FB2022_02, released March 29, 2022

Gene: Dmel\htl

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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\htl
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
heartless
Annotation Symbol
CG7223
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0010389
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
20 publicly available
Enzyme Name (EC)
Receptor protein-tyrosine kinase (2.7.10.1)
Gene Summary
heartless (htl) encodes a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor for secreted FGF ligands that utilizes the intracellular Ras-MAP kinase pathway. It contributes to embryonic mesoderm migration and the specification of several mature mesodermal cell derivatives. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

DFR1, FGFR, FGF receptor, fibroblast growth factor receptor, DmHD-38

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
90E2-90E2
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-62
RefSeq locus
NT_033777 REGION:18045216..18052984
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
GO Summary Ribbons
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (46 terms)
Molecular Function (5 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables protein binding
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:stumps; FB:FBgn0020299
(Csiszar et al., 2010, Petit et al., 2004)
enables transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity
inferred from direct assay
(Petit et al., 2004, Woodcock and Hughes, 2004)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (4 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables ATP binding
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR000719, InterPro:IPR016248, InterPro:IPR017441
(assigned by InterPro )
(FlyBase Curators et al., 2004-)
enables fibroblast growth factor-activated receptor activity
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR016248
(assigned by InterPro )
(FlyBase Curators et al., 2004-)
traceable author statement
(Itoh and Ornitz, 2004)
enables protein tyrosine kinase activity
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P11362
(assigned by UniProt )
(Ito et al., 1994)
enables transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001230349
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
Biological Process (38 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (32 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in cardioblast differentiation
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Mandal et al., 2004)
involved_in central nervous system development
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Shishido et al., 1997)
inferred from expression pattern
(assigned by UniProt )
(Shishido et al., 1993)
involved_in defense response to Gram-negative bacterium
inferred from high throughput mutant phenotype
(Cronin et al., 2009)
involved_in endodermal cell fate determination
inferred from expression pattern
(assigned by UniProt )
(Shishido et al., 1993)
involved_in fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Csiszar et al., 2010, Wilson et al., 2005, Imam et al., 1999, Michelson et al., 1998)
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:pnt; FB:FBgn0003118
(Dragojlovic-Munther and Martinez-Agosto, 2013)
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:Ras85D; FB:FBgn0003205
(Gisselbrecht et al., 1996)
inferred from direct assay
(Petit et al., 2004)
involved_in germ cell migration
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Moore et al., 1998)
involved_in glial cell development
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Stork et al., 2014)
involved_in glial cell differentiation
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Franzdóttir et al., 2009)
involved_in glial cell growth
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Cameron et al., 2016)
involved_in glial cell migration
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Shishido et al., 1997)
involved_in gonadal mesoderm development
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Moore et al., 1998)
involved_in heart development
inferred from expression pattern
(assigned by UniProt )
(Shishido et al., 1993)
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Shishido et al., 1997)
involved_in larval visceral muscle development
inferred from mutant phenotype
(San Martin and Bate, 2001)
involved_in lymph gland crystal cell differentiation
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Dragojlovic-Munther and Martinez-Agosto, 2013)
involved_in lymph gland development
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Mandal et al., 2004)
involved_in lymph gland plasmatocyte differentiation
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Dragojlovic-Munther and Martinez-Agosto, 2013)
involved_in mesoderm migration involved in gastrulation
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Schumacher et al., 2004)
involved_in mesodermal cell fate commitment
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Michelson et al., 1998, Michelson et al., 1998, Beiman et al., 1996)
involved_in mesodermal cell fate determination
inferred from expression pattern
(assigned by UniProt )
(Shishido et al., 1993)
involved_in mesodermal cell migration
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Kadam et al., 2009, Wilson et al., 2005, Dossenbach et al., 2001, Imam et al., 1999, Michelson et al., 1998, Shishido et al., 1997, Beiman et al., 1996, Gisselbrecht et al., 1996)
involved_in muscle cell development
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Dutta et al., 2005)
involved_in myoblast fate specification
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Schulz and Gajewski, 1999)
involved_in myotube cell migration
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Yang et al., 2020)
acts_upstream_of negative regulation of Rho guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Yang et al., 2020)
involved_in pericardial nephrocyte differentiation
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Mandal et al., 2004)
involved_in positive regulation of glial cell migration
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Wu et al., 2017)
involved_in positive regulation of innate immune response
inferred from high throughput mutant phenotype
(Cronin et al., 2009)
involved_in positive regulation of synaptic assembly at neuromuscular junction
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:Smn; FB:FBgn0036641
(Sen et al., 2011)
involved_in regulation of cell shape
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Schumacher et al., 2004)
involved_in somatic muscle development
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Shishido et al., 1997)
involved_in ventral cord development
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Olofsson and Page, 2005)
involved_in visceral muscle development
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Mandal et al., 2004, Shishido et al., 1997)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (7 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P11362
(assigned by UniProt )
(Ito et al., 1994)
involved_in pole cell migration
traceable author statement
(Howard, 1998)
involved_in positive regulation of cell population proliferation
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR016248
(assigned by InterPro )
(FlyBase Curators et al., 2004-)
involved_in positive regulation of kinase activity
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001230349
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
involved_in protein phosphorylation
(assigned by InterPro )
(FlyBase Curators et al., 2004-)
involved_in salivary gland development
traceable author statement
(Abrams et al., 2003)
involved_in transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001230349
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
Cellular Component (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in postsynapse of neuromuscular junction
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Sen et al., 2011)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in integral component of plasma membrane
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001230349
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
part_of receptor complex
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001230349
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Pathway (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. Fibroblast growth factor receptor subfamily. (Q07407)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Catalytic Activity (EC)
Experimental Evidence
ATP + a [protein]-L-tyrosine = ADP + a [protein]-L-tyrosine phosphate (2.7.10.1)
Predictions / Assertions
ATP + a [protein]-L-tyrosine = ADP + a [protein]-L-tyrosine phosphate (2.7.10.1)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
heartless (htl) encodes a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor for secreted FGF ligands that utilizes the intracellular Ras-MAP kinase pathway. It contributes to embryonic mesoderm migration and the specification of several mature mesodermal cell derivatives. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07]
Pathway (FlyBase)
FGFR Signaling Pathway Core Components -
Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR) signaling pathway is initiated by the binding of secreted FGFs - bnl or ths/pyr to receptor tyrosine kinases btl or htl, respectively, to initiate signaling primarily via the canonical Ras/Raf/MAP kinase (ERK) cascade. (Adapted from FBrf0221038).
Gene Group (FlyBase)
RECEPTOR TYROSINE KINASES -
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) are single-pass transmembrane receptors expressed on the plasma membrane. Upon the binding of an extracellular signalling molecule (e.g. growth factors, hormones), RTKs dimerize leading to the activation of the intracellular tyrosine kinase domain and intermolecular phosphorylation. The phosphotyrosines function as specific sites for the assembly, phosphorylation and activation of downstream signaling molecules. (Adapted from PMID:20602996).
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
May be required for patterning of muscle precursor cells. May be essential for generation of mesodermal and endodermal layers, invaginations of various types of cells and CNS formation.
(UniProt, Q07407)
Summary (Interactive Fly)

receptor tyrosine kinase - involved in the development of mesodermal and neuronal cells - supports Drosophila fertility by regulating development of ovarian muscle tissues - Pebble is required for cell shape changes during cell migration triggered by Heartless

Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
3
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\htl for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure New Section
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q07407)

If you don't see the viewer to the right, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Comments on Gene Model

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Gene model reviewed during 5.54

Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
nuclear_gene
protein_coding_gene
Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
htl-RA
FBtr0083549
NM_169784
3611
729
htl-RB
FBtr0083548
NM_079670
3838
729
htl-RC
FBtr0083550
NM_169785
3492
729
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)

3.840, 3.623 (longest cDNA)

(Ito et al., 1994)

3.3 (longest cDNA)

(Shishido et al., 1993)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
RefSeq ID
GenBank
htl-PA
FBpp0082971
82.6
729
6.64
NP_732286
AAF55489
htl-PB
FBpp0082970
82.6
729
6.64
NP_524394
AAF55490
htl-PC
FBpp0082972
82.6
729
6.64
NP_732287
AAN13755
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

729 aa isoforms: htl-PA, htl-PB, htl-PC
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)

730 (aa)

(Ito et al., 1994)

714 (aa)

(Shishido et al., 1993)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\htl using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Expression Summary Ribbons
Colored tiles in ribbon indicate that expression data has been curated by FlyBase for that anatomical location. Colorless tiles indicate that there is no curated data for that location.
For complete stage-specific expression data, view the modENCODE Development RNA-Seq section under High-Throughput Expression below.
Transcript Expression
expression microarray
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
indirect flight muscle cell
(Katti et al., 2017)
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage
epithelial cell

Comment: clustered apical distribution

(Lecuyer et al., 2007)
epithelium
(Lecuyer et al., 2007)
embryonic stage 4 -- 6
anlage in statu nascendi
(Fisher et al., 2012)
central brain anlage in statu nascendi
(Fisher et al., 2012)
dorsal ectoderm anlage

Comment: anlage in statu nascendi

(Fisher et al., 2012)
mesoderm anlage

Comment: anlage in statu nascendi

(Fisher et al., 2012)
organism | subset
(Fisher et al., 2012)
antennal anlage in statu nascendi

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage in statu nascendi

(Fisher et al., 2012)
dorsal head epidermis anlage in statu nascendi

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage in statu nascendi

(Fisher et al., 2012)
visual anlage in statu nascendi

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage in statu nascendi

(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 5
organism | ventral
(Sandler and Stathopoulos, 2016)
embryonic stage 5 -- 9
mesoderm
(Shishido et al., 1993)
embryonic stage 7 -- 8
head mesoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
trunk mesoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 9
somatic mesoderm
(Shishido et al., 1993)
head mesoderm
(Shishido et al., 1993)
embryonic stage 9 -- 10
head mesoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
trunk mesoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 10
head mesoderm | dorsal | subset
(De Velasco et al., 2004)
embryonic stage 10 -- 12
muscle founder cell of longitudinal visceral muscle primordium
(Mandal et al., 2004)
embryonic stage 11
procephalic neurogenic region
(De Velasco et al., 2004)
embryonic stage 11 -- 12
myoblast of embryonic/larval muscle system
(Shishido et al., 1993)
mesoderm

Comment: NOT embryonic salivary gland

(Bradley et al., 2003)
cardiogenic mesoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
circular visceral muscle primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
longitudinal visceral muscle primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
pericardial cell primordium

Comment: reported as pericardial cell specific anlage

(Fisher et al., 2012)
somatic muscle primordium

Comment: reported as muscle system primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
visceral muscle primordium

Comment: reported as muscle system primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 12 -- 13
embryonic/larval hindgut
(Shishido et al., 1993)
embryonic/larval foregut
(Shishido et al., 1993)
embryonic stage 12 -- 16
central nervous system
(Shishido et al., 1993)
embryonic stage 13
muscle cell of abdominal 1 lateral transverse muscle 2 -- muscle cell of abdominal 7 lateral transverse muscle 2
(Shishido et al., 1993)
muscle cell of abdominal 1 ventral acute muscle 2 -- muscle cell of abdominal 7 ventral acute muscle 2
(Shishido et al., 1993)
muscle cell of abdominal 2 ventral transverse muscle 1 -- muscle cell of abdominal 7 ventral transverse muscle 1
(Shishido et al., 1993)
muscle cell of abdominal 1 ventral acute muscle 1 -- muscle cell of abdominal 7 ventral acute muscle 1
(Shishido et al., 1993)
muscle cell of abdominal 1 lateral transverse muscle 1 -- muscle cell of abdominal 7 lateral transverse muscle 1
(Shishido et al., 1993)
muscle cell of abdominal 1 lateral transverse muscle 3 -- muscle cell of abdominal 7 lateral transverse muscle 3
(Shishido et al., 1993)
embryonic stage 13 -- 16
embryonic primordium of adult muscle precursor
(Fisher et al., 2012)
dorsal pharyngeal muscle cell
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic/larval dorsal vessel
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic/larval muscle system
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic/larval pericardial cell
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic/larval visceral muscle cell
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic/larval garland cell
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 16
larval longitudinal connective
(Shishido et al., 1993)
third instar larval stage
embryonic/larval wrapping glial cell of the eye disc
(Franzdóttir et al., 2009)
glial cell of eye disc
(Franzdóttir et al., 2009)
Additional Descriptive Data

htl transcripts are expressed in the eye disc glia with most prominent expression at the

(Franzdóttir et al., 2009)

front of the migratory glial cell population.

(Franzdóttir et al., 2009)

Embryonic htl expression is observed in the dorsal pharyngeal head mesoderm and in parts of the procephalic ectoderm.

(De Velasco et al., 2004)

htl transcripts are first observed at stage 5 in a 16-17 cell wide ventral strip that runs from 10 to 85% egg length. During stages 6 and 7, the htl-expressing cells invaginate to form mesoderm. By stage 9, expression can be seen in the cephalic and somatic mesoderm. At stage 11, overall staining of mesoderm disappears, and is replaced by strong expression in a small number of cells in the ventrolateral portion of each segment. By stage 12, three rows of htl-expressing cells are found along the body wall. These appear to be precursors cells for dorsal, pleural, and ventral groups of muscles. The majority of htl-positive cells appear to differentiate into muscle. htl expression is also observed in the CNS as well as in the cells surrounding the hindgut and foregut.

(Shishido et al., 1993)
Marker for
 
mesoderm
(Sandler and Stathopoulos, 2016)
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 10
hindgut visceral muscle primordium
(San Martin and Bate, 2001)
embryonic stage 10 -- 12
muscle founder cell of longitudinal visceral muscle primordium
(Mandal et al., 2004)
embryonic stage 11 -- 12
mesoderm

Comment: NOT embryonic salivary gland

(Bradley et al., 2003)
third instar larval stage
wing disc & adepithelial cell | restricted
(Sato and Kornberg, 2002)
embryonic/larval wrapping glial cell of the eye disc
(Franzdóttir et al., 2009)
glial cell of eye disc
(Franzdóttir et al., 2009)
embryonic/larval optic stalk
(Cameron et al., 2016)
eye disc | restricted
(Cameron et al., 2016)
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult head
(Aradska et al., 2015)
Additional Descriptive Data

htl protein is expressed broadly in the glia and decorates glial projections following

(Franzdóttir et al., 2009)

the photoreceptor axons.

(Franzdóttir et al., 2009)

Most of the adepithelial cells of the third instar wing disc express the htl protein except for a small subset of cells that express btl and go on to develop into the adult tracheal system.

(Sato and Kornberg, 2002)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in postsynapse of neuromuscular junction
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Sen et al., 2011)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
Reporter: P{GAL4-htl.OS}
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 15 -- 16
interface glial cell
(Stacey et al., 2010)
ventral nerve cord primordium | subset
(Stacey et al., 2010)
Reporter: P{htl-lacZ.800}
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 5
mesoderm | ventral
(Stathopoulos et al., 2004)
embryonic stage 6 -- 9
mesoderm
(Stathopoulos et al., 2004)
Reporter: PBac{fTRG00482.sfGFP-TVPTBF}
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
pupal stage P6
adult ensheathing glial cell

Comment: 24 hr APF

(Wu et al., 2017)
pharate adult stage P8
adult ensheathing glial cell

Comment: 48 hr APF

(Wu et al., 2017)
pharate adult stage P9
adult ensheathing glial cell

Comment: 72 hr APF

(Wu et al., 2017)
astrocyte-like glial cell | faint

Comment: 72 hr APF

(Wu et al., 2017)
neuron | faint | subset

Comment: 72 hr APF

(Wu et al., 2017)
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

GBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\htl in GBrowse 2
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)
  • Stages(s) 4-6
  • Stages(s) 7-8
  • Stages(s) 9-10
  • Stages(s) 11-12
  • Stages(s) 13-16
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 23 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 25 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of htl
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of htl
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 9 )
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
lethal, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
lethal | recessive
lethal - all die during embryonic stage | recessive
lethal - all die during larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
partially lethal, with Scer\GAL4how-24B
viable, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
viable, with Scer\GAL4tin.CΔ4
Sterility
Allele
female semi-fertile, with Scer\GAL4C587
female semi-sterile, with Scer\GAL4C587
female semi-sterile, with Scer\GAL4VP16.mat.αTub67C
Other Phenotypes
Allele
abnormal cell migration | embryonic stage
abnormal cell migration | embryonic stage 12
abnormal cell migration | embryonic stage 13
abnormal cell migration | embryonic stage, with Scer\GAL4447.2
abnormal cell migration | somatic clone | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4repo
abnormal cell polarity | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4NP2222
abnormal neuroanatomy | embryonic stage
abnormal neuroanatomy | embryonic stage 13
abnormal neuroanatomy | embryonic stage | somatic clone
abnormal neuroanatomy | embryonic stage | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4-FRT.alrm
abnormal neuroanatomy | larval stage, with Ecol\lexAGAD.repo
abnormal neuroanatomy | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4NP2222
abnormal neuroanatomy | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4repo
abnormal neuroanatomy | pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4repo
abnormal neuroanatomy | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL446F
abnormal neuroanatomy | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Gli.PU
abnormal neuroanatomy | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4how-24B
abnormal neuroanatomy | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Ntan1-Mz97
abnormal neuroanatomy | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4repo.PU
abnormal neurophysiology | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4how-24B
abnormal pain response | adult stage, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
abnormal stress response | adult stage
decreased cell number | embryonic stage
decreased cell number | embryonic stage, with Scer\GAL4447.2
decreased cell number | female | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4C587
decreased cell number | larval stage, with Ecol\lexAGAD.repo
decreased cell number | P-stage, with Scer\GAL4SPARC-MI00329-GAL4
decreased cell number | P-stage | female, with Scer\GAL4C587
decreased occurrence of cell division | larval stage, with Ecol\lexAGAD.repo
decreased occurrence of cell division | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4NP2222
decreased occurrence of cell division | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4repo
decreased occurrence of cell division | P-stage, with Scer\GAL4C587
hyperplasia | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4repo
increased cell death | embryonic stage 13
increased cell number | female | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4C587
increased cell number | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4NP2222
increased cell number | P-stage | female, with Scer\GAL4C587
increased cell number | pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4repo
increased cell number | somatic clone | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4repo
increased cell size | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4repo
increased occurrence of cell division | P-stage, with Scer\GAL4C587
increased size | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4repo
some die during embryonic stage | recessive
some die during P-stage, with Scer\GAL4how-24B
visible, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
visible | adult stage
wild-type
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
abdominal nerve | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL446F
abdominal nerve | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Gli.PU
abdominal nerve | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4repo.PU
adult ensheathing glial cell | P-stage, with Scer\GAL4SPARC-MI00329-GAL4
adult ensheathing glial cell | P-stage | somatic clone
adult heart ventral longitudinal muscle cell, with Scer\GAL4org-1.HN39
adult subretinal glial cell | somatic clone | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4repo
antennal lobe | P-stage | somatic clone
antennal lobe glomerulus | P-stage, with Scer\GAL4SPARC-MI00329-GAL4
astrocyte-like glial cell | embryonic stage
astrocyte-like glial cell | embryonic stage | somatic clone
astrocyte-like glial cell | embryonic stage | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4-FRT.alrm
axon & mechanosensory neuron & adult head, with Scer\GAL4Bx-MS1096, Scer\GAL4Mz1277, Scer\GAL4twi.PB, htlYY262/htlAB42
axon & mechanosensory neuron & adult head, with Scer\GAL4sca-537.4
axon & mechanosensory neuron & adult head, with Scer\GAL4sca-537.4, htlAB42
axon & mechanosensory neuron & adult head, with Scer\GAL4sca-537.4, htlDN.UAS.cMb
axon & mechanosensory neuron & adult head (with htlAB42), with Scer\GAL4Bx-MS1096, Scer\GAL4Mz1277, Scer\GAL4twi.PB, htlUAS.cMa
axon & mechanosensory neuron & adult head (with htlYY262), with Scer\GAL4Bx-MS1096, Scer\GAL4Mz1277, Scer\GAL4twi.PB, htlUAS.cMa
axon & ocellus sensory structure, with Scer\GAL4Bx-MS1096, Scer\GAL4Mz1277, Scer\GAL4twi.PB, htlYY262/htlAB42
axon & ocellus sensory structure, with Scer\GAL4sca-537.4
axon & ocellus sensory structure, with Scer\GAL4sca-537.4, htlAB42
axon & ocellus sensory structure, with Scer\GAL4sca-537.4, htlDN.UAS.cMb
axon & ocellus sensory structure (with htlAB42), with Scer\GAL4Bx-MS1096, Scer\GAL4Mz1277, Scer\GAL4twi.PB, htlUAS.cMa
axon & ocellus sensory structure (with htlYY262), with Scer\GAL4Bx-MS1096, Scer\GAL4Mz1277, Scer\GAL4twi.PB, htlUAS.cMa
cardioblast
cardioblast, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR, Scer\GAL4twi.PG
cardiogenic mesoderm
CNS glial cell | increased number | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4NP2222
CNS glial cell | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4repo
corpus cardiacum primordium
dorsal oblique muscle cell | embryonic stage
dorsal transverse muscle cell | embryonic stage
embryonic/larval cardial cell
embryonic/larval dorsal vessel
embryonic/larval dorsal vessel | embryonic stage
embryonic/larval dorsal vessel | embryonic stage, with Scer\GAL4hs.2sev
embryonic/larval glial cell, with Scer\GAL4repo
embryonic/larval muscle system
embryonic/larval muscle system, with Scer\GAL4hs.2sev
embryonic/larval muscle system | ventral, with Scer\GAL4hs.2sev
embryonic/larval neuromuscular junction | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4how-24B
embryonic/larval optic stalk, with Scer\GAL4repo
embryonic/larval pericardial cell
embryonic/larval pericardial cell, with Scer\GAL4twi.PG
embryonic/larval PNS perineurial glial cell | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL446F
embryonic/larval somatic muscle cell
embryonic/larval somatic muscle cell, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
embryonic/larval somatic muscle cell, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR, Scer\GAL4twi.PG
embryonic/larval somatic muscle cell | dorsal
embryonic/larval somatic muscle cell | dorsal, with Scer\GAL4twi.PG
embryonic/larval wrapping glial cell of the eye disc | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Ntan1-Mz97
embryonic cardioblast
embryonic cardioblast, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
embryonic myoblast
embryonic ostial cardioblast
embryonic pericardial cell
embryonic somatic muscle cell | dorsal
embryonic visceral muscle cell
ganglion mother cell | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4repo
germline cell
glial cell, with Scer\GAL4Ntan1-Mz97
glial cell, with Scer\GAL4repo
glial cell | somatic clone
glial cell projection | embryonic stage
glial cell projection | embryonic stage | somatic clone
glial cell projection | embryonic stage | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4-FRT.alrm
gonadal sheath proper primordium
heart primordium
hindgut visceral muscle fiber
hindgut visceral muscle primordium
hindgut visceral muscle primordium, with Scer\GAL4twi.PB
interface glial cell
larval sheath cell of ovary | P-stage, with Scer\GAL4C587
larval sheath cell of ovary | P-stage | decreased number, with Scer\GAL4C587
larval sheath cell of ovary | P-stage | increased number, with Scer\GAL4C587
larval ventral nerve cord | embryonic stage
larval ventral nerve cord | embryonic stage, with Scer\GAL4158
lateral transverse muscle cell | embryonic stage
longitudinal visceral muscle fiber | embryonic stage 13
longitudinal visceral muscle primordium | decreased number | embryonic stage, with Scer\GAL4447.2
longitudinal visceral muscle primordium | embryonic stage
longitudinal visceral muscle primordium | embryonic stage 12
longitudinal visceral muscle primordium | embryonic stage 13
lymph gland primordium
mesoderm
mesoderm | dorsal
mesoderm | ectopic
mesoderm | embryonic stage
muscle cell of abdominal 1 dorsal acute muscle 1
muscle cell of abdominal 2 dorsal acute muscle 1
muscle cell of abdominal 3 dorsal acute muscle 1
muscle cell of abdominal 4 dorsal acute muscle 1
muscle cell of abdominal 5 dorsal acute muscle 1
muscle cell of abdominal 6 dorsal acute muscle 1
muscle cell of abdominal 7 dorsal acute muscle 1
muscle cell of mesothoracic dorsal acute muscle 1
muscle cell of metathoracic dorsal acute muscle 1
muscle founder cell
muscle founder cell, with Scer\GAL41151
muscle founder cell, with Scer\GAL4twi.PB
muscle founder cell | increased number, with Scer\GAL41151
myoblast, with Scer\GAL41151
myoblast | increased number, with Scer\GAL41151
neuroblast | increased number | pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4repo
neuroblast | larval stage, with Ecol\lexAGAD.repo
neuroblast | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4NP2222
neuroblast | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4repo
neuron | decreased number | larval stage, with Ecol\lexAGAD.repo
NMJ bouton | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4how-24B
nucleolus | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4repo
ovariole, with Scer\GAL4C587
ovary, with Scer\GAL4C587
pericardial cell
pericardial cell, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR, Scer\GAL4twi.PG
peritoneal sheath muscle cell, with Scer\GAL4C587
PNS glial cell | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4repo.PU
presumptive embryonic salivary gland
presumptive embryonic salivary gland (with htlAB42)
presumptive embryonic salivary gland (with htlEMS2)
sarcomere, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
somatic mesoderm
subperineurial glial cell | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Gli.PU
tarsal levator muscle cell, with Scer\GAL41151
terminal filament cell | decreased number | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4C587
terminal filament cell | ectopic | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4C587
trichogen cell, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
ventral furrow
ventral longitudinal muscle cell | embryonic stage
ventral oblique muscle cell
ventral oblique muscle cell | embryonic stage
visceral mesoderm
visceral mesoderm, with Scer\GAL4hs.2sev
visceral mesoderm, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR, Scer\GAL4twi.PG
visceral muscle fiber, with Scer\GAL41151
visceral muscle fiber | increased number, with Scer\GAL41151
wing
wing vein, with Scer\GAL4Bx-MS1096
wing vein L5, with Scer\GAL4Bx-MS1096
Z disc, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0)
Homo sapiens (Human) (18)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
Isobase
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
RoundUp
TreeFam
ZFIN
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Hsap\FGFR3
14 of 15
Yes
Yes
Hsap\FGFR1
11 of 15
No
No
Hsap\FGFR4
11 of 15
No
Yes
2  
Hsap\FGFR2
10 of 15
No
No
Hsap\CSF1R
1 of 15
No
No
Hsap\FGFRL1
1 of 15
No
No
Hsap\FLT1
1 of 15
No
No
Hsap\FLT3
1 of 15
No
No
Hsap\FLT4
1 of 15
No
No
Hsap\KDR
1 of 15
No
No
2  
Hsap\KIT
1 of 15
No
No
Hsap\PDGFRA
1 of 15
No
No
Hsap\PDGFRB
1 of 15
No
No
2  
Hsap\PDGFRL
1 of 15
No
Yes
Hsap\RET
1 of 15
No
No
1  
Hsap\STYK1
1 of 15
No
No
Hsap\TEK
1 of 15
No
No
Hsap\TIE1
1 of 15
No
No
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0)
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (18)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
Isobase
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
RoundUp
TreeFam
ZFIN
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Mmus\Fgfr1
11 of 15
Yes
No
Mmus\Fgfr2
11 of 15
Yes
No
Mmus\Fgfr3
11 of 15
Yes
Yes
Mmus\Fgfr4
11 of 15
Yes
Yes
Mmus\Csf1r
1 of 15
No
No
Mmus\Fgfrl1
1 of 15
No
No
Mmus\Flt1
1 of 15
No
No
Mmus\Flt3
1 of 15
No
No
Mmus\Flt4
1 of 15
No
No
Mmus\Kdr
1 of 15
No
No
Mmus\Kit
1 of 15
No
No
Mmus\Pdgfra
1 of 15
No
No
Mmus\Pdgfrb
1 of 15
No
No
Mmus\Pdgfrl
1 of 15
No
Yes
Mmus\Ret
1 of 15
No
No
Mmus\Styk1
1 of 15
No
No
Mmus\Tek
1 of 15
No
No
Mmus\Tie1
1 of 15
No
No
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (17)
Rnor\Fgfr1
11 of 13
Yes
Yes
Rnor\Fgfr2
10 of 13
No
Yes
Rnor\Fgfr4
10 of 13
No
Yes
Rnor\Fgfr3
9 of 13
No
Yes
Rnor\Csf1r
1 of 13
No
No
Rnor\Fgfrl1
1 of 13
No
No
Rnor\Flt1
1 of 13
No
No
Rnor\Flt4
1 of 13
No
No
Rnor\Kdr
1 of 13
No
No
Rnor\Kit
1 of 13
No
No
Rnor\Pdgfra
1 of 13
No
No
Rnor\Pdgfrb
1 of 13
No
No
Rnor\Pdgfrl
1 of 13
No
Yes
Rnor\Ret
1 of 13
No
No
Rnor\Styk1
1 of 13
No
No
Rnor\Tek
1 of 13
No
No
Rnor\Tie1
1 of 13
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (16)
Xtro\fgfr3
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Xtro\fgfr1
11 of 12
No
Yes
Xtro\fgfr2
6 of 12
No
Yes
Xtro\fgfr4
6 of 12
No
Yes
Xtro\csf1r
1 of 12
No
No
Xtro\fgfrl1
1 of 12
No
No
Xtro\flt1
1 of 12
No
No
Xtro\flt4
1 of 12
No
No
Xtro\kdr
1 of 12
No
No
Xtro\pdgfra
1 of 12
No
No
Xtro\pdgfrl.2
1 of 12
No
Yes
Xtro\pdgfrl
1 of 12
No
Yes
Xtro\ret
1 of 12
No
No
Xtro\styk1
1 of 12
No
No
Xtro\tek
1 of 12
No
No
Xtro\tie1
1 of 12
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (25)
Drer\fgfr1a
12 of 15
Yes
Yes
Drer\fgfr3
12 of 15
Yes
Yes
Drer\fgfr2
11 of 15
No
Yes
Drer\fgfr4
10 of 15
No
Yes
Drer\fgfr1b
8 of 15
No
Yes
Drer\csf1ra
1 of 15
No
No
Drer\csf1rb
1 of 15
No
No
Drer\fgfrl1a
1 of 15
No
No
Drer\fgfrl1b
1 of 15
No
No
Drer\flt1
1 of 15
No
No
Drer\flt3
1 of 15
No
No
Drer\flt4
1 of 15
No
No
Drer\kdr
1 of 15
No
No
Drer\kdrl
1 of 15
No
No
Drer\kita
1 of 15
No
No
Drer\kitb
1 of 15
No
No
Drer\pdgfra
1 of 15
No
No
Drer\pdgfrb
1 of 15
No
No
Drer\pdgfrl
1 of 15
No
Yes
Drer\ret
1 of 15
No
No
Drer\si:ch73-206d17.1
1 of 15
No
No
Drer\styk1a
1 of 15
No
No
Drer\styk1b
1 of 15
No
No
Drer\tek
1 of 15
No
No
Drer\tie1
1 of 15
No
Yes
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (27)
Cele\egl-15
14 of 15
Yes
Yes
Cele\F09G2.1
2 of 15
No
No
Cele\igcm-4
2 of 15
No
No
Cele\kin-9
2 of 15
No
No
Cele\old-1
2 of 15
No
No
Cele\B0252.1
1 of 15
No
No
Cele\F09A5.2
1 of 15
No
No
Cele\F40G9.8
1 of 15
No
Yes
Cele\F59F5.3
1 of 15
No
No
Cele\hir-1
1 of 15
No
No
Cele\kin-15
1 of 15
No
No
Cele\kin-23
1 of 15
No
No
Cele\kin-30
1 of 15
No
No
Cele\old-2
1 of 15
No
No
Cele\R09D1.12
1 of 15
No
No
Cele\R09D1.13
1 of 15
No
No
Cele\R151.1
1 of 15
No
No
Cele\T01G5.1
1 of 15
No
No
Cele\ver-1
1 of 15
No
No
Cele\ver-2
1 of 15
No
No
Cele\ver-3
1 of 15
No
No
Cele\ver-4
1 of 15
No
No
Cele\W03A5.1
1 of 15
No
No
Cele\W04G5.10
1 of 15
No
No
Cele\Y38H6C.20
1 of 15
No
Yes
Cele\Y50D4B.6
1 of 15
No
No
Cele\zig-13
1 of 15
No
Yes
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (23)
Atha\ANX1
1 of 9
Yes
Yes
Atha\ANX2
1 of 9
Yes
Yes
Atha\AT1G29730
1 of 9
Yes
Yes
Atha\AT1G74360
1 of 9
Yes
Yes
Atha\AT2G21480
1 of 9
Yes
Yes
Atha\AT2G23200
1 of 9
Yes
Yes
Atha\AT2G39360
1 of 9
Yes
Yes
Atha\AT3G46340
1 of 9
Yes
Yes
Atha\AT4G39110
1 of 9
Yes
Yes
Atha\AT5G24010
1 of 9
Yes
Yes
Atha\AT5G38990
1 of 9
Yes
Yes
Atha\AT5G39000
1 of 9
Yes
Yes
Atha\AT5G39020
1 of 9
Yes
Yes
Atha\AT5G39030
1 of 9
Yes
Yes
Atha\AT5G48740
1 of 9
Yes
Yes
Atha\AT5G61350
1 of 9
Yes
Yes
Atha\FER
1 of 9
Yes
Yes
Atha\HERK1
1 of 9
Yes
Yes
Atha\HERK2
1 of 9
Yes
Yes
Atha\MRLK
1 of 9
Yes
Yes
Atha\RKF1
1 of 9
Yes
Yes
Atha\RLK
1 of 9
Yes
Yes
Atha\THE1
1 of 9
Yes
Yes
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (1)
Scer\SKM1
1 of 15
Yes
No
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
No records found.
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v8.0)
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (22)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
Isobase
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
orthoMCL
Panther
RoundUp
Alignment
btl
8 of 10
Cad96Ca
3 of 10
CG3277
3 of 10
Pvr
3 of 10
Ret
3 of 10
Tie
3 of 10
Alk
2 of 10
Ddr
2 of 10
dnt
2 of 10
drl
2 of 10
Egfr
2 of 10
Eph
2 of 10
InR
2 of 10
Nrk
2 of 10
Ror
2 of 10
sev
2 of 10
tor
2 of 10
Drl-2
1 of 10
drpr
1 of 10
otk
1 of 10
Sdr
1 of 10
Wsck
1 of 10
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Model Summary Ribbon
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    htlλ.UAS
    model of  high grade glioma
    CEA
    (Witte et al., 2009)
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 15 )
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 2 )
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    FGFR3; fibroblast growth factor receptor 3
    14 of 15
    134934
    FGFR1; fibroblast growth factor receptor 1
    11 of 15
    136350
    FGFR4; fibroblast growth factor receptor 4
    11 of 15
    134935
         
        FGFR2; fibroblast growth factor receptor 2
        10 of 15
        176943
        Functional Complementation Data
        Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
        Interactions
        Summary of Physical Interactions
        esyN Network Diagram
        Show neighbor-neighbor interactions:
        Select Layout:
        Legend:
        Protein
        RNA
        Selected Interactor(s)
        Interactions Browser
        View in Interactions Browser
        Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
        protein-protein
        Physical Interaction
        Assay
        References
        htl - Drep2
        anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting
        (Andlauer et al., 2014)
        htl - stumps
        anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot, two hybrid
        (Csiszar et al., 2010, Petit et al., 2004, Wilson et al., 2004, Battersby et al., 2003)
        htl - vap
        pull down, anti tag western blot, western blot
        (Woodcock and Hughes, 2004)
        RNA-RNA
        Physical Interaction
        Assay
        References
        htl - mir-9a
        quantitative reverse transcription pcr
        (Yatsenko and Shcherbata, 2014)
        Summary of Genetic Interactions
        esyN Network Diagram
        esyN Network Key:
        Suppression
        Enhancement
        View in Interactions Browser
        Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
        Starting gene(s)
        Interaction type
        Interacting gene(s)
        Reference
        htl
        suppressible
        btl::Egfr
        (Michelson et al., 1998)
        htl
        suppressible
        btl::htl
        (Dossenbach et al., 2001)
        htl
        suppressible
        btl
        (Wilson et al., 2005)
        htl
        suppressible
        Cat
        (Dong et al., 2021)
        htl
        suppressible
        Egfr::htl
        (Dossenbach et al., 2001)
        htl
        enhanceable
        Egfr
        (Garcia-Alonso et al., 2000)
        htl
        suppressible
        Egfr
        (Garcia-Alonso et al., 2000)
        htl
        suppressible
        FASN1
        (Dong et al., 2021)
        htl
        suppressible
        hh
        (Dong et al., 2021)
        htl
        suppressible
        htl::tor
        (Dossenbach et al., 2001)
        htl
        suppressible
        Lsd-2
        (Dong et al., 2021)
        htl
        enhanceable
        nst
        (Mariappa et al., 2011)
        htl
        enhanceable
        Ntan1
        (Zülbahar et al., 2018)
        htl
        suppressible
        Ntan1
        (Zülbahar et al., 2018)
        htl
        suppressible
        Ras85D
        (San Martin and Bate, 2001, Schulz and Gajewski, 1999, Michelson et al., 1998, Gisselbrecht et al., 1996)
        htl
        suppressible
        rasp
        (Dong et al., 2021)
        htl
        enhanceable
        Smn
        (Sen et al., 2011)
        htl
        suppressible
        Sod1
        (Dong et al., 2021)
        htl
        suppressible
        stumps
        (Michelson et al., 1998)
        htl
        suppressible
        sty
        (Reich et al., 1999)
        htl
        enhanceable
        ush
        (Fossett et al., 2000)
        Starting gene(s)
        Interaction type
        Interacting gene(s)
        Reference
        Nrg
        suppressible
        htl
        (Garcia-Alonso et al., 2000)
        Nrg
        enhanceable
        htl
        (Garcia-Alonso et al., 2000)
        Ntan1
        suppressible
        htl
        (Zülbahar et al., 2018)
        pbl
        suppressible
        htl
        (Schumacher et al., 2004)
        Ras85D
        suppressible
        htl
        (Schulz and Gajewski, 1999)
        sfl
        suppressible
        htl
        (Lin et al., 1999)
        sgl
        suppressible
        htl
        (Lin et al., 1999)
        Smn
        enhanceable
        htl
        (Sen et al., 2011)
        Smn
        suppressible
        htl
        (Sen et al., 2011)
        ush
        enhanceable
        htl
        (Fossett et al., 2000)
        External Data
        Linkouts
        BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
        DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
        MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        Pathways
        Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
        FGFR Signaling Pathway Core Components -
        Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR) signaling pathway is initiated by the binding of secreted FGFs - bnl or ths/pyr to receptor tyrosine kinases btl or htl, respectively, to initiate signaling primarily via the canonical Ras/Raf/MAP kinase (ERK) cascade. (Adapted from FBrf0221038).
        Metabolic Pathways
        External Data
        Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
        Chromosome (arm)
        3R
        Recombination map
        3-62
        Cytogenetic map
        90E2-90E2
        Sequence location
        FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
        Cytogenetic map
        Evidence for location
        90E2-90E2
        Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}cpoEP3679 and P{EP}Dlc90FEP3634
        Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
        Cytogenetic map
        Notes
        References
        90D-90E
        (Shishido et al., 1993)
        Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
        Location

        3-62

        (FlyBase, 2016)

        3-60.9

        (Comeron et al., 2012)

        3-

        (Moore et al., 1998)
        Left of (cM)
        (Moore et al., 1998)
        Right of (cM)
        (Moore et al., 1998)
        Notes
        Stocks and Reagents
        Stocks (20)
        Genomic Clones (16)
         

        Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

        cDNA Clones (37)
         

        Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see GBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

        cDNA clones, fully sequenced
        BDGP DGC clones
        Other clones
        Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

        For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

        cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
        BDGP DGC clones
        Other clones
        RNAi and Array Information
        Linkouts
        DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
        GenomeRNAi - A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents
        Antibody Information
        Laboratory Generated Antibodies
         
        Commercially Available Antibodies
         
        Other Information
        Relationship to Other Genes
        Source for database identify of

        Source for identity of: htl CG7223

        (Gong, 1999.11)
        Source for database merge of
        Additional comments

        Identified by PCR fragment; relationship to other protein tyrosine kinase genes not known.

        (Oates, 1997.11.10)
        Other Comments

        The htl FGF receptor autonomously controls astrocyte membrane growth in the embryo. The FGFs pyr and ths direct astrocyte processes to ramify specifically in central nervous system synaptic regions.

        (Stork et al., 2014)

        When dsRNA constructs are made and transiently transfected into S2 cells in RNAi experiments, an increase in cytokinetic index is seen.

        (Bettencourt-Dias et al., 2004)

        One of 42 Drosophila genes identified as being most likely to reveal molecular and cellular mechanisms of nervous system development or plasticity relevant to human Mental Retardation disorders.

        (Inlow and Restifo, 2004)

        Embryos deficient for htl show an almost complete absence of longitudinal visceral fibers at late stages.

        (Mandal et al., 2004)

        dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene tested in RNAi screen for effects on Kc167 and S2R+ cell morphology.

        (Kiger et al., 2003)

        wg and htl act over sequential but interdependent phases of hindgut visceral mesoderm development, with htl promoting proper differentiation of the visceral mesoderm itself.

        (San Martin and Bate, 2001)

        htl signalling is inhibited by sty.

        (Reich et al., 1999)

        Mutants exhibit germ cell migration defects.

        (Moore et al., 1998)

        Mutants exhibit mesodermal spreading (mesodermal cells migrate in an undirected fashion and fail to reach their normal dorsal positions) and cell fate specification loss of function phenotypes.

        (Michelson et al., 1997)

        htl is required for the normal formation of the heart, visceral and somatic muscles, and is also required for central nervous system formation in the embryo.

        (Shishido et al., 1997)

        Phenotypes of null mutant embryos (several mesodermal lineages are severely deranged or missing) demonstrates htl is a central player that is required for the development of several mesodermal lineages.

        (Beiman et al., 1996)

        A common role for htl in cell migration and tissue organisation may account for the pleiotrophic defects of the htl mutation.

        (Beiman et al., 1996)

        htl signalling provides a vital connection between initial formation of the embryonic mesoderm and subsequent cell-fate specification within this germ layer.

        (Gisselbrecht et al., 1996)

        Proper mesodermal cell migration (somatic, cardiac and visceral) is dependent on the function of a fibroblast growth factor receptor encoded by htl.

        (Gisselbrecht et al., 1996)

        htl acts as a fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGRF) in Xenopus embryos.

        (Yoshioka et al., 1996)

        Isolated from a genomic library using a cDNA fragment encoding the human α-platelet derived growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase domain as a probe, under low stringency conditions.

        (Ito et al., 1994)

        htl is involved in neural development.

        (Emori and Saigo, 1993)

        FGF-receptor homologues are essential for the generation of mesodermal and endodermal layers, invaginations of various types of cells and CNS formation.

        (Shishido et al., 1993)
        Origin and Etymology
        Discoverer
        Etymology
        Identification
        External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 103 )
        Sequence Crossreferences
        NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
        GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
        GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
        RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
        UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
        UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
        Other crossreferences
        AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
        BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
        Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
        DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
        EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
        Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
        FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
        FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
        Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
        Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
        GenomeRNAi - A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents
        InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
        KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
        MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
        modMine - A data warehouse for the modENCODE project
        Linkouts
        BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
        DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
        DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
        FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
        FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
        Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
        KEGG Pathways - Wiring diagrams of molecular interactions, reactions and relations.
        MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
        Synonyms and Secondary IDs (36)
        Reported As
        Symbol Synonym
        CG7223
        (Neuert et al., 2017, Schertel et al., 2013, Ni et al., 2011.7.19, Ni et al., 2010.12.1, Banyai and Patthy, 2004, Kim et al., 2004, Battersby et al., 2003, Morrison et al., 2000)
        CT22273
        (Hynes and Zhao, 2000)
        CT39172
        (Hynes and Zhao, 2000)
        DFGF-R1
        (Eulenberg and Schuh, 1997)
        DFGF-R2
        (Beiman et al., 1996, Reichman-Fried et al., 1994)
        DFR-1
        (Zaffran et al., 1995, Perrimon, 1994)
        DFR1
        (Sopko and Perrimon, 2013, Nagendra et al., 2001, Tickle, 1998, Shishido et al., 1997, Casal and Leptin, 1996, Ranganayakulu et al., 1996, Abmayr et al., 1995, Lilly et al., 1995, Ito et al., 1994, Perrimon, 1994, Reichman-Fried et al., 1994, Reuter and Leptin, 1994, Sugaya et al., 1994, Sugaya et al., 1994, Emori and Saigo, 1993, Shishido et al., 1993, Saigo, 1992.10.28)
        DFR1/DFGF-R2
        (Gisselbrecht et al., 1996)
        DPR3
        (Ito et al., 1994)
        DTRK(FR1)
        (Halaby and Mornon, 1998)
        Dfr-1
        (Oates et al., 1998)
        Dfr1
        DmHD-38
        (Oates et al., 1998, Oates, 1997.11.10)
        Dtk1
        (Sopko and Perrimon, 2013)
        EMS2
        (Bradley et al., 2002)
        FGF-R2
        (Rossant et al., 1997)
        FGFR
        (Andlauer et al., 2014, Sieglitz et al., 2013, Grigorian et al., 2011, Csiszar et al., 2010, McMahon et al., 2010, Zhu et al., 2003, Sternberg and Alberola-Ila, 1998)
        FGFR2
        (Mason, 1994)
        FR1
        (Bassett et al., 1997)
        Fr1
        HD-38
        HTL/FGFR1
        (Morrison et al., 2000)
        Htl
        (Bittern et al., 2021, Beati et al., 2020, Chou et al., 2020, Gheisari et al., 2020, Stepanik et al., 2020, Tsao et al., 2020, Chen et al., 2017, Gerdøe-Kristensen et al., 2017, Wu et al., 2017, Mbodj et al., 2016, Mbodj et al., 2013, Muha and Müller, 2013, Dani et al., 2012, Richter et al., 2011, Winklbauer and Müller, 2011, Yuva-Aydemir et al., 2011, Csiszar et al., 2010, Figeac et al., 2010, Leatherbarrow and Halfon, 2009, Carmena et al., 2006, Liu et al., 2006, Mandal et al., 2004, Wilson et al., 2004, Frasch, 1999)
        Tk1
        dtk1
        (Shishido, 1991.12.2, Shishido et al., 1991)
        heartless
        (Cameron et al., 2016, Edwards et al., 2006)
        htl
        (DeAngelis et al., 2021, Destalminil-Letourneau et al., 2021, Dufourt et al., 2021, Everetts et al., 2021, Kump et al., 2021, Pan and O'Connor, 2021, Park et al., 2021, Yadav et al., 2021, Yeates and Frank, 2021, Bridi et al., 2020, Irizarry et al., 2020, Li et al., 2020, Nye et al., 2020, Overton et al., 2020, Port et al., 2020, Slaidina et al., 2020, Sun et al., 2020, Chen and Read, 2019, Mele and Johnson, 2019, Schwarz et al., 2018, Sun and Stathopoulos, 2018, Zülbahar et al., 2018, Jordán-Álvarez et al., 2017, Katti et al., 2017, Koenecke et al., 2017, Neuert et al., 2017, Park et al., 2017, Richier et al., 2017, Rothenbusch-Fender et al., 2017, Transgenic RNAi Project members, 2017-, Cameron et al., 2016, Moulton and Letsou, 2016, Sandler and Stathopoulos, 2016, Sarov et al., 2016, Chaston et al., 2015, Dequéant et al., 2015, Grotewiel and Bettinger, 2015, Schaub et al., 2015, Andlauer et al., 2014, Kim et al., 2014, Rembold et al., 2014, Sopko et al., 2014, Stork et al., 2014, Weitkunat and Schnorrer, 2014, Muha and Müller, 2013, Ozkan et al., 2013, Rudolf et al., 2013, Saunders et al., 2013, Schertel et al., 2013, Sopko and Perrimon, 2013, Tixier et al., 2013, Zhang et al., 2013, Zhu and Zhang, 2013, Avet-Rochex et al., 2012, Cole et al., 2012.7.6, Mukherjee et al., 2012, Reim et al., 2012, Cherbas et al., 2011, Clark et al., 2011, Grigorian et al., 2011, Knox et al., 2011, Kuzina et al., 2011, Mariappa et al., 2011, Park et al., 2011, Sen et al., 2011, McMahon et al., 2010, Boettiger and Levine, 2009, Cronin et al., 2009, Franzdóttir et al., 2009, Kadam et al., 2009, Witte et al., 2009, Wu et al., 2009, Cook et al., 2008.7.11, Hozumi et al., 2008, McMahon et al., 2008, Nicholson et al., 2008, Yan and Lin, 2008, Dietzl et al., 2007, Halfon and Leatherbarrow, 2007, Lecuyer et al., 2007, Murray and Saint, 2007, Ratnaparkhi and Zinn, 2007, Sandmann et al., 2007, Thomas and van Meyel, 2007, Toledano-Katchalski et al., 2007, Yan and Lin, 2007, Zeitlinger et al., 2007, Zeitouni et al., 2007, de Velasco et al., 2006, Estrada et al., 2006, Maqbool et al., 2006, Montell, 2006, Sandmann et al., 2006, Kristiansen et al., 2005, Stathopoulos and Levine, 2005, Forni et al., 2004, Mandal et al., 2004, Petit et al., 2004, Garcia-Alonso et al., 2000)
        i100
        (Battersby et al., 2003)
        i150
        (Battersby et al., 2003)
        i79
        (Battersby et al., 2003)
        j372
        (Bradley et al., 2002)
        Name Synonyms
        FGF receptor
        (Figeac et al., 2010, McMahon et al., 2010, Cinnamon et al., 2007, Montell, 2006, Zhu et al., 2002, Volk, 1999)
        Fibroblast growth factor receptor
        (Banyai and Patthy, 2004)
        Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1
        Heartless
        (Mele and Johnson, 2019, Amourda and Saunders, 2017, Andlauer et al., 2014, Stork et al., 2014, Muha and Müller, 2013, Dani et al., 2012, Winklbauer and Müller, 2011, Csiszar et al., 2010, Figeac et al., 2010, McMahon et al., 2010, Kadam et al., 2009, Klingseisen et al., 2008, Maqbool et al., 2006, Montell, 2006, Anonymous, 2005, Dutta et al., 2005, Mandal et al., 2004, Petit et al., 2004, Wilson et al., 2004)
        fibroblast growth factor receptor
        (Figeac et al., 2010, Matsui, 1993.4.8, Matsui, 1993.4.8, Matsui, 1993.4.8, Matsui, 1993.4.8)
        heartless
        (Ko and Martin, 2020, Ramond et al., 2020, Meltzer et al., 2019, Dequéant et al., 2015, Knox et al., 2011, Kuzina et al., 2011, Park et al., 2011, Schnorrer et al., 2010, Boettiger and Levine, 2009, Hurlbut et al., 2009, Hozumi et al., 2008, McMahon et al., 2008, Yan and Lin, 2008, Ratnaparkhi and Zinn, 2007, Zeitouni et al., 2007, de Velasco et al., 2006, Edwards et al., 2006, Kristiansen et al., 2005, Marques, 2005, Forni et al., 2004, Trainor, 2004, Garcia-Alonso et al., 2000, Michelson et al., 1997)
        Secondary FlyBase IDs
        • FBgn0004599
        • FBgn0022791
        Datasets (3)
        Study focus (0)
        Experimental Role
        Project
        Project Type
        Title
        Study result (3)
        Result
        Result Type
        Title
        scRNAseq_2020_Cho_NI96LG_seq_clustering
        Clustering analysis of lymph gland cells from non-infested larvae at 96 h after egg-laying
        scRNAseq_2020_Cho_NI120LG_seq_clustering
        Clustering analysis of lymph gland cells from non-infested larvae at 120 h after egg-laying
        scRNAseq_2020_Cho_NI120HL_seq_clustering
        Clustering analysis of circulating hemocytes from non-infested larvae at 120 h after egg-laying
        References (390)