 2014, Johnson et al., 2013, Cammarato et al., 2011, Vlachos and Harden, 2011, Lorbeck et al., 2010, Schnorrer et al., 2010, Dietzl et al., 2007, Borghese et al., 2006, Hickson et al., 2006, Manh et al., 2005)

lethal(4) Powell, Tennessee-2

(Hochman, 1963)

myosin LCK

(White et al., 1999)

twitchin

(Ziegler, 1994, Fyrberg et al., 1991, Ayme-Southgate et al., 1990)

Secondary FlyBase IDs

FBgn0000232
FBgn0004518
FBgn0004630
FBgn0005627
FBgn0039921
FBgn0052019

Datasets (0)

Study focus (0)

Experimental Role

Project

Project Type

Title

Study result (0)

Result

Result Type

Title

External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 103 )

Sequence Crossreferences

NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.

43814

GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.

GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.

RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.

UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.

D1YSG0

UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information

Other crossreferences

AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.

D1YSG0

BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis

FBgn0005666

DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species

43814/tissue=All

EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species

FBgn0005666

FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data

FBgn0005666

FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics

FBgn0005666

InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites

KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.

dme:Dmel_CG32019

MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)

43814

Linkouts

BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.

68644

Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones

FBgn0005666

DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.

FBgn0005666

DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens

FBgn0005666

Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank - Monoclonal antibodies for use in research

Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

FBgn0005666

FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel

FBGN0005666

Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns

CG32019

Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut

FBgn0005666

FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.

FBgn0005666

iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)

TC004721

MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

43814

SignaLink - A signaling pathway resource with multi-layered regulatory networks.

D1YSG0

References (200)

The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.

-0.64

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