FlyBase Gene Report: Dmel\GstD2

General Information

Symbol

Dmel\GstD2

Species

D. melanogaster

Name

Glutathione S transferase D2

Annotation Symbol

CG4181

Feature Type

protein_coding_gene

FlyBase ID

FBgn0010038

Gene Model Status

Current

Stock Availability

3 publicly available

Enzyme Name (EC)

Glutathione peroxidase (1.11.1.9)

Glutathione transferase (2.5.1.18)

Gene Summary

Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles (PubMed:22082028). May be involved in detoxification (PubMed:22082028). (UniProt, Q9VG98)

Contribute a Gene Snapshot for this gene.

All Summaries

Alliance
Auto summary
Gene Group
UniProtKB
Interactive Fly

Also Known As

DmGSTD2, gstD21, DmGST21, Gst

Key Links

Genomic Location

Cytogenetic map

87B8-87B8

Sequence location

3R:12,371,971..12,372,704 [+]

Recombination map

3-52

RefSeq locus

NT_033777 REGION:12371971..12372704

Sequence

Get Decorated FASTA

Genomic Maps

JBrowse GBrowse

Help me choose

Other Genome Views

The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.

Function

GO Summary Ribbons

Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (4 terms)

Molecular Function (2 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)

CV Term

Evidence

References

enables glutathione transferase activity

inferred from direct assay

(Saisawang et al., 2012, Sawicki et al., 2003, Tang and Tu, 1994)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

enables glutathione peroxidase activity

traceable author statement

(Singh et al., 2001)

enables glutathione transferase activity

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001679864

(assigned by GO_Central )

(Gaudet et al., 2011)

Biological Process (1 term)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)

CV Term

Evidence

References

involved_in glutathione metabolic process

inferred from direct assay

(Saisawang et al., 2012)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)

CV Term

Evidence

References

involved_in glutathione metabolic process

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001679864

(assigned by GO_Central )

(Gaudet et al., 2011)

Cellular Component (1 term)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)

CV Term

Evidence

References

located_in cytoplasm

inferred from sequence or structural similarity with RGD:70952

(FlyBase Curators, 2008-)

Gene Group (FlyBase)

CYTOSOLIC GLUTATHIONE S-TRANSFERASES

GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASES

Protein Family (UniProt)

Belongs to the GST superfamily. Delta family. (Q9VG98)

Protein Signatures (InterPro)

Catalytic Activity (EC)

Experimental Evidence

RX + glutathione = HX + R-S-glutathione (2.5.1.18)

Predictions / Assertions

2 glutathione + H(2)O(2) = glutathione disulfide + 2 H(2)O (1.11.1.9)

RX + glutathione = HX + R-S-glutathione (2.5.1.18)

Summaries

Gene Group (FlyBase)

CYTOSOLIC GLUTATHIONE S-TRANSFERASES -: Glutathione transferases (glutathione S-transferases, GST) catalyze nucleophilic attack by reduced glutathione on nonpolar compounds that contain an electrophilic carbon, nitrogen, or sulfur atom. At least 14 classes of cytosolic GSTs have been identified in prokaryotes and eukaryotes: Theta, Omega, Sigma and Zeta exist in all eukaryotes. D. melanogaster has two additional classes, Delta and Epsilon. In D. mel, the class is indicated by the letter after the Gst prefix. (Adapted from FBrf0217315 and PMID:15822171).
GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASES -: Glutathione peroxidases are oxidoreductases that effectively reduces hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxides to water and lipid alcohols, respectively, and in turn oxidizes glutathione to glutathione disulfide. (Adapted from PMID:20981034).

Protein Function (UniProtKB)

Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles (PubMed:22082028). May be involved in detoxification (PubMed:22082028).

(UniProt, Q9VG98)

Gene Model and Products

Number of Transcripts

Number of Unique Polypeptides

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\GstD2 for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)

Isoform displayed:

Pfam protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Protein Domains (via SMART)

Isoform displayed:

SMART protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Structure New Section

Protein 3D structure (Predicted by AlphaFold) (AlphaFold entry Q9VG98)

If you don't see the viewer to the right, refresh your browser.

Model Confidence:

Very high (pLDDT > 90)
Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.53

Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene

nuclear_gene

protein_coding_gene

Transcript Data

Annotated Transcripts

Name

FlyBase ID

RefSeq ID

Length (nt)

Assoc. CDS (aa)

GstD2-RA

FBtr0082569

NM_080173

734

215

Additional Transcript Data and Comments

Reported size (kB)

Comments

External Data

Crossreferences

Polypeptide Data

Annotated Polypeptides

Name

FlyBase ID

Predicted MW (kDa)

Length (aa)

Theoretical pI

RefSeq ID

GenBank

GstD2-PA

FBpp0082041

24.5

215

4.97

NP_524912

AAF54787

Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

There is only one protein coding transcript and one polypeptide associated with this gene

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments

Reported size (kDa)

215 (aa)

(Toung et al., 1993)

Comments

External Data

Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Homodimer.

(UniProt, Q9VG98)

Crossreferences

InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites

Linkouts

Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model

Nucleotide / Polypeptide Records

UniProt

Q9VG98

Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\GstD2 using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data

Crossreferences

Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.

GstD2_1

Linkouts

Expression Data

Expression Summary Ribbons

Colored tiles in ribbon indicate that expression data has been curated by FlyBase for that anatomical location. Colorless tiles indicate that there is no curated data for that location.

For complete stage-specific expression data, view the modENCODE Development RNA-Seq section under High-Throughput Expression below.

Transcript Expression

northern blot

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

adult stage

(Toung et al., 1993)

Additional Descriptive Data

GstD2 transcripts are expressed at a low level in adult flies.

(Toung et al., 1993)

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Polypeptide Expression

Additional Descriptive Data

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Evidence

References

Expression Deduced from Reporters

High-Throughput Expression Data

Associated Tools

GBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\GstD2 in GBrowse 2

RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region

View exonic expression by developmental stage for Dmel\GstD2

View exonic expression by tissue for Dmel\GstD2

Bulk Downloads

RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes

Reference

See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.

Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle

Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis

External Data and Images

Linkouts

DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species

48335/tissue=All

EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species

FBgn0010038

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

FBgn0010038

FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data

FBgn0010038

Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut

FBgn0010038

Images

FlyBase Wiki

Image Based Resources

Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations

Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 1 )

For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show

Other relevant insertions

Transgenic Constructs ( 6 )

For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show

Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of GstD2

Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of GstD2

Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 4 )

Inferred from experimentation ( 4 )

Gene disrupted in

(Ryder, 2004.4.26)

(Ryder, 2004.4.26)

(Ryder, 2004.4.26)

(Ryder, 2004.4.26)

Inferred from location ( 0 )

Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants

Phenotypes

For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.

Lethality

Allele

viable

GstD2^f00583

Sterility

Allele

fertile

GstD2^f00583

Phenotype manifest in

Allele

Orthologs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Orthologs

Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0)

Homo sapiens (Human) (19)

Species\Gene Symbol

Score

Best Score

Best Reverse Score

Source

Alignment

Complementation?

Transgene?

Hsap\GSTT2B

3 of 15

Yes

Hsap\GSTT2

3 of 15

Yes

Hsap\GSTT4

3 of 15

Yes

Hsap\GSTT1

2 of 15

Hsap\LOC100652871

2 of 15

Yes

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0)

Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (18)

Species\Gene Symbol

Score

Best Score

Best Reverse Score

Source

Alignment

Complementation?

Transgene?

Mmus\Gstt1

4 of 15

Yes

Mmus\Gstt2

4 of 15

Yes

Mmus\Gstt3

4 of 15

Yes

Mmus\Gstt4

4 of 15

Yes

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (23)

Rnor\Gstt1

4 of 13

Yes

Rnor\Gstt3

4 of 13

Yes

Rnor\Gstt4

4 of 13

Yes

3 of 13

3 of 13

3 of 13

2 of 13

Yes

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

Yes

Rnor\LOC103690044

1 of 13

Rnor\Mars

1 of 13

Rnor\Vars

1 of 13

Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (10)

Xtro\gstt1

3 of 12

Yes

Xtro\gstt1

3 of 12

Yes

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (18)

Drer\gstt1b

4 of 15

Yes

Drer\gstt2

4 of 15

Yes

3 of 15

3 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (7)

Cele\gst-43

2 of 15

Yes

Cele\Y53G8B.1

2 of 15

Yes

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (17)

Atha\GSTF9

4 of 9

Yes

Atha\GSTF10

4 of 9

Yes

Atha\ATGSTF13

3 of 9

Atha\GSTF2

3 of 9

Yes

Atha\GSTF3

3 of 9

Yes

Atha\GSTF4

3 of 9

Yes

Atha\GSTF5

3 of 9

Yes

Atha\GSTF6

3 of 9

Yes

Atha\GSTF7

3 of 9

Yes

Atha\GSTF8

3 of 9

Yes

Atha\GSTF12

3 of 9

Yes

Atha\GSTF14

3 of 9

Atha\GSTF11

2 of 9

Yes

Atha\AT2G47720

1 of 9

Yes

Atha\GSTT1

1 of 9

Atha\GSTT2

1 of 9

Atha\GSTT3

1 of 9

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (6)

Scer\URE2

5 of 15

Yes

2 of 15

2 of 15

2 of 15

2 of 15

1 of 15

Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (2)

Spom\gst1

6 of 12

Yes

Spom\gst2

6 of 12

Yes

Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)

Paralogs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Paralogs

Paralogs (via DIOPT v8.0)

Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (39)

Gene Symbol

Score

Source

Alignment

7 of 10

7 of 10

7 of 10

7 of 10

7 of 10

7 of 10

7 of 10

7 of 10

7 of 10

6 of 10

6 of 10

6 of 10

6 of 10

6 of 10

6 of 10

6 of 10

6 of 10

6 of 10

6 of 10

6 of 10

6 of 10

6 of 10

5 of 10

5 of 10

4 of 10

4 of 10

4 of 10

4 of 10

4 of 10

2 of 10

2 of 10

2 of 10

1 of 10

1 of 10

1 of 10

1 of 10

1 of 10

1 of 10

Human Disease Associations

FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports

Disease Model Summary Ribbon

Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations

Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )

Allele

Disease

Evidence

References

Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )

Human Ortholog

Disease

Evidence

References

Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )

Allele

Disease

Interaction

References

Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0 and OMIM)

Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.

Homo sapiens (Human)

Gene name

Score

OMIM

OMIM Phenotype

DO term

Complementation?

Transgene?

GSTT2B; glutathione S-transferase theta 2B

3 of 15

GSTT2; glutathione S-transferase theta 2 (gene/pseudogene)

3 of 15

600437

GSTT4; glutathione S-transferase theta 4

3 of 15

Functional Complementation Data

Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.

Interactions

Summary of Physical Interactions

esyN Network Diagram

Interactions Browser

View in Interactions Browser

Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details

protein-protein

Physical Interaction

Assay

References

GstD2

x-ray crystallography, molecular sieving, light scattering, molecular weight estimation by staining

(Gonzalez et al., 2018)

GstD2 - GstD1

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

GstD2 - GstD10

two hybrid, experimental knowledge based

(Hu et al., 2017.6.13, Guruharsha et al., 2011)

GstD2 - GstD4

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

GstD2 - GstD5

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

GstD2 - GstD7

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

GstD2 - GstD8

two hybrid

(Hu et al., 2017.6.13)

GstD2 - GstD9

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

GstD2 - Sec10

two hybrid

(Hu et al., 2017.6.13)

Summary of Genetic Interactions

esyN Network Diagram

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

External Data

Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Homodimer.

(UniProt, Q9VG98 )

Linkouts

DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.

FBgn0010038

MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

GstD2

Pathways

Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)

Metabolic Pathways

FlyCyc Pathways - Pathways from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel

KEGG Pathways - Wiring diagrams of molecular interactions, reactions and relations.

External Data

Linkouts

Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data

Chromosome (arm)

Recombination map

3-52

Cytogenetic map

87B8-87B8

Sequence location

3R:12,371,971..12,372,704 [+]

FlyBase Computed Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Evidence for location

87B8-87B8

Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}svp⁰⁷⁸⁴² and P{lacW}Vha55^j2E9

Experimentally Determined Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Notes

References

Experimentally Determined Recombination Data

Location

3-52

(FlyBase, 2016)

3-49.4

(Comeron et al., 2012)

Left of (cM)

Right of (cM)

Notes

Stocks and Reagents

Stocks (3)

Aberrations including deletions of this gene Aberrations including duplications of this gene

Bloomington

18346

w¹¹¹⁸; PBac{WH}GstD2^f00583

77361

y¹ sc^* v¹ sev²¹; P{TRiP.HMS05960}attP40

VDRC

v109123

P{KK115817}VIE-260B

Genomic Clones (19)

Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

cDNA Clones (8)

Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see GBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

cDNA clones, fully sequenced

BDGP DGC clones

Other clones

Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

FBgn0010038

cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)

BDGP DGC clones

Other clones

ESG0111c.B21_G01

RNAi and Array Information

Linkouts

DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens

FBgn0010038

GenomeRNAi - A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents

48335

Antibody Information

Laboratory Generated Antibodies

Commercially Available Antibodies

Other Information

Relationship to Other Genes

Source for database identify of

Source for database merge of

Source for merge of: GstD21 CG4181

(Whitfield, 2000.5.17)

Additional comments

Other Comments

Pentobarbital rapidly induces the expression of GstD2, by activating transcription.

(Tang and Tu, 1995)

Dehydro-chlorinase activity of the protein is determined by biochemical analysis using gas-liquid chromatography to assess the contribution of the isozymes to the DDT-resistant phenotype.

(Tang and Tu, 1994)

Origin and Etymology

Discoverer

Etymology

Identification

External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 36 )

Sequence Crossreferences

NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.

48335

GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.

M97702

GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.

AAF54787

RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.

UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.

Q9VG98

UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information

Q9VG98

Other crossreferences

AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.

Q9VG98

Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones

FBgn0010038

DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species

48335/tissue=All

EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species

FBgn0010038

Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.

GstD2_1

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

FBgn0010038

FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data

FBgn0010038

Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut

FBgn0010038

GenomeRNAi - A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents

48335

InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites

KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.

Dmel_CG4181

MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)

48335

modMine - A data warehouse for the modENCODE project

FBgn0010038

Linkouts

DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.

FBgn0010038

DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens

FBgn0010038

FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel

FBGN0010038

FlyCyc Pathways - Pathways from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel

FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics

FBgn0010038

KEGG Pathways - Wiring diagrams of molecular interactions, reactions and relations.

MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

GstD2

Synonyms and Secondary IDs (22)

Reported As

Symbol Synonym

CG4181

(Yadav et al., 2017, Çiçek et al., 2016, Palu and Thummel, 2016, Choo et al., 2015, Kim et al., 2015, Herranz et al., 2012, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Perkins et al., 2009, Marco et al., 2004, Whitfield, 2000.5.17)

DmGST21

(Zimniak and Benes, 2002.7.15, Chelvanayagam et al., 2001, Ranson et al., 2001, Toung et al., 1993)

DmGSTD2

(Wongtrakul et al., 2012, Alias and Clark, 2007, Sawicki et al., 2003, Zimniak and Benes, 2002.7.15, Chelvanayagam et al., 2001)

GST

(Arking, 1998)

GST D2

(Kasuya et al., 2009)

GST-D2

(Wagner et al., 2009)

GSTD2

(Saisawang and Ketterman, 2014, Tohyama and Yamaguchi, 2010, Li et al., 2008, Alias and Clark, 2007, Low et al., 2007)

Gst

(Ranz et al., 2001, Ranz et al., 2001)

Gst D2

(Chan et al., 2015)

GstD2

(Bonfini et al., 2021, Wang et al., 2021, Zhou et al., 2021, Hope et al., 2020, Nakamura et al., 2020, Olufs et al., 2020, Swanson et al., 2020, Yurkevych et al., 2020, Hu et al., 2019, Li et al., 2019, Maitra et al., 2019, Nash et al., 2019, Prange et al., 2018, Sakakibara et al., 2018, Staats et al., 2018, Hu et al., 2017.6.13, Choo et al., 2015, Kim et al., 2015, Sujkowski et al., 2015, Brown et al., 2014, Chapin et al., 2014, Deng and Kerppola, 2014, Guo et al., 2014, Misra et al., 2013, Awofala et al., 2012, Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21, Stern et al., 2012, Zhou et al., 2012, Gonsalves et al., 2011, Chen et al., 2010, Kong et al., 2010, Graze et al., 2009, List et al., 2009, Roeder et al., 2009, Zhang et al., 2007, King-Jones et al., 2006, Willoughby et al., 2006, Yepiskoposyan et al., 2006)

GstD21

(Landis et al., 2004)

Gstd21

(Kim et al., 2012)

gst

(Chen et al., 2020)

gst D21

(Kim et al., 2012)

gstD2

(Carlson et al., 2022, Belloni et al., 2018, Castillo-Quan et al., 2016, Obata and Miura, 2015)

gstD21

(Akgul and Tu, 2004, Akgul and Tu, 2002, Tang and Tu, 1995, Tang and Tu, 1994, Toung et al., 1993)