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FB2021_04, released August 17, 2021

Gene: Dmel\hig

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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\hig
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
hikaru genki
Annotation Symbol
CG2040
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0010114
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
9 publicly available
Gene Summary
hikaru genki (hig) encodes a secretory matrix protein localized to the synaptic clefts of cholinergic synapses. It is required for the accumulation of acetylcholine receptor subunits on the postsynaptic membranes. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

CT6282

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
45B7-45B8
Sequence location
2R:9,227,785..9,247,249 [-]
Recombination map
2-60
RefSeq locus
NT_033778 REGION:9227785..9247249
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
GO Summary Ribbons
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (2 terms)
Molecular Function (0 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Biological Process (1 term)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in synaptic target recognition
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Kurusu et al., 2008)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Cellular Component (1 term)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in synaptic cleft
inferred from direct assay
(Nakayama et al., 2014)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
hikaru genki (hig) encodes a secretory matrix protein localized to the synaptic clefts of cholinergic synapses. It is required for the accumulation of acetylcholine receptor subunits on the postsynaptic membranes. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07]
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Plays a role in the formation of functional neural circuits from the early stages of synapse formation. Has a role in the development of CNS functions involved in locomotor activity.
(UniProt, Q09101)
Summary (Interactive Fly)

synaptic protein - IG superfamily - required at during pupariation for the formation of normal neural circuitry - exhibits segregated distribution within synaptic clefts and plays a distinct roles in synaptogenesis - localizes to cholinergic synaptic clefts and regulates postsynaptic organization in the Drosophila brain.

Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
4
Number of Unique Polypeptides
4

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\hig for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.48

Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
gene_with_edited_transcript
(Rodriguez et al., 2012, Graveley et al., 2011)
nuclear_gene
protein_coding_gene
Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
hig-RA
FBtr0088607
NM_165667
4026
958
hig-RB
FBtr0088606
NM_165666
3951
933
hig-RC
FBtr0088608
NM_080371
4257
866
hig-RD
FBtr0100119
NM_001014514
4332
891
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)

4.5 (northern blot)

(Hoshino et al., 1993)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
RefSeq ID
GenBank
hig-PA
FBpp0087688
107.0
958
7.75
NP_724773
AAF58960
hig-PB
FBpp0087687
104.2
933
7.39
NP_724772
AAG22296
hig-PC
FBpp0087689
96.7
866
7.52
NP_525110
AAG22297
hig-PD
FBpp0100157
99.6
891
7.89
NP_001014514
AAS64892
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

None of the polypeptides share 100% sequence identity.

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)

891 (aa)

(Hoshino et al., 1993)
Comments

One of several protein products generated by alternative splicing.

(FlyBase, 1992-)
External Data
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\hig using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Expression Summary Ribbons
Colored tiles in ribbon indicate that expression data has been curated by FlyBase for that anatomical location. Colorless tiles indicate that there is no curated data for that location.
For complete stage-specific expression data, view the modENCODE Development RNA-Seq section under High-Throughput Expression below.
Transcript Expression
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
pupal stage P6 -- pharate adult stage P9
gnathal ganglion | restricted

Comment: 24-72 APF

(Nakayama et al., 2016)
pupal stage P7 -- pharate adult stage P9
mushroom body calyx | restricted

Comment: 42-72 hpf

(Nakayama et al., 2016)
adult stage
cholinergic neuron | subset of adult brain
(Nakayama et al., 2014)
cholinergic neuron | subset of adult brain
(Nakayama et al., 2014)
glutamatergic neuron | subset of adult brain
(Nakayama et al., 2014)
cholinergic neuron | subset of adult brain
• synapse
(Nakayama et al., 2016)
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult head
(Aradska et al., 2015)
Additional Descriptive Data

hig-protein localizes at synaptic clefts of cholinergic neurons in the adult brain.

(Nakayama et al., 2016)

hig-protein labels the cell bodies of cholinergic neurons and a subset of glutamatergic neurons. But the protein is mainly localized in the synaptic cleft of cholinergic neurons next to the presynaptic active-zone marker brp and juxtaposed with the postsynaptic marker nAChRα7.

(Nakayama et al., 2014)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in synaptic cleft
inferred from direct assay
(Nakayama et al., 2014)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

GBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\hig in GBrowse 2
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)
  • Stages(s) 4-6
  • Stages(s) 13-16
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 11 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 9 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of hig
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of hig
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 0 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 0 )
Inferred from location ( 0 )
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Download All OrthoDB Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0)
Homo sapiens (Human) (5)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
Isobase
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
RoundUp
TreeFam
ZFIN
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Hsap\APOH
1 of 15
Yes
Yes
Hsap\SELE
1 of 15
Yes
Yes
Hsap\SELL
1 of 15
Yes
Yes
Hsap\SELP
1 of 15
Yes
No
Hsap\SVEP1
1 of 15
Yes
No
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0)
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (5)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
Isobase
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
RoundUp
TreeFam
ZFIN
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Mmus\Apoh
1 of 15
Yes
Yes
Mmus\Sele
1 of 15
Yes
Yes
Mmus\Sell
1 of 15
Yes
Yes
Mmus\Selp
1 of 15
Yes
Yes
Mmus\Svep1
1 of 15
Yes
No
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (4)
Rnor\Sele
1 of 13
Yes
Yes
Rnor\Sell
1 of 13
Yes
Yes
Rnor\Selp
1 of 13
Yes
Yes
Rnor\Svep1
1 of 13
Yes
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (2)
Xtro\selp
1 of 12
Yes
Yes
Xtro\svep1
1 of 12
Yes
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (3)
Drer\sele
1 of 15
Yes
Yes
Drer\selp
1 of 15
Yes
No
Drer\svep1
1 of 15
Yes
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (1)
Cele\lev-9
2 of 15
Yes
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
No records found.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
No records found.
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
No records found.
Ortholog(s) in Drosophila Species (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG091902XJ )
Organism
Common Name
Gene
AAA Syntenic Ortholog
Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
Drosophila suzukii
Spotted wing Drosophila
Dsuz\DS10_00003334
Drosophila simulans
Dsim\GD10090
Drosophila sechellia
Dsec\GM20616
Drosophila erecta
Dere\GG10570
Drosophila yakuba
Dyak\GE22434
Drosophila ananassae
Dana\GF13090
Drosophila pseudoobscura pseudoobscura
Dpse\GA15198
Drosophila persimilis
Dper\GL16901
Drosophila willistoni
Dwil\GK17970
Drosophila virilis
Dvir\GJ20277
Drosophila mojavensis
Dmoj\GI19207
Drosophila grimshawi
Dgri\GH20029
Orthologs in non-Drosophila Dipterans (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG0915017E )
Organism
Common Name
Gene
Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
Musca domestica
House fly
Mdoa\17021037
Glossina morsitans
Tsetse fly
Gmor\GMOY008543
Lucilia cuprina
Australian sheep blowfly
Lcup\FF38_13963
Mayetiola destructor
Hessian fly
Mdes\Mdes000666
Aedes aegypti
Yellow fever mosquito
Aaeg\AAEL004725
Anopheles gambiae
Malaria mosquito
Agam\AGAP008538
Culex quinquefasciatus
Southern house mosquito
Cqui\CPIJ008865
Culex quinquefasciatus
Southern house mosquito
Cqui\CPIJ008866
Orthologs in non-Dipteran Insects (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG090W07FT )
Organism
Common Name
Gene
Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
Bombyx mori
Silkmoth
Bmor\BGIBMGA000593
Danaus plexippus
Monarch butterfly
Dple\DPOGS207164-PA
Heliconius melpomene
Postman butterfly
Hmel\HMEL009252
Apis florea
Little honeybee
Aflo\2300730500
Apis mellifera
Western honey bee
Amel\GB45810
Bombus impatiens
Common eastern bumble bee
Bimp\BIMP23096
Bombus terrestris
Buff-tailed bumblebee
Bter\15213995
Linepithema humile
Argentine ant
Lhum\LH19289
Megachile rotundata
Alfalfa leafcutting bee
Mrot\MROTU:002c55
Nasonia vitripennis
Parasitic wasp
Nvit\Nasvi2EG007106
Dendroctonus ponderosae
Mountain pine beetle
Dpod\YQE_09816
Tribolium castaneum
Red flour beetle
Tcas\TC003245
Pediculus humanus
Human body louse
Phum\PHUM581680
Rhodnius prolixus
Kissing bug
Rpro\RPRC007782
Cimex lectularius
Bed bug
Clec\CLEC008894
Cimex lectularius
Bed bug
Clec\CLEC008896
Acyrthosiphon pisum
Pea aphid
Apim\ACYPI54553
Zootermopsis nevadensis
Nevada dampwood termite
Znev\Znev_03194
Orthologs in non-Insect Arthropods (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG090X07AV )
Organism
Common Name
Gene
Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
Strigamia maritima
European centipede
Smar\SMAR013966
Ixodes scapularis
Black-legged tick
Isca\ISCW004698
Ixodes scapularis
Black-legged tick
Isca\ISCW004162
Stegodyphus mimosarum
African social velvet spider
Smim\KFM72810.1
Stegodyphus mimosarum
African social velvet spider
Smim\KFM61140.1
Stegodyphus mimosarum
African social velvet spider
Smim\KFM72809.1
Tetranychus urticae
Two-spotted spider mite
Turt\tetur03g09170
Tetranychus urticae
Two-spotted spider mite
Turt\tetur03g09180
Daphnia pulex
Water flea
Dpux\DAPPUDRAFT_65279
Orthologs in non-Arthropod Metazoa (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG091G0B9J )
Organism
Common Name
Gene
Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
Purple sea urchin
Spur\Sp-Hypp_1397
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
Purple sea urchin
Spur\Sp-Hypp_1085
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
Purple sea urchin
Spur\SPU_023983gn
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
Purple sea urchin
Spur\Sp-SelpL_4
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
Purple sea urchin
Spur\SPU_015461gn
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v8.0)
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (3)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
Isobase
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
orthoMCL
Panther
RoundUp
Alignment
Hasp
2 of 10
CG9095
1 of 10
fw
1 of 10
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Model Summary Ribbon
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    higUAS.Tag:HA
    ameliorates  autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia 21
    modeled by yataKE2.1
    (Sone et al., 2009)
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Functional Complementation Data
    Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
    Interactions
    Summary of Physical Interactions
    esyN Network Diagram
    Show neighbor-neighbor interactions:
    Select Layout:
    Legend:
    Protein
    RNA
    Selected Interactor(s)
    Interactions Browser
    View in Interactions Browser
    Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
    protein-protein
    Physical Interaction
    Assay
    References
    hig - Hasp
    anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
    (Nakayama et al., 2016)
    hig - nAChRα6
    anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
    (Nakayama et al., 2016)
    hig - nAChRα7
    anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, western blot
    (Nakayama et al., 2016)
    hig - side-VI
    enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
    (Ozkan et al., 2013)
    Summary of Genetic Interactions
    esyN Network Diagram
    esyN Network Key:
    Suppression
    Enhancement
    View in Interactions Browser
    Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    yata
    suppressible
    hig
    (Sone et al., 2009)
    External Data
    Linkouts
    BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
    DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
    MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
    Pathways
    Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
    Metabolic Pathways
    External Data
    Linkouts
    Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
    Chromosome (arm)
    2R
    Recombination map
    2-60
    Cytogenetic map
    45B7-45B8
    Sequence location
    2R:9,227,785..9,247,249 [-]
    FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Evidence for location
    45B7-45B8
    Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}CG8788k04512&P{lacW}l(2)k13412k13412 and P{PZ}Pkn06736
    Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Notes
    References
    45C-45C
    (determined by in situ hybridisation)
    (Hoshino et al., 1993)
    Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
    Location

    2-60

    (FlyBase, 2016)

    2-58.3

    (Comeron et al., 2012)
    Left of (cM)
    Right of (cM)
    Notes
    Stocks and Reagents
    Stocks (9)
    Genomic Clones (27)
    cDNA Clones (56)
     

    Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see GBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

    cDNA clones, fully sequenced
    BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
    Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

    For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

    cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
    BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
    RNAi and Array Information
    Linkouts
    DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
    GenomeRNAi - A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents
    Antibody Information
    Laboratory Generated Antibodies
     

    polyclonal

    (Nakayama et al., 2014)
    Commercially Available Antibodies
     
    Other Information
    Relationship to Other Genes
    Source for database identify of
    Source for database merge of
    Additional comments
    Other Comments

    Phenotypic analysis suggests that hig plays a crucial role in the formation of functional neural circuitry.

    (Hoshino et al., 1996)

    hig has a role in the development of CNS functions involved in locomotor activity. The mutant phenotype includes abnormal locomotor behaviour.

    (Hoshino et al., 1993)
    Origin and Etymology
    Discoverer
    Etymology
    Identification
    External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 73 )
    Sequence Crossreferences
    NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
    GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
    GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
    RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
    UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
    Other crossreferences
    BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
    Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
    DRscDB
    EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas
    Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
    Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
    Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
    GenomeRNAi - A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents
    iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
    InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
    KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
    MARRVEL_MODEL
    modMine - A data warehouse for the modENCODE project
    Linkouts
    BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
    DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
    DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
    FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
    FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
    FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
    Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
    MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
    Synonyms and Secondary IDs (6)
    Datasets (0)
    Study focus (0)
    Experimental Role
    Project
    Project Type
    Title
    References (81)