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Gene Dmel\Parp

General Information
Symbol	Dmel\Parp	Species	D. melanogaster
Name	Poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase	Annotation symbol	CG40411
Feature type	protein_coding_gene	FlyBase ID	FBgn0010247
Gene Model Status	Current	Stock availability	3 publicly available
Also Known As	PARP-1, CG17696
Genomic Location
Chromosome (arm)	3RHet	Recombination map	3-
Cytogenetic map	81F-81F	Sequence location	3RHet:1,935,205..2,026,815 [+]
Genomic Maps Select View:Gene Models/EvidenceExpression/RegulationMegaViewGene Disruptions, Stocks and Reagents modENCODE GBrowse	Decorated FastA GenBankGFF Gene region Extended Gene region CDSIntronsExonsTranslationsTranscripts3' UTR5' UTR
Summary Information
Automatically generated summary See sections below for more information	The gene Poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase is referred to in FlyBase by the symbol Dmel\Parp (CG40411, FBgn0010247). It is a protein_coding_gene from Drosophila melanogaster. There is experimental evidence that it has the molecular function: histone binding; NAD+ ADP-ribosyltransferase activity. There is experimental evidence that it is involved in the biological process: innate immune response; nucleolus organization; heat shock-mediated polytene chromosome puffing; protein ADP-ribosylation; positive regulation of antibacterial peptide biosynthetic process; maintenance of protein location in nucleus; regulation of RNA splicing. 24 alleles are reported. The phenotypes of these alleles are annotated with: external compound sense organ; organ system subdivision; organelle; peripheral nervous system; nucleus; nervous system; imaginal precursor; intracellular organelle part; nuclear part; polytene chromosome chromocenter; primordium; cephalopharyngeal skeleton. It has 2 annotated transcripts and 2 annotated polypeptides. Protein features are: BRCT; NAD+ ADP-ribosyltransferase; PADR1; Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, catalytic domain; Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, regulatory domain; WGR domain; Zinc finger, PARP-type. Summary of modENCODE Temporal Expression Profile: Temporal profile ranges from a peak of moderately high expression to a trough of low expression. Peak expression observed within 00-06 hour embryonic stages, in adult female stages. Summary of FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data: No FlyAtlas data available because no Affy2 ProbeSet aligns to an exon of Parp. Comments on Affy2 ProbeSet: No relevant information because no Affy2 ProbeSet aligns to an exon of Parp. Gene sequence location is 3RHet:1935205..2026815.
External Summaries
Recent Updates
Description	What does this section display? This section contains items that were added to this record for each release. It currently only tracks new links between this FlyBase report and other FlyBase data classes (e.g. genes, references, stocks) or controlled vocabulary terms (e.g. GO, anatomy terms). What does this section not display? This section does not currently display links that were removed or gene model changes.
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FB2011_10	Transgenic Constructs P{GD9445}
FB2012_01	Sequence features HFA07778 HFA07780 HFA07725 BKN40099 References Singh et al., 2011, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 253(1): 14--30
All updates	Click here to see a list of all updates to this record from FB2010_08 and on.
Detailed Mapping Data
FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map Evidence for location 81F-81F   Left limit from in situ hybridisation (FBrf0102327) Right limit from in situ hybridisation (FBrf0102327)
Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map Notes References 81F-81F   (determined by in situ hybridisation)   (Hanai et al., 1998) 81F-81F   Cytology confirmed by PCR. (determined by in situ hybridisation)   (Hanai, 2001.1.11)
Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
Location	3- (Miwa et al., 1995)
Left of (cM)
Right of (cM)
Notes
Gene Model & Products
Please see the GBrowse view of Dmel\Parp for information on other features To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form
Comments on Gene Model
	Gene model reviewed during 5.40
Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name FlyBase ID RefSeq ID Length (nt) Associated CDS (aa) Parp-RB FBtr0113885  NM_001110982   3113   994 Parp-RC FBtr0113887  NM_001015396   2543   804
Additional Transcript Data & Comments
Reported size (kB)	3.2 (northern blot) (Hanai et al., 1998, Uchida et al., 1993)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name FlyBase ID Predicted MW (kDa) Length (aa) Theoretical pI RefSeq ID GenBank protein Parp-PB   FBpp0112608   113.8   994   8.76     NP_001104452   EDP28045 Parp-PC   FBpp0112610   92.3   804   8.47     NP_001015396   EAA46046
Additional Polypeptide Data & Comments
Reported size (kDa)	994 (aa); 113 (kD) (Uchida et al., 1993) 994 (aa) (Hanai et al., 1998)
Comments	A smaller Parp protein which is generated from an alternatively spliced mRNA lacks the auto-modification domain. (Hanai et al., 1998) Authors postulate that the Parp protein is inactive as a monomer. Parp protein may dimerize through the leucine repeats to make the active form or may form heterodimers with and polyADP-ribosylate other leucine zipper proteins. (Uchida et al., 1993)
External Data
Linkouts
Crossreferences	InterPro domains - A database of protein families, domains, and functional sites • BRCT (IPR001357) Zinc finger, PARP-type (IPR001510) Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, regulatory domain (IPR004102) NAD+ ADP-ribosyltransferase (IPR008288) WGR domain (IPR008893) Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, catalytic domain (IPR012317) PADR1 (IPR012982)
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank	DNA sequence Protein sequence Name AA141358   AA141420   AA141797   AA202300   AA203076   AA246623   AA263755   AA438938   AA441562   AA567428   AA698589   AA735646   AA803347   AA816681   AA821039   AA949247   AA951024   AABU01002763 EAA46046   AF051544 AAC24518   AF051545 AAC24518   AF051546 AAC24518   AF051547 AAC24518   AF051548 AAC24518   AF533701   AF533702   AI064465   AI455188   AI542377   AI542378   AI945545   AY071161   AY089684   AY118947   BF496042   BG632571   BG632727   BG637569   BI165113   BI170112   BI237508   BI358603   BI362528   BI362587   BI365553   BI370303   BI581663   BI581820   BI581821   BI605028   BI614368   BI625330   BI632581   BI635695   BI638603   BT015238   BT022982   BT023082   BT032649   CK132656   CK132874   CK135053   CO153428   CO155816   CO178847   CO180997   CO185422   CO269321   CO269969   CO271959   CO276122   CO278634   CO279485   CO281433   CO282683   CO293692   CO295533   CO298644   CO300545   CO306158   CO311500   CO315467   CO322998   CO329347   CO332292   CO334012   CO338291   CO341146   CO343379   CO345052   D13806   EC058535   EC061463   EC064663   EC064917   EC068474   EC068640   EC075212   EC075897   EC082567   EC090810   EC205271   EC208659   EC220505   EC227770   EC227994   EC232766   EC235082   EC235769   EC241708   EC243143   EC246289   EC249690   EC250382   CM000459 EDP28045   EV579828   GH943510   GH944413   GH946491   GH946643   GH947302   GH948109   GH948548   GH948830   GH950022   GH950806   GH954281   GH956141   GH957159   GH960107   GH961820   GH963955   GH964620   GH965151   GH965212   GH965221   GH965284   GH966023   GH966159   GH967866   GH968882   GH969935   GH972301   GH975306   GH975752   GH976121   GH976692   GH978050   GH979044   GH979877   GH980080   GH980199   GH984383
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot	P35875
UniProtKB/TrEMBL
Mapped Features
Mapped Features have been reorganized, please see this article for details. Additional mapped features and mutations can be found on GBrowse or related reports. Type Symbol & Location Additional Notes References
External Data
Linkouts
Crossreferences
Expression Data
Transcript Expression
northern blot Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference embryonic stage   organism | ubiquitous   (Hanai et al., 1998) embryonic stage & pupal stage & adult stage     (Hanai et al., 1998) embryonic stage 14 -- 15   presumptive embryonic/larval central nervous system | vicinity of   (Hanai et al., 1998) embryonic stage 16   anal plate   (Hanai et al., 1998) adult stage & oogenesis stage S10   nurse cell   (Hanai et al., 1998) adult stageoogenesis stage S11 -- S12   oocyte   (Hanai et al., 1998)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Notes
Polypeptide Expression
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Notes
High-Throughput Expression Data
or
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2010.10.13 for analysis details and data files for all genes. modENCODE Temporal Expression Data for FBgn0010247    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales max expr for FBgn0010247 Very low expression bin max Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max Summary of modENCODE Temporal Expression Profile: Temporal profile ranges from a peak of moderately high expression to a trough of low expression. Peak expression observed within 00-06 hour embryonic stages, in adult female stages. [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No expression (0 - 0)   Extremely low expression (1 - 10)   Very low expression (11 - 100)   Low expression (101 - 400)   Moderate expression (401 - 1400)   Moderately high expression (1401 - 4000)   High expression (4001 - 10000)   Very high expression (10001 - 100000)   Extremely high expression (100001 - 2000000) Linear, scaled to maximum FBgn0010247 expression level Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    1443 embryo 02-04hr    2385 embryo 04-06hr    3586 embryo 06-08hr    816 embryo 08-10hr    816 embryo 10-12hr    386 embryo 12-14hr    1034 embryo 14-16hr    238 embryo 16-18hr    642 embryo 18-20hr    212 embryo 20-22hr    861 embryo 22-24hr    1157 larva L1    106 larva L2    218 larva L3 12hr old    126 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    207 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    361 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    753 white prepupae new    869 white prepupae 12hr    708 white prepupae 24hr    793 pupae 2d postWPP    745 pupae 3d postWPP    450 pupae 4d postWPP    114 adult male 01day    323 adult male 05day    270 adult male 30day    176 adult female 01day    292 adult female 05day    1560 adult female 30day    937 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to Very low expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr  (1443) embryo 02-04hr  (2385) embryo 04-06hr  (3586) embryo 06-08hr  (816) embryo 08-10hr  (816) embryo 10-12hr  (386) embryo 12-14hr  (1034) embryo 14-16hr  (238) embryo 16-18hr  (642) embryo 18-20hr  (212) embryo 20-22hr  (861) embryo 22-24hr  (1157) larva L1  106 larva L2  (218) larva L3 12hr old  (126) larva L3 puffstage 1-2  (207) larva L3 puffstage 3-6  (361) larva L3 puffstage 7-9  (753) white prepupae new  (869) white prepupae 12hr  (708) white prepupae 24hr  (793) pupae 2d postWPP  (745) pupae 3d postWPP  (450) pupae 4d postWPP  (114) adult male 01day  (323) adult male 05day  (270) adult male 30day  (176) adult female 01day  (292) adult female 05day  (1560) adult female 30day  (937) Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr  1443 embryo 02-04hr  (2385) embryo 04-06hr  (3586) embryo 06-08hr    816 embryo 08-10hr    816 embryo 10-12hr    386 embryo 12-14hr    1034 embryo 14-16hr    238 embryo 16-18hr    642 embryo 18-20hr    212 embryo 20-22hr    861 embryo 22-24hr    1157 larva L1    106 larva L2    218 larva L3 12hr old    126 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    207 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    361 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    753 white prepupae new    869 white prepupae 12hr    708 white prepupae 24hr    793 pupae 2d postWPP    745 pupae 3d postWPP    450 pupae 4d postWPP    114 adult male 01day    323 adult male 05day    270 adult male 30day    176 adult female 01day    292 adult female 05day  (1560) adult female 30day    937 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    1443 embryo 02-04hr    2385 embryo 04-06hr    3586 embryo 06-08hr    816 embryo 08-10hr    816 embryo 10-12hr    386 embryo 12-14hr    1034 embryo 14-16hr    238 embryo 16-18hr    642 embryo 18-20hr    212 embryo 20-22hr    861 embryo 22-24hr    1157 larva L1    106 larva L2    218 larva L3 12hr old    126 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    207 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    361 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    753 white prepupae new    869 white prepupae 12hr    708 white prepupae 24hr    793 pupae 2d postWPP    745 pupae 3d postWPP    450 pupae 4d postWPP    114 adult male 01day    323 adult male 05day    270 adult male 30day    176 adult female 01day    292 adult female 05day    1560 adult female 30day    937 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    1443 embryo 02-04hr    2385 embryo 04-06hr    3586 embryo 06-08hr    816 embryo 08-10hr    816 embryo 10-12hr    386 embryo 12-14hr    1034 embryo 14-16hr    238 embryo 16-18hr    642 embryo 18-20hr    212 embryo 20-22hr    861 embryo 22-24hr    1157 larva L1    106 larva L2    218 larva L3 12hr old    126 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    207 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    361 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    753 white prepupae new    869 white prepupae 12hr    708 white prepupae 24hr    793 pupae 2d postWPP    745 pupae 3d postWPP    450 pupae 4d postWPP    114 adult male 01day    323 adult male 05day    270 adult male 30day    176 adult female 01day    292 adult female 05day    1560 adult female 30day    937 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum FBgn0010247 expression level Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    1443 embryo 02-04hr    2385 embryo 04-06hr    3586 embryo 06-08hr    816 embryo 08-10hr    816 embryo 10-12hr    386 embryo 12-14hr    1034 embryo 14-16hr    238 embryo 16-18hr    642 embryo 18-20hr    212 embryo 20-22hr    861 embryo 22-24hr    1157 larva L1    106 larva L2    218 larva L3 12hr old    126 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    207 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    361 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    753 white prepupae new    869 white prepupae 12hr    708 white prepupae 24hr    793 pupae 2d postWPP    745 pupae 3d postWPP    450 pupae 4d postWPP    114 adult male 01day    323 adult male 05day    270 adult male 30day    176 adult female 01day    292 adult female 05day    1560 adult female 30day    937 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High  log, scaled to Very low expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr  (1443) embryo 02-04hr  (2385) embryo 04-06hr  (3586) embryo 06-08hr  (816) embryo 08-10hr  (816) embryo 10-12hr  (386) embryo 12-14hr  (1034) embryo 14-16hr  (238) embryo 16-18hr  (642) embryo 18-20hr  (212) embryo 20-22hr  (861) embryo 22-24hr  (1157) larva L1  106 larva L2  (218) larva L3 12hr old  126 larva L3 puffstage 1-2  (207) larva L3 puffstage 3-6  (361) larva L3 puffstage 7-9  (753) white prepupae new  (869) white prepupae 12hr  (708) white prepupae 24hr  (793) pupae 2d postWPP  (745) pupae 3d postWPP  (450) pupae 4d postWPP  114 adult male 01day  (323) adult male 05day  (270) adult male 30day  (176) adult female 01day  (292) adult female 05day  (1560) adult female 30day  (937) Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low  log, scaled to Moderate expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr  1443 embryo 02-04hr  2385 embryo 04-06hr  (3586) embryo 06-08hr    816 embryo 08-10hr    816 embryo 10-12hr    386 embryo 12-14hr    1034 embryo 14-16hr    238 embryo 16-18hr    642 embryo 18-20hr    212 embryo 20-22hr    861 embryo 22-24hr    1157 larva L1    106 larva L2    218 larva L3 12hr old    126 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    207 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    361 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    753 white prepupae new    869 white prepupae 12hr    708 white prepupae 24hr    793 pupae 2d postWPP    745 pupae 3d postWPP    450 pupae 4d postWPP    114 adult male 01day    323 adult male 05day    270 adult male 30day    176 adult female 01day    292 adult female 05day  1560 adult female 30day    937 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    1443 embryo 02-04hr    2385 embryo 04-06hr    3586 embryo 06-08hr    816 embryo 08-10hr    816 embryo 10-12hr    386 embryo 12-14hr    1034 embryo 14-16hr    238 embryo 16-18hr    642 embryo 18-20hr    212 embryo 20-22hr    861 embryo 22-24hr    1157 larva L1    106 larva L2    218 larva L3 12hr old    126 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    207 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    361 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    753 white prepupae new    869 white prepupae 12hr    708 white prepupae 24hr    793 pupae 2d postWPP    745 pupae 3d postWPP    450 pupae 4d postWPP    114 adult male 01day    323 adult male 05day    270 adult male 30day    176 adult female 01day    292 adult female 05day    1560 adult female 30day    937 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    1443 embryo 02-04hr    2385 embryo 04-06hr    3586 embryo 06-08hr    816 embryo 08-10hr    816 embryo 10-12hr    386 embryo 12-14hr    1034 embryo 14-16hr    238 embryo 16-18hr    642 embryo 18-20hr    212 embryo 20-22hr    861 embryo 22-24hr    1157 larva L1    106 larva L2    218 larva L3 12hr old    126 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    207 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    361 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    753 white prepupae new    869 white prepupae 12hr    708 white prepupae 24hr    793 pupae 2d postWPP    745 pupae 3d postWPP    450 pupae 4d postWPP    114 adult male 01day    323 adult male 05day    270 adult male 30day    176 adult female 01day    292 adult female 05day    1560 adult female 30day    937 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr     embryo 02-04hr     embryo 04-06hr     embryo 06-08hr     embryo 08-10hr     embryo 10-12hr     embryo 12-14hr     embryo 14-16hr     embryo 16-18hr     embryo 18-20hr     embryo 20-22hr     embryo 22-24hr     larva L1     larva L2     larva L3 12hr old     larva L3 puffstage 1-2     larva L3 puffstage 3-6     larva L3 puffstage 7-9     white prepupae new     white prepupae 12hr     white prepupae 24hr     pupae 2d postWPP     pupae 3d postWPP     pupae 4d postWPP     adult male 01day     adult male 05day     adult male 30day     adult female 01day     adult female 05day     adult female 30day     modENCODE Temporal Expression Data (Graveley et al., 2011) FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data (Chintapalli et al., 2007)
Expression Clusters
External Data & Images
Linkouts	FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies • FBgn0010247 FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array • CG40411-RD
Alleles & Phenotypes
Summary of Allele Phenotypes
Lethality Allele lethal | larval stage | recessive ParpCH1 lethal | pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4arm.PS ParpI.Scer\UAS lethal | second instar larval stage Parpc03256 lethal | third instar larval stage Parpc03256 viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237 ParpGD9445 Other Phenotypes Allele aging defective ParpCH1 heat stress response defective ParpCH1 immune response defective ParpCH1 increased cell death ParpGMR.PU non-enhancer of variegation, with In(1)wm4 ParpCH1 ParpCH4 non-suppressor of variegation, with In(1)wm4 ParpCH1 ParpCH4 planar polarity defective ParpGMR.PU planar polarity defective | heat sensitive Parphs.PU visible ParpGMR.PU visible, with Scer\GAL4arm.PS ParpI.Scer\UAS Phenotype manifest in Allele actin filament & embryonic epidermis | conditional ts Parphs.PU actin filament & retina ParpGMR.PU adult abdomen & cuticle, with Scer\GAL4arm.PS ParpI.Scer\UAS adult abdomen | heat sensitive Parphs.PU cephalopharyngeal skeleton ParpCH1 cone cell ParpGMR.PU eye ParpGMR.PU eye, with Scer\GAL4arm.PS ParpI.Scer\UAS eye | heat sensitive Parphs.PU eye disc ParpGMR.PU mesothoracic tergum | heat sensitive Parphs.PU nucleolus ParpCH1 nucleus ParpCH1 ommatidial precursor cluster ParpGMR.PU ommatidium ParpGMR.PU photoreceptor cell R3 ParpGMR.PU photoreceptor cell R4 ParpGMR.PU pigment cell ParpGMR.PU polytene chromosome chromocenter ParpCH1 polytene chromosome puff ParpCH1 wing hair | heat sensitive Parphs.PU
Classical Alleles ( 4 )
For All Classical Alleles Show
Allele of Parp Class Mutagen Stocks Known lesion ParpC03256 loss of function allele 0 -- Parpc03256 0 Yes ParpCH1 P-element activity 0 Yes ParpCH4 0 --
Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs ( 20 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Allele of Parp Class Mutagen Stocks Known lesion ParpGL00229 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 1 Yes ParpHMS01233 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 1 Yes ParpJF01387 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 1 Yes Parp1.Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-ECFP in vitro construct - regulatory fusion in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes ParpAct5C.PS in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes ParpdsRNA.cSa in vitro construct - RNAi 0 Yes ParpdsRNA.GM10715 in vitro construct - RNAi 0 Yes ParpdsRNA.LD02455 in vitro construct - RNAi 0 Yes Parpe.Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-EGFP in vitro construct - regulatory fusion in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes Parpe.Scer\UAS in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes ParpGD9445 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes ParpGMR.PU in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes Parphs.PU in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes ParpI.Scer\UAS.T:Disc\RFP in vitro construct - regulatory fusion in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes ParpI.Scer\UAS in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes ParpScer\UAS.cUa in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes ParpScer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-EGFP in vitro construct - regulatory fusion in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes ParpΔ1302.Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-EYFP in vitro construct - regulatory fusion in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes ParpΔ300.Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-EYFP in vitro construct - regulatory fusion in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes ParpΔ740.Scer\UAS.T:Avic\GFP-EYFP in vitro construct - regulatory fusion in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes
Aneuploid Aberrations
Transgenic Constructs & Insertions
Transgenic Constructs
	Type of construct Name Expression data UAS construct P{TRiP.GL00229} NA P{TRiP.HMS01233} NA P{TRiP.JF01387} NA P{UAS-Parp.1.ECFP} NA P{UAS-Parp.e} NA P{UAS-Parp.e-EGFP} NA P{UAS-Parp.I} NA P{UAS-Parp.I-DsRed} NA P{UAS-Parp.U} NA P{UAS-Parp.Δ300.EYFP} NA P{UAS-Parp.Δ740.EYFP} NA P{UAS-Parp.Δ1302.EYFP} NA P{UAS-Parp-eGFP} NA heat-shock construct P{hs-Parp.U} NA characterization construct P{GD9445} NA P{GMR-Parp.U} NA P{UAS-CD8:PARP-Venus} NA
Insertions
	Type of insertions Name Expression data insertion of enhancer trap P{PZ}ParpCH1 No miscellaneous insertions Mi{MIC}Alg-2MI00909 NA P{wHy}CG40451DG30806 NA PBac{PB}Parpc03256 NA insertion of mobile activating element P{EP}CG40451G19757 NA
Gene Ontology: Function, Process & Cellular Component ( 23 unique terms )
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence ( 14 terms )
Molecular Function
CV term Evidence References
histone binding inferred from physical interaction with His2A (Pinnola et al., 2007) inferred from physical interaction with His2B (Pinnola et al., 2007) inferred from physical interaction with His3 (Pinnola et al., 2007) inferred from physical interaction with His4 (Pinnola et al., 2007) NAD+ ADP-ribosyltransferase activity inferred from direct assay (Pinnola et al., 2007)
Biological Process
CV term Evidence References
heat shock-mediated polytene chromosome puffing inferred from expression pattern AND inferred from mutant phenotype (Tulin and Spradling, 2003) innate immune response inferred from mutant phenotype (Tulin and Spradling, 2003) maintenance of protein location in nucleus inferred from mutant phenotype (Tulin et al., 2006) nucleolus organization inferred from mutant phenotype (Tulin et al., 2002, Tulin et al., 2006) positive regulation of antibacterial peptide biosynthetic process inferred from mutant phenotype (Tulin and Spradling, 2003) protein ADP-ribosylation inferred from mutant phenotype (Tulin et al., 2002) regulation of RNA splicing inferred from mutant phenotype (Ji and Tulin, 2009)
Cellular Component
CV term Evidence References
chromosome inferred from direct assay (Tulin et al., 2006) nuclear euchromatin inferred from direct assay (Tulin and Spradling, 2003) nucleolus inferred from direct assay (Tulin et al., 2006) polytene chromosome inferred from direct assay (Tulin and Spradling, 2003) polytene chromosome puff inferred from direct assay (Tulin and Spradling, 2003)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions ( 14 terms )
Molecular Function
CV term Evidence References
DNA binding inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR001510, InterPro:IPR008288 (FlyBase Curators et al., 2004-) NAD+ ADP-ribosyltransferase activity inferred from sequence or structural similarity with EMBL:M18112 (FlyBase, 1992-) NAD binding inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR008288 (FlyBase Curators et al., 2004-) zinc ion binding inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR001510, InterPro:IPR008288 (FlyBase Curators et al., 2004-)
Biological Process
CV term Evidence References
chromosome organization traceable author statement (Pirrotta, 2003) metamorphosis traceable author statement (Pirrotta, 2003) polytene chromosome puffing traceable author statement (Ame et al., 2004, Pirrotta, 2003) protein ADP-ribosylation non-traceable author statement (Swiss-Prot Project Members, 2001.8.20) traceable author statement (Pirrotta, 2003) regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent traceable author statement (Pirrotta, 2003) rRNA transcription traceable author statement (Pirrotta, 2003)
Cellular Component
CV term Evidence References
nucleolus traceable author statement (Ame et al., 2004, Pirrotta, 2003) nucleus non-traceable author statement (Swiss-Prot Project Members, 2001.8.20) polytene chromosome traceable author statement (Ame et al., 2004, Pirrotta, 2003) polytene chromosome puff traceable author statement (Pirrotta, 2003)
Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
	nuclear_gene   protein_coding_gene
Interactions & Pathways
Summary of Physical Interactions
Protein-protein
Interacting group Assay References
Summary of Genetic Interactions
Interacts with	Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions Parp allele Gene References ParpGMR.PU Rho1 (Uchida et al., 2002) unspecified Parg (Tulin et al., 2006)
External Data
Linkouts	BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions • 78234 DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions. • FBgn0010247 InterologFinder Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets. • 3355109
Orthologs
Genome-wide drosophilid orthologs
Curated drosophilid orthologs	Dana\Parp (Schulze et al., 2006)
Linkouts	InParanoid A subset of ortholog calls from InParanoid. • AAEL011815-PA Aedes aegypti (mosquito) AGAP003230-PA Anopheles gambiae (mosquito) XP_624477.2 Apis mellifera (honey bee) XP_001947212.1 Acyrthosiphon pisum (pea aphid) At2g31320.1 Arabidopsis thaliana (wall cress) 125672 Branchiostoma floridae (lancelet) XP_001893054.1 Brugia malayi (roundworm nematode) BGIBMGA004691-PA Bombyx mori (silk worm) ENSBTAP00000001113 Bos taurus (bovine) CN11219 Caenorhabditis brenneri (small nematode) CE25556 Caenorhabditis elegans (worm) ENSCAFP00000023715 Canis familiaris (dog) ENSCINP00000011691 Ciona intestinalis (sea squirt) JA06472 Caenorhabditis japonica (nematode) CPIJ012304 Culex pipens (mosquito) ENSCPOP00000014109 Cavia porcellus (guinea pig) RP29174 Caenorhabditis remanei (nematode) ENSCSAVP00000008118 Ciona savignyi (sedentary tunicate) 223861 Capitella spl (polychaete worm) DDB0214818 Dictyostelium discoideum (amoeba) 55885 Daphnia pulex (daphnia) ENSDARP00000008364 Danio rerio (zebra fish) ENSECAP00000017400 Equus caballus (horse) XP_652584 Entamoeba histolytica (anaerobic protozoan) ENSGACP00000014960 Gymnopilus aculeatus (mushroom) ENSGALP00000038037 Gallus gallus (chicken) 95414 Hypsipyla robusta (cedar shoot borer) ENSP00000355759 Homo sapiens (human) ISCW019519-PA Ixodes scapularis (deer tick) 206927 Lottia gigantea (owl limpet) 26401 Monocosta brevicollis (choanoflagellate) ENSMODP00000007535 Monodelphis domestica (gray opossum) ENSMMUP00000028737 Macaca mulatta (rhesus monkey) ENSMUSP00000027777 Mus musculus (house mouse) 88355 Nematostella vectensis (starlet anemone) XP_001604797.1 Nasonia vitripennis (wasp) ENSOANP00000002367 Ornithorynchus anatinus (platypus) ENSORLP00000017176 Oryzias latipes (japanese killifish) LOC_Os07g23110.1 Oryza sativa (asian rice) PHUM005431-PA Pediculus humanus (human body louse) PP29459 Pristionchus pacificus (nematode) 188096 Physcomitrella patens (moss) ENSPPYP00000000162 Pongo pygmaeus (orangutan) 830081 Populus trichocarpa (black cottonwood) ENSPTRP00000003457 Pan troglodytes (chimpanzee) ENSRNOP00000004232 Rattus norvegicus (norway rat) 124427 Sorghum bicolor (sorghum) Smp_129260 Schistosoma mansoni (trematode parasite) XP_001196870.1 Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (purple sea urchin) 19562 Trichoplax adhaerens (metazoa) Tc00.1047053510173.90 Trypanosoma cruzi (parasitic trypanosome) ENSTNIP00000019481 Tetraodon nigroviridis (green spotted pufferfish) ENSTRUP00000037062 Takifugu rubripes (pufferfish Takifugu) 117.m00164 Tetrahymena thermophila (ciliate protozoa) ENSXETP00000048934 Xenopus tropicalis (frog) OrthoDB (Arthropod subset) The hierarchical catalog of eukaryotic orthologs. • NV12970 NV12968 LH22447 ISCW019519 FBgn0237545 FBgn0216361 FBgn0198410 JGI_V11_55885 FBgn0246961 FBgn0149961 FBgn0146345 FBgn0129823 CPIJ012304 BGIBMGA004691 ACYPI006362 GB12373 AGAP003230 AAEL011815 PB22958 PHUM498090 GLEAN_03717
Stocks & Reagents
Stocks Listed in FlyBase ( 3 )
Bloomington	31397 y1 v1; P{TRiP.JF01387}attP2 34888 y1 sc* v1; P{TRiP.HMS01233}attP2 35792 y1 sc* v1; P{TRiP.GL00229}attP2/TM3, Sb1
Genomic Clones ( 0 )
cDNA Clones ( 76 )
	Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see GBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.
cDNA Clones, Fully Sequenced
BDGP DGC clones	RE19842 RH61266
Other clones	FI02825 IP08451 IP08651 LD31274 RE04933
cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
BDGP DGC clones	GH04901 GH10793 HL01174 HL04983 RH18418 RH43728 RH65672 RH70541 SD08671 SD08672 SD20937
Other clones	bs14b01 CK01713 CK02488 Dmel_dig_015268_0714_0999 EC13319 EK119732 EK130640 EK157147 EK160952 EK210625 EK250406 EK261553 EN01940 EN06808 EN16418 EP11939 EP21212 GM10715 LD02455 LD21673 LD28070 RP004064901 RP004084720 RP004116736 RP004164244 RP004177714 RP004192836 RP004198049 RP004198807 RP004202028 RP004210458 RP004217988 RP004219338 RP004241629 RP004242890 RP004244121 RP004245881 RP004249580 RP004254173 RP004264888 RP004312827 RP004326924 RP004336012 RP004345577 RP004399527 RP004435179 RP004449499 RP004461707 RP004482382 RP004485548 RP004493844 RP004495056 RP004495315 RP004496352 RP004501625 RP004509475 RP004531624 RP004548854
RNAi & Array Information
Linkouts	DRSC - Results from RNAi screens. • FBgn0010247 GenomeRNAi - GenomeRNAi – A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents • 3355109
Antibody Information
Other Information
Discoverer
Etymology
Identification
Relationship to Other Genes
Source for database identity of
Source for database merge of	Source for merge of: CG17718, CG17696, CG17685 (FlyBase Genome Annotators, 2002-2003) Source for merge of: Parp BEST:LD21673 (FlyBase, 1996-) Source for merge of: Parp CG17696 (Hanai, 2001.1.11) Source for merge of: Parp CG17696 CG17685 (Whitfield and Millburn, 2001.2.1)
Additional comments	Annotations CG17718, CG17696 and CG17685 merged as CG40411 in release 3 of the genome annotation. (FlyBase Genome Annotators, 2002-2003)
Other Comments
	Parp is required to produce normal-sized polytene chromosome puffs and normal amounts of Hsp70 protein after heat exposure. (Tulin and Spradling, 2003) Nucleoli fail to form in Parp mutants, heterochromatic (but not euchromatic) sequences become sensitive to micrococcal nuclease and the transcript levels of the copia retrotransposon are elevated more than 50-fold. (Tulin et al., 2002) Overexpression of Parp disrupts the organisation of the F-actin cytoskeleton, resulting in aberrant cell and tissue morphology. (Uchida et al., 2002) The genomic organisation of the Parp locus and its expression pattern during development have been analysed. (Hanai et al., 1998) PARP protein is processed in S2 cells treated with etoposide to induce apoptosis. (Poltronieri et al., 1997) Amino acid sequence of Parp cDNA has been compared between different species with an emphasis on conservation of functional elements and expression during development. (Uchida and Miwa, 1994) Full length cDNA clones for Drosophila poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase isolated using a probe made by PCR with primers deduced from sequence in mammal, chicken, fish and amphibian species. (Uchida et al., 1993)
External Crossreferences & Linkouts
Sequence Crossreferences
	RefSeq (Transcripts) • NM_001015396 NM_001110982 RefSeq (Proteins) • NP_001015396 NP_001104452 DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank • AA202300 AA803347 AA949247 AA951024 AABU01002763 AAC24518 AAM50807 AAM93435 AAT94467 AF051544 AF051545 AF051546 AF051547 AF051548 AF533701 AF533702 AI455188 AY118947 BAA02964 BG637569 BT015238 D13806 EAA46046 EDP28045 Entrez Gene - A searchable database of RefSeq genes. • 3355109 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot • P35875
Other Crossreferences
	InterPro domains - A database of protein families, domains, and functional sites • BRCT (IPR001357) Zinc finger, PARP-type (IPR001510) Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, regulatory domain (IPR004102) NAD+ ADP-ribosyltransferase (IPR008288) WGR domain (IPR008893) Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, catalytic domain (IPR012317) PADR1 (IPR012982)
Linkouts
	BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions • 78234 DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions. • FBgn0010247 DRSC - Results from RNAi screens. • FBgn0010247 FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies • FBgn0010247 FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array • CG40411-RD FlyMine - Integrated genomics database for Drosophila, Anopheles, and C.elegans • FBgn0010247 GenomeRNAi - GenomeRNAi – A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents • 3355109 InParanoid A subset of ortholog calls from InParanoid. • AAEL011815-PA Aedes aegypti (mosquito) AGAP003230-PA Anopheles gambiae (mosquito) XP_624477.2 Apis mellifera (honey bee) XP_001947212.1 Acyrthosiphon pisum (pea aphid) At2g31320.1 Arabidopsis thaliana (wall cress) 125672 Branchiostoma floridae (lancelet) XP_001893054.1 Brugia malayi (roundworm nematode) BGIBMGA004691-PA Bombyx mori (silk worm) ENSBTAP00000001113 Bos taurus (bovine) CN11219 Caenorhabditis brenneri (small nematode) CE25556 Caenorhabditis elegans (worm) ENSCAFP00000023715 Canis familiaris (dog) ENSCINP00000011691 Ciona intestinalis (sea squirt) JA06472 Caenorhabditis japonica (nematode) CPIJ012304 Culex pipens (mosquito) ENSCPOP00000014109 Cavia porcellus (guinea pig) RP29174 Caenorhabditis remanei (nematode) ENSCSAVP00000008118 Ciona savignyi (sedentary tunicate) 223861 Capitella spl (polychaete worm) DDB0214818 Dictyostelium discoideum (amoeba) 55885 Daphnia pulex (daphnia) ENSDARP00000008364 Danio rerio (zebra fish) ENSECAP00000017400 Equus caballus (horse) XP_652584 Entamoeba histolytica (anaerobic protozoan) ENSGACP00000014960 Gymnopilus aculeatus (mushroom) ENSGALP00000038037 Gallus gallus (chicken) 95414 Hypsipyla robusta (cedar shoot borer) ENSP00000355759 Homo sapiens (human) ISCW019519-PA Ixodes scapularis (deer tick) 206927 Lottia gigantea (owl limpet) 26401 Monocosta brevicollis (choanoflagellate) ENSMODP00000007535 Monodelphis domestica (gray opossum) ENSMMUP00000028737 Macaca mulatta (rhesus monkey) ENSMUSP00000027777 Mus musculus (house mouse) 88355 Nematostella vectensis (starlet anemone) XP_001604797.1 Nasonia vitripennis (wasp) ENSOANP00000002367 Ornithorynchus anatinus (platypus) ENSORLP00000017176 Oryzias latipes (japanese killifish) LOC_Os07g23110.1 Oryza sativa (asian rice) PHUM005431-PA Pediculus humanus (human body louse) PP29459 Pristionchus pacificus (nematode) 188096 Physcomitrella patens (moss) ENSPPYP00000000162 Pongo pygmaeus (orangutan) 830081 Populus trichocarpa (black cottonwood) ENSPTRP00000003457 Pan troglodytes (chimpanzee) ENSRNOP00000004232 Rattus norvegicus (norway rat) 124427 Sorghum bicolor (sorghum) Smp_129260 Schistosoma mansoni (trematode parasite) XP_001196870.1 Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (purple sea urchin) 19562 Trichoplax adhaerens (metazoa) Tc00.1047053510173.90 Trypanosoma cruzi (parasitic trypanosome) ENSTNIP00000019481 Tetraodon nigroviridis (green spotted pufferfish) ENSTRUP00000037062 Takifugu rubripes (pufferfish Takifugu) 117.m00164 Tetrahymena thermophila (ciliate protozoa) ENSXETP00000048934 Xenopus tropicalis (frog) Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution • /genebrief/parp_polyadp.htm InterologFinder Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets. • 3355109 modMine - Data generated by the modENCODE project. • FBgn0010247 OrthoDB (Arthropod subset) The hierarchical catalog of eukaryotic orthologs. • NV12970 NV12968 LH22447 ISCW019519 FBgn0237545 FBgn0216361 FBgn0198410 JGI_V11_55885 FBgn0246961 FBgn0149961 FBgn0146345 FBgn0129823 CPIJ012304 BGIBMGA004691 ACYPI006362 GB12373 AGAP003230 AAEL011815 PB22958 PHUM498090 GLEAN_03717
Synonyms & Secondary IDs ( 20 )
Reported As
Symbol Synonym	BEST:LD21673   CG17685 (Whitfield and Millburn, 2001.2.1, ) CG17696 (Hanai, 2001.1.11, Whitfield and Millburn, 2001.2.1, ) CG17718 (Whitfield and Millburn, 2001.2.1, ) CG40411 (Giot et al., 2003, Drosophila Heterochromatin Genome Project, 2007, Ni et al., 2008, Ni et al., 2011.7.19) D.PARP (Uchida et al., 2002) dPARP (Sawatsubashi et al., 2004) LD21673.3prime (Oliver, 2001.8.16) PARP (Tenev et al., 2005, Naumova and Tulin, 2005, Tulin and Spradling, 2004, Tulin et al., 2001, Uchida et al., 2001, Tulin et al., 2000, Hanai, 1998.3.2, Lankenau et al., 1999, Koyama et al., 1999, Kawamura et al., 1998, Hanai et al., 1998, Jallepalli and Bogyo, 1997, Poch and Delarue, 1996, Tulin et al., 2007, Yasuhara and Wakimoto, 2006, Zobeck et al., 2010, Dimitri et al., 2003, Petesch and Lis, 2008, Challa et al., 2007, Wojcik et al., 2004, Sala et al., 2008, Tuxworth et al., 2009, van Steensel et al., 2010, Zobeck et al., 2010, Guerrero and Maggert, 2011, Uchida et al., 2001, Singh et al., 2011) Parp (Andreyeva et al., 2007, Sepp et al., 2008, Baig et al., 2010, Kotova et al., 2010, Pinnola et al., 2007) parp (Kotova et al., 2010, Zhang et al., 2011) PARP-1 (Kavi et al., 2005, Kim, 2004, Ame et al., 2004, Lindahl, 2001) PARP1 (Ji and Tulin, 2009)
Name Synonym	Poly(ADP)-Ribose Polymerase (Petesch and Lis, 2008) Poly(ADP-)Ribose Polymerase (Petesch and Lis, 2008) poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (Ishikawa, 1993) Poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase (Baig et al., 2010) Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (Uchida et al., 2001) Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase 1 (Ji and Tulin, 2009) Poly(ADP ribose) polymerase 1 (Kotova et al., 2010)
Secondary FlyBase IDs
	FBan0040411 FBgn0039975 FBgn0039998 FBgn0046268 FBgn0058411
References ( 76 )
Generate a list of	All references relating to this gene ( 76 )
List References by type	Research paper  ( 34 ) Supplementary material  ( 3 ) Review  ( 9 ) Personal communication to FlyBase  ( 9 ) Abstract  ( 9 ) FlyBase analysis  ( 3 ) DNA/RNA sequence record  ( 2 ) Book review  ( 1 ) Conference report  ( 1 ) Protein sequence record  ( 1 ) Computer file  ( 1 ) Curated genome annotation  ( 2 ) Automatic genome annotation  ( 1 )
Recent research papers ( 7 )
	Guerrero and Maggert, 2011, PLoS ONE 6(1): e16401 The CCCTC-Binding Factor (CTCF) of Drosophila Contributes to the Regulation of the Ribosomal DNA and Nucleolar Stability. [FBrf0212883] Singh et al., 2011, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 253(1): 14--30 Genotoxicity and apoptosis in Drosophila melanogaster exposed to benzene, toluene and xylene: Attenuation by quercetin and curcumin. [FBrf0213523] Zhang et al., 2011, Chromosoma 120(1): 97--108 Drosophila melanogaster heterochromatin protein HP1b plays important roles in transcriptional activation and development. [FBrf0212898] Baig et al., 2010, Genetics 184(3): 731--744 The chromatin-remodeling protein Osa interacts with CyclinE in Drosophila eye imaginal discs. [FBrf0210399] Kotova et al., 2010, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107(14): 6406--6411 Uncoupling of the transactivation and transrepression functions of PARP1 protein. [FBrf0210529] van Steensel et al., 2010, Genome Res. 20(2): 190--200 Bayesian network analysis of targeting interactions in chromatin. [FBrf0209848] Zobeck et al., 2010, Mol. Cell 40(6): 965--975 Recruitment timing and dynamics of transcription factors at the hsp70 Loci in living cells. [FBrf0212598] Show all research papers ...
Recent reviews (0)
	All reviews listed in FlyBase were published before 2010 Show reviews ...