FB2021_06, released December 14, 2021

Gene: Dmel\comm

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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\comm
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
commissureless
Annotation Symbol
CG17943
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0010105
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
11 publicly available
Gene Summary
commissureless (comm) product regulates the cell surface localization of Robo axon guidance receptors by intercepting them in the ER/Golgi during exocytosis or removing them from the surface by endocytosis. comm is required for formation of the CNS axon scaffold and synaptogenesis. [Date last reviewed: 2018-09-13] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
71F2-71F2
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-43
RefSeq locus
NT_037436 REGION:15721511..15728430
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
GO Summary Ribbons
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (22 terms)
Molecular Function (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables protein binding
inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:Q9VVI3
(assigned by UniProt )
(Myat et al., 2002)
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:Nedd4; FB:FBgn0259174
(Ing et al., 2007)
enables Roundabout binding
inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:Q9W213
(Georgiou and Tear, 2002)
enables WW domain binding
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:Nedd4; FB:FBgn0259174
(Myat et al., 2002)
inferred from direct assay
(Kanelis et al., 2006)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Biological Process (12 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (10 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in axon guidance
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Hiramoto and Hiromi, 2006, Myat et al., 2002, Kidd et al., 1999)
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:fra; FB:FBgn0011592
(Yang et al., 2009)
involved_in axon midline choice point recognition
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Simionato et al., 2007, Hsouna et al., 2003)
inferred from mutant phenotype
(assigned by UniProt )
(Myat et al., 2002)
involved_in dendrite guidance
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Furrer et al., 2003)
involved_in dendrite morphogenesis
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Mauss et al., 2009)
involved_in Golgi to lysosome transport
inferred from direct assay
(Georgiou and Tear, 2002)
involved_in neuron recognition
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Zlatic et al., 2003)
involved_in positive regulation of receptor internalization
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Myat et al., 2002)
involved_in receptor internalization
inferred from direct assay
(assigned by UniProt )
(Myat et al., 2002)
involved_in regulation of dendrite development
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Brierley et al., 2009)
involved_in synapse assembly
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Ing et al., 2007)
NOT involved_in axon midline choice point recognition
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Keleman et al., 2005)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (6 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in axon guidance
traceable author statement
(Grueber and Jan, 2004, Narayanan and Ramaswami, 2001)
involved_in axon midline choice point recognition
traceable author statement
(Chiba, 1999)
involved_in dendrite morphogenesis
traceable author statement
(Grueber and Jan, 2004)
involved_in endocytosis
traceable author statement
(Narayanan and Ramaswami, 2001)
involved_in nervous system development
traceable author statement
(Hidalgo, 2002)
involved_in synapse assembly
traceable author statement
(Narayanan and Ramaswami, 2001)
Cellular Component (7 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (7 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in endocytic vesicle
inferred from direct assay
(Ing et al., 2007)
located_in Golgi apparatus
inferred from direct assay
(Georgiou and Tear, 2002, Tear et al., 1996)
located_in late endosome membrane
inferred from direct assay
(Georgiou and Tear, 2002)
located_in late endosome
inferred from direct assay
(van den Brink et al., 2013)
located_in lysosomal membrane
inferred from direct assay
(Georgiou and Tear, 2002)
located_in plasma membrane
inferred from direct assay
(assigned by UniProt )
(Myat et al., 2002)
inferred from direct assay
(Ing et al., 2007, Tear et al., 1996)
located_in vesicle
inferred from direct assay
(Myat et al., 2002)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the commissureless family. (Q24139)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
commissureless (comm) product regulates the cell surface localization of Robo axon guidance receptors by intercepting them in the ER/Golgi during exocytosis or removing them from the surface by endocytosis. comm is required for formation of the CNS axon scaffold and synaptogenesis. [Date last reviewed: 2018-09-13]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
COMMISSURELESS -
Comm family proteins are single-pass transmembrane proteins with roles in arthropod embryonic nerve cord development. The prototypic family member, commissureless (comm), acts as an endosome sorting receptor for robo1, directing it to the late endosomal-lysosomal pathway and therefore down-regulating its expression. (Adapted from FBrf0151706, FBrf0151911).
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Controls axon guidance across the CNS midline by preventing the delivery of Robo to the growth cone.
(UniProt, Q24139)
Summary (Interactive Fly)
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
2
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\comm for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Comments on Gene Model

Tissue-specific extension of 3' UTRs observed during later stages (FBrf0218523, FBrf0219848); all variants may not be annotated

Gene model reviewed during 5.45

Gene model reviewed during 5.46

Gene model reviewed during 5.56

Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
nuclear_gene
protein_coding_gene
Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
comm-RA
FBtr0075579
NM_079371
1678
370
comm-RB
FBtr0333023
NM_001274962
2495
370
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)

1.7, 1.0 (northern blot)

(Tear et al., 1996)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
RefSeq ID
GenBank
comm-PA
FBpp0075332
40.3
370
5.04
NP_524095
AAF49584
comm-PB
FBpp0305237
40.3
370
5.04
NP_001261891
AGB94584
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

370 aa isoforms: comm-PA, comm-PB
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)

370 (aa); 40 (kD predicted)

(Tear et al., 1996)
Comments
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Interacts (probably via PY-motifs) with Nedd4 (via WW2 domain) (PubMed:12165468, PubMed:16531238). Interacts with Robo (PubMed:12165468).

(UniProt, Q24139)
Post Translational Modification

Ubiquitinated by Nedd4; which promotes endocytosis of the comm/robo complex and comm proteasomal degradation (PubMed:12165468). Not ubiquitinated by Nedd4 (PubMed:15657595).

(UniProt, Q24139)
Domain

The cytoplasmic domain is required for function in axon guidance.

(UniProt, Q24139)
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\comm using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Expression Summary Ribbons
Colored tiles in ribbon indicate that expression data has been curated by FlyBase for that anatomical location. Colorless tiles indicate that there is no curated data for that location.
For complete stage-specific expression data, view the modENCODE Development RNA-Seq section under High-Throughput Expression below.
Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 4 -- 6
anlage in statu nascendi
(Fisher et al., 2012)
central brain anlage in statu nascendi
(Fisher et al., 2012)
dorsal ectoderm anlage

Comment: anlage in statu nascendi

(Fisher et al., 2012)
ectoderm anlage

Comment: anlage in statu nascendi

(Fisher et al., 2012)
hindgut anlage in statu nascendi
(Fisher et al., 2012)
organism | segmentally repeated
(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral ectoderm anlage

Comment: anlage in statu nascendi

(Fisher et al., 2012)
visual anlage in statu nascendi

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage in statu nascendi

(Fisher et al., 2012)
antennal anlage in statu nascendi

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage in statu nascendi

(Fisher et al., 2012)
dorsal head epidermis anlage in statu nascendi

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage in statu nascendi

(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 5
organism | pair rule expression pattern
(Tear et al., 1996)
embryonic stage 6 -- 10
organism | segment polarity expression pattern
(Tear et al., 1996)
embryonic stage 7 -- 8
antennal anlage

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage

(Fisher et al., 2012)
central brain anlage

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage

(Fisher et al., 2012)
dorsal head epidermis anlage

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage

(Fisher et al., 2012)
visual anlage

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage

(Fisher et al., 2012)
dorsal ectoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
foregut anlage
(Fisher et al., 2012)
organism | segmentally repeated
(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral ectoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral nerve cord primordium

Comment: reported as ventral nerve cord anlage

(Fisher et al., 2012)
mesectoderm anlage | subset
(Kearney et al., 2004)
embryonic stage 9 -- 10
antennal primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
central brain primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
visual primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
dorsal head epidermis primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
lateral head epidermis primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral head epidermis primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
dorsal ectoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
mesectoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
organism | segmentally repeated
(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral ectoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral nerve cord primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 9 -- 12
midline primordium | subset
(Kearney et al., 2004)
embryonic stage 10
epidermis
(Tear et al., 1996)
neuroblast
(Tear et al., 1996)
ganglion mother cell
(Tear et al., 1996)
embryonic stage 10 -- 17
presumptive embryonic/larval central nervous system | presumptive
(Tear et al., 1996)
embryonic stage 11 -- 12
antennal primordium

Comment: reported as procephalon primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
central brain primordium

Comment: reported as procephalon primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
dorsal head epidermis primordium

Comment: reported as procephalon primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
lateral head epidermis primordium

Comment: reported as procephalon primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral head epidermis primordium

Comment: reported as procephalon primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
visual primordium

Comment: reported as procephalon primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
dorsal epidermis primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
midline primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral epidermis primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral nerve cord primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 12
visceral mesoderm
(Tear et al., 1996)
embryonic stage 12 -- 16
ventral midline of embryo | restricted
(Tear et al., 1996)
midline glial cell
(Tear et al., 1996)
embryonic stage 13 -- 15
midline glial cell | subset
(Simionato et al., 2007)
larval ventral nerve cord | restricted
(Simionato et al., 2007)
embryonic stage 13 -- 16
embryonic brain
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic dorsal epidermis
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic head sensory system
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic proventriculus
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic ventral epidermis
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic/larval midgut interstitial cell
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic/larval nervous system
(Fisher et al., 2012)
lateral cord neuron
(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral midline of embryo
(Fisher et al., 2012)
larval ventral nerve cord
(Fisher et al., 2012)
midline glial cell
(Kearney et al., 2004)
embryonic stage 14
EG neuron
(Yang et al., 2009)
symmetrical commissure
(Yang et al., 2009)
Additional Descriptive Data

In stage 14 embryos, comm is expressed in commissural neurons including the EG neurons.

(Yang et al., 2009)

comm expression is strong and dynamic in the embryonic nervous system. At embryonic stage 13, it is detected in neurons close to the midline and in midline glial cells. At stage 14, expression is detected throughout the ventral nerve cord and it is expressed to high levels in lateral neurons. At stage 15, expression has declined drastically in the nerve cord.

(Simionato et al., 2007)

comm expression is first observed during the cellular blastoderm stage in a pattern of six pair-rule stripes. Stripe 3 is initially missing but subsequently appears. By stage 6, the stripes narrow and interstripes appear forming a pattern of 14 stripes which persist until stage 10. At this time expression is seen in two longitudinal stripes located just lateral to the neurogenic region and extending the length of the segmented embryo. A segmentally repeated pattern is also observed in the emerging CNS. comm is expressed in a subset of neuroblasts and in some ganglion mother cells. By stage 12, expression is observed in the midline of the CNS and in the visceral mesoderm. Along the midline, expression becomes restricted to a subset of cells located at the anterior part of each neuromere. There is also transient expression in neurons just lateral to the midline cells including RP1 and RP3. Double labeling experiments show that these cells lie along the path that the first commissural axons take to reach the midline. From their position, they are thought to be the anterior two pairs of midline glia. comm expression ceases in stage 16.

(Tear et al., 1996)

The 1.0kb comm transcripts are less abundant than the 1.7kb transcripts and differ only in the site of polyadenylation.

(Tear et al., 1996)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage
neuron
• axon
(Tear et al., 1996)
larval ventral nerve cord commissure
(Tear et al., 1996)
embryonic stage 5
organism | pair rule expression pattern
(Tear et al., 1996)
embryonic stage 6 -- 10
organism | segment polarity expression pattern
(Tear et al., 1996)
embryonic stage 10
neuroblast
(Tear et al., 1996)
ganglion mother cell
(Tear et al., 1996)
epidermis | striped

Comment: longitudinal stripes

(Tear et al., 1996)
embryonic stage 10 -- 17
presumptive embryonic/larval central nervous system | presumptive
(Tear et al., 1996)
embryonic stage 12 -- 14
midline glial cell | subset
(Simionato et al., 2007)
embryonic stage 12 -- 16
visceral mesoderm
(Tear et al., 1996)
midline glial cell
(Tear et al., 1996)
ventral midline of embryo | restricted
(Tear et al., 1996)
embryonic stage 13 -- 15
larval ventral nerve cord | restricted
(Simionato et al., 2007)
Additional Descriptive Data

comm protein appears to accumulate predominantly within intracellular vesicles with a low level present on the plasma membrane. The comm protein likely cycles from the Golgi to the cell surface where some of it is endocytosed.

(Simionato et al., 2007, Tear et al., 1996)

comm protein is expressed in the same cells that express comm RNA. In addition, it is observed in the first commissural axons that contact comm-expressing midline glia. It is expressed along their axons and not in the neuronal cell bodies. It therefore appears that comm protein is exported from midline cells to decorate commissural axons. In addition to the commissural axons, comm protein staining is observed in vesicles within many neuronal cell bodies throughout the nerve cord. It is thought that this represents internalization of comm protein from the surface of axons following transfer of comm protein from midline glia.

(Tear et al., 1996)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in endocytic vesicle
inferred from direct assay
(Ing et al., 2007)
located_in Golgi apparatus
inferred from direct assay
(Georgiou and Tear, 2002, Tear et al., 1996)
located_in late endosome membrane
inferred from direct assay
(Georgiou and Tear, 2002)
located_in late endosome
inferred from direct assay
(van den Brink et al., 2013)
located_in lysosomal membrane
inferred from direct assay
(Georgiou and Tear, 2002)
located_in plasma membrane
inferred from direct assay
(assigned by UniProt )
(Myat et al., 2002)
inferred from direct assay
(Ing et al., 2007, Tear et al., 1996)
located_in vesicle
inferred from direct assay
(Myat et al., 2002)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

GBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\comm in GBrowse 2
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)
  • Stages(s) 4-6
  • Stages(s) 7-8
  • Stages(s) 9-10
  • Stages(s) 11-12
  • Stages(s) 13-16
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 25 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 59 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of comm
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of comm
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 5 )
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
lethal
lethal | recessive
lethal - all die before end of larval stage
viable, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
viable, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
Other Phenotypes
Allele
abnormal neuroanatomy
abnormal neuroanatomy, with Scer\GAL448Y
abnormal neuroanatomy, with Scer\GAL4ap-md52
abnormal neuroanatomy, with Scer\GAL4eg-Mz360
abnormal neuroanatomy, with Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
abnormal neuroanatomy, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
abnormal neuroanatomy, with Scer\GAL4eve.CQ2
abnormal neuroanatomy, with Scer\GAL4unspecified
abnormal neuroanatomy (with comm1)
abnormal neuroanatomy (with comm5)
abnormal neuroanatomy | cell autonomous
abnormal neuroanatomy | embryonic stage
abnormal neuroanatomy | embryonic stage 16
abnormal neuroanatomy | embryonic stage 16, with Scer\GAL4ap-md544
abnormal neuroanatomy | embryonic stage 16, with Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
abnormal neuroanatomy | embryonic stage, with Scer\GAL415J2
abnormal neuroanatomy | embryonic stage, with Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
abnormal neuroanatomy | embryonic stage, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
abnormal neuroanatomy | recessive
abnormal neuroanatomy | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4VGlut-OK371
abnormal pain response | adult stage, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
some die during larval stage
uncoordinated
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
aCC neuron
adult antennal lobe commissure, with Scer\GAL4SG18.1
antennal lobe glomerulus, with Scer\GAL4SG18.1
axon | cell autonomous
chordotonal organ & embryo & nerve terminal, with Scer\GAL412.1
commissure, with Scer\GAL4ap-md544
commissure | embryonic stage 16
commissure | embryonic stage 16, with Scer\GAL4ap-md544
commissure | embryonic stage 16, with Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
connective
dendrite, with Scer\GAL4eve.CQ2
dendrite | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4VGlut-OK371
dMP2 neuron, with Scer\GAL415J2
embryonic/larval central nervous system, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
embryonic/larval dorsal branch | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4btl.PS
embryonic/larval neuron
embryonic/larval neuron, with Scer\GAL4eg-Mz360
embryonic/larval neuron, with Scer\GAL4sca-537.4
embryonic ventral nerve cord, with Scer\GAL4ap-md52
ganglionic branch primordium
ganglionic branch primordium, with Scer\GAL4btl.PS
giant fiber neuron
larval abdominal segmental nerve
larval abdominal segmental nerve, with Scer\GAL4how-24B
larval anterior commissure
larval anterior commissure, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
larval intersegmental nerve
larval intersegmental nerve, with Scer\GAL4how-24B
larval longitudinal connective
larval longitudinal connective, with Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
larval longitudinal connective, with Scer\GAL4unspecified
larval longitudinal connective | embryonic stage 16
larval longitudinal connective | embryonic stage 16, with Scer\GAL4ap-md544
larval longitudinal connective | embryonic stage 16, with Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
larval longitudinal connective | embryonic stage, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
larval posterior commissure
larval posterior commissure, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
larval ventral nerve cord
larval ventral nerve cord, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
larval ventral nerve cord | embryonic stage, with Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
larval ventral nerve cord commissure
larval ventral nerve cord commissure | embryonic stage
mesothoracic dorsal triscolopidial chordotonal organ dch3, with Scer\GAL448Y
metathoracic dorsal triscolopidial chordotonal organ dch3, with Scer\GAL448Y
midline glial cell
motor neuron, with Scer\GAL4eve.CQ2
motor neuron | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4VGlut-OK371
neuroblast NB3-1 | cell autonomous
neuroblast NB5-6 | cell autonomous
neuropil | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4VGlut-OK371
pCC neuron, with Scer\GAL4sca-537.4
presumptive embryonic/larval central nervous system
presumptive embryonic/larval central nervous system, with Scer\GAL4sca-537.4
presumptive embryonic/larval central nervous system, with Scer\GAL4unspecified
RP2 motor neuron
RP3 motor neuron
symmetrical commissure
symmetrical commissure, with Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
symmetrical commissure, with Scer\GAL4unspecified
symmetrical commissure | embryonic stage
tritocerebral commissure
ventral anastomosis 0
ventral anastomosis 1
ventral anastomosis 2
ventral nerve cord commissure & larval brain | somatic clone
V neuron
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Download All OrthoDB Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0)
Homo sapiens (Human) (0)
No records found.
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0)
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (0)
No records found.
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (0)
No records found.
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (0)
No records found.
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (0)
No records found.
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (0)
No records found.
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
No records found.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
No records found.
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
No records found.
Ortholog(s) in Drosophila Species (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG09190DE9 )
Organism
Common Name
Gene
AAA Syntenic Ortholog
Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
Drosophila simulans
Dsim\GD12538
Drosophila sechellia
Dsec\GM24465
Drosophila erecta
Dere\GG13521
Drosophila yakuba
Dyak\GE19813
Drosophila yakuba
Dyak\GE27469
Drosophila ananassae
Dana\GF10376
Drosophila pseudoobscura pseudoobscura
Dpse\GA14736
Drosophila persimilis
Dper\GL25475
Drosophila willistoni
Dwil\GK20663
Drosophila virilis
Dvir\GJ13957
Drosophila mojavensis
Dmoj\GI13621
Drosophila grimshawi
Dgri\GH14475
Drosophila grimshawi
Dgri\GH10044
Orthologs in non-Drosophila Dipterans (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG091505L4 )
Organism
Common Name
Gene
Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
Musca domestica
House fly
Mdoa\17025263
Glossina morsitans
Tsetse fly
Gmor\GMOY005994
Lucilia cuprina
Australian sheep blowfly
Lcup\FF38_03263
Orthologs in non-Dipteran Insects (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( None identified )
No non-Dipteran orthologies identified
Orthologs in non-Insect Arthropods (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( None identified )
No non-Insect Arthropod orthologies identified
Orthologs in non-Arthropod Metazoa (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( None identified )
No non-Arthropod Metazoa orthologies identified
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v8.0)
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (2)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
Isobase
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
orthoMCL
Panther
RoundUp
Alignment
comm2
1 of 10
comm3
1 of 10
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Model Summary Ribbon
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 3 )
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Functional Complementation Data
    Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
    Interactions
    Summary of Physical Interactions
    esyN Network Diagram
    Show neighbor-neighbor interactions:
    Select Layout:
    Legend:
    Protein
    RNA
    Selected Interactor(s)
    Interactions Browser
    View in Interactions Browser
    Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
    protein-protein
    Physical Interaction
    Assay
    References
    comm
    anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot
    (Georgiou and Tear, 2003)
    comm - Nedd4
    anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, classical fluorescence spectroscopy, predetermined participant, pull down, anti tag western blot, two hybrid, nuclear magnetic resonance, autoradiography
    (Kanelis et al., 2006, Myat et al., 2002)
    comm - robo1
    anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, anti tag western blot
    (Gilestro, 2008, Myat et al., 2002)
    Summary of Genetic Interactions
    esyN Network Diagram
    esyN Network Key:
    Suppression
    Enhancement
    View in Interactions Browser
    Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    comm
    suppressible
    Abl::Hsap\ABL1::Hsap\BCR
    (Hsouna et al., 2003)
    comm
    suppressible
    Abl
    (Hsouna et al., 2003)
    comm
    enhanceable
    elav
    (Simionato et al., 2007)
    comm
    suppressible
    ena
    (Bashaw et al., 2000)
    comm
    suppressible
    hid
    (Bergmann et al., 2002)
    comm
    suppressible
    kuz
    (Coleman et al., 2010)
    comm
    enhanceable
    Nedd4
    (Myat et al., 2002)
    comm
    suppressible
    Nedd4
    (Myat et al., 2002)
    comm
    suppressible
    Ptp10D|Ptp69D
    (Sun et al., 2000)
    comm
    suppressible
    rl
    (Bergmann et al., 2002)
    comm
    suppressible
    robo1::robo2
    (Evans et al., 2015)
    comm
    suppressible
    robo2
    (Evans et al., 2015)
    comm
    suppressible
    Sdc
    (Schulz et al., 2011)
    comm
    enhanceable
    sli
    (Bhat et al., 2007)
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    elav
    suppressible
    comm
    (Simionato et al., 2007)
    elav
    enhanceable
    comm
    (Simionato et al., 2007)
    fra::robo1
    suppressible
    comm
    (Bashaw and Goodman, 1999)
    fra
    suppressible
    comm
    (Yang et al., 2009)
    fra
    enhanceable
    comm
    (Yang et al., 2009)
    fzr
    suppressible
    comm
    (Neuert et al., 2017)
    robo1
    suppressible
    comm
    (Godenschwege et al., 2002)
    robo1
    enhanceable
    comm
    (Simpson et al., 2000)
    robo2
    suppressible
    comm
    (Godenschwege et al., 2002)
    External Data
    Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
    Interacts (probably via PY-motifs) with Nedd4 (via WW2 domain) (PubMed:12165468, PubMed:16531238). Interacts with Robo (PubMed:12165468).
    (UniProt, Q24139 )
    Linkouts
    BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
    DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
    MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
    MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
    Pathways
    Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
    Metabolic Pathways
    External Data
    Linkouts
    Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
    Chromosome (arm)
    3L
    Recombination map
    3-43
    Cytogenetic map
    71F2-71F2
    Sequence location
    FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Evidence for location
    71F2-71F2
    Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}Tfb2EP572 and P{lacW}thj5C8&P{PZ}Mbs03802
    Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Notes
    References
    71E3-71E5
    (determined by in situ hybridisation)
    (Seeger, 1995.7.6)
    Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
    Location

    3-43

    (FlyBase, 2016)

    3-37.7

    (Comeron et al., 2012)
    Left of (cM)
    Right of (cM)
    Notes
    Stocks and Reagents
    Stocks (11)
    Genomic Clones (31)
    cDNA Clones (36)
     

    Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see GBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

    cDNA clones, fully sequenced
    BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
    Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

    For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

    cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
    BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
    RNAi and Array Information
    Linkouts
    DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
    GenomeRNAi - A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents
    Antibody Information
    Laboratory Generated Antibodies
     

    polyclonal

    (Tear et al., 1996)
    Commercially Available Antibodies
     
    Other Information
    Relationship to Other Genes
    Source for database identify of
    Source for database merge of
    Additional comments
    Other Comments

    The absence of elav affects neuronal expression of comm.

    (Simionato et al., 2007)

    dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene tested in RNAi screen for effects on Kc167 and S2R+ cell morphology.

    (Kiger et al., 2003)

    comm acts as a sorting receptor for robo, diverting it from synthetic to the late endocytic pathway. comm seems to be required in the commissural neurons not in midline cells for midline crossing.

    (Keleman et al., 2002)

    The intracellular region of comm is essential for the downregulation of robo. comm redistributes robo away from the cell surface. robo and comm form a stable complex in S2 cells. comm is a specific binding partner and substrate of Nedd4.

    (Myat et al., 2002)

    Two EMS induced alleles were identified in a screen for mutations affecting commissure formation in the CNS of the embryo.

    (Hummel et al., 1999)

    comm downregulates robo expression.

    (Kidd et al., 1998)

    comm controls growth cone guidance across the CNS midline and encodes a novel membrane protein. As commissural growth cones contact and traverse the CNS midline, the comm protein is apparently transferred from midline glia to commissural axons.

    (Tear et al., 1996)

    The comm gene product is required for commissural growth cones to bypass a general repulsive system operating at the midline. In the absence of comm commissural growth cones that are attracted to the midline by other mechanisms are unable to cross and ultimately retract their commissural projections.

    (Seeger et al., 1995)

    The comm gene product plays a role in the attractive signalling system, a component of the mechanism that guides growth cones towards and away from the midline. In mutant embryos the growth cones of commissural neurons do not project across the midline, but extend only on their own side of the central nervous system (CNS).

    (Goodman et al., 1993)

    Mutant alleles show absent commissural axon pathways in the embryonic ventral nerve cord.

    (Seeger et al., 1993)
    Origin and Etymology
    Discoverer
    Etymology
    Identification
    External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 35 )
    Sequence Crossreferences
    NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
    GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
    GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
    RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
    UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
    UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
    Other crossreferences
    BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
    Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
    DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
    EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
    Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
    FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
    FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
    Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
    Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
    GenomeRNAi - A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents
    InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
    KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
    MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
    modMine - A data warehouse for the modENCODE project
    Linkouts
    BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
    DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
    DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
    FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
    FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
    Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
    MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
    MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
    Synonyms and Secondary IDs (6)
    Reported As
    Symbol Synonym
    CG17943
    (Neuert et al., 2017, Hosono et al., 2015, Hadar et al., 2012, Ni et al., 2010.12.1, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Perkins et al., 2009)
    Comm
    (Brown and Evans, 2020, Gorla and Bashaw, 2020, Oliva et al., 2016, Reichert et al., 2016, Brown et al., 2015, Evans and Bashaw, 2012, Schulz et al., 2011, Zhong et al., 2011, Brierley et al., 2009, Jowdy and Seeger, 2008, Chilton, 2006, Kanelis et al., 2006, Murphey and Godenschwege, 2002)
    comm
    (Daiber et al., 2021, Feuillette et al., 2020, Mishra et al., 2020, Meltzer et al., 2019, Mitchell, 2018, Bhat, 2017, Bonneaud et al., 2017, Neuert et al., 2017, Evans, 2016, Evans et al., 2015, Gene Disruption Project members, 2015-, Kok et al., 2015, Neuhaus-Follini and Bashaw, 2015, Long et al., 2014, Wolfram et al., 2014, Combs and Eisen, 2013, van den Brink et al., 2013, Hadar et al., 2012, Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21, Smibert et al., 2012, Venken et al., 2011, Venken et al., 2011, Buffin and Gho, 2010, Coleman et al., 2010, Evans et al., 2010, Mauss et al., 2009, Southall and Brand, 2009, Yang et al., 2009, Zlatic et al., 2009, Gilestro, 2008, Ou et al., 2008, Bhat et al., 2007, Chen et al., 2007, Furrer et al., 2007, Ing et al., 2007, Magalhaes et al., 2007, Simionato et al., 2007, Hiramoto and Hiromi, 2006, Keleman et al., 2005, Furrer et al., 2003, Hsouna et al., 2003, Couch and Condron, 2002, Murphey and Godenschwege, 2002, Myat et al., 2002)
    Name Synonyms
    Commissureless
    (Jowdy and Seeger, 2008, Furrer et al., 2007, Ing et al., 2007, Chilton, 2006, Murphey and Godenschwege, 2002)
    Commisureless
    (Brierley et al., 2009)
    commissureless
    (Mitchell, 2018, Evans, 2016, Neuhaus-Follini and Bashaw, 2015, Shen et al., 2013, Zhong et al., 2011, Buffin and Gho, 2010, Coleman et al., 2010, Mauss et al., 2009, Yang et al., 2009, Andrews and Kidd, 2008, Gilestro, 2008, Simionato et al., 2007, Hiramoto and Hiromi, 2006, Keleman et al., 2005, Furrer et al., 2003)
    Secondary FlyBase IDs
      Datasets (0)
      Study focus (0)
      Experimental Role
      Project
      Project Type
      Title
      References (217)