FB2020_03, released Jun 16, 2020

Gene: Dmel\NAT1

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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\NAT1
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
NAT1
Annotation Symbol
CG3845
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0010488
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
9 publicly available
Gene Snapshot
NAT1 (NAT1) encodes a protein involved in chaeta development. [Date last reviewed: 2019-09-19]
Other Summaries
Also Known As

l(2)01424, dNAT1

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
49E1-49E1
Sequence location
2R:12,915,994..12,923,734 [+]
Recombination map

2-67

RefSeq locus
NT_033778 REGION:12915994..12923734
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
GO Summary Ribbons
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (5 terms)
Molecular Function (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
mRNA binding
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with SGD:S000003017
(FlyBase Curators, 2008--)
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000583430
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
translation initiation factor activity
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000583430
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with SGD:S000003017
(FlyBase Curators, 2008--)
Biological Process (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
chaeta development
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Yoshikane et al., 2007)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
translational initiation
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with SGD:S000003017
(FlyBase Curators, 2008--)
Cellular Component (1 term)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4F complex
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000583430
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
3
Number of Unique Polypeptides
2

Please see the GBrowse view of Dmel\NAT1 or the JBrowse view of Dmel\NAT1 for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.47

gene_with_non_canonical_start_codon ; SO:0001739

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Gene model reviewed during 5.49

Unconventional translation start (AUU) postulated; FBrf0184018 and FlyBase analysis.

Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
gene_with_edited_transcript
(Rodriguez et al., 2012, Graveley et al., 2011)
nuclear_gene
protein_coding_gene
Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
NAT1-RA
FBtr0087786
NM_165961
5618
918
NAT1-RB
FBtr0087787
NM_143770
5594
918
NAT1-RD
FBtr0334772
NM_001038854
5618
1488
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
RefSeq ID
GenBank
NAT1-PA
FBpp0086899
104.5
918
6.47
NP_725242
AAF58443
NAT1-PB
FBpp0086900
104.5
918
6.47
NP_652027
AAM68617
NAT1-PD
FBpp0306828
162.9
1488
8.79
NP_001033943
ABC66062
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

918 aa isoforms: NAT1-PA, NAT1-PB
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Nucleotide / Polypeptide Records
 
UniProt
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\NAT1 using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Expression Summary Ribbons
Colored tiles in ribbon indicate that expression data has been curated by FlyBase for that anatomical location. Colorless tiles indicate that there is no curated data for that location.
For complete stage-specific expression data, view the modENCODE Development RNA-Seq section under High-Throughput Expression below.
Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage
organism | ubiquitous

Comment: highest levels at stage 3

(Yoshikane et al., 2007)
third instar larval stage
wing disc | ubiquitous
(Yoshikane et al., 2007)
eye-antennal disc | ubiquitous
(Yoshikane et al., 2007)
embryonic/larval salivary gland | ubiquitous
(Yoshikane et al., 2007)
embryonic/larval brain | ubiquitous
(Yoshikane et al., 2007)
RT-PCR
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage -- adult stage
organism
(Yoshikane et al., 2007)
Additional Descriptive Data

NAT1 is expressed ubiquitously at various developmental stages.

(Yoshikane et al., 2007)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult head
(Aradska et al., 2015)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

GBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\NAT1 in GBrowse 2
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, and Transgenic Constructs
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 8 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 8 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of NAT1
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of NAT1
Deletions and Duplications ( 6 )
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
lethal
lethal (with NAT1ex1)
lethal (with NAT1GS2099)
lethal | recessive
lethal - all die during embryonic stage
partially lethal
partially lethal - majority die
partially lethal - majority die (with NAT1GS2099)
partially lethal - majority die (with NAT1PBss)
partially lethal - majority live (with NAT101424)
partially lethal - majority live (with NAT1GS2099)
viable
viable, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
viable, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
viable, with Scer\GAL4tin.CΔ4
viable (with NAT1BG02338)
viable (with NAT1GS2099)
Sterility
Allele
fertile
Other Phenotypes
Allele
body size defective | pupal stage
majority die during pupal stage
some die during embryonic stage
visible, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
anterior crossvein, with Scer\GAL4dpp.PU
cephalic furrow
chaeta | supernumerary, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
denticle belt | embryonic stage
embryonic/larval salivary gland | pupal stage
mesothoracic tergum, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
scutellar bristle, with Scer\GAL4dpp.PU
scutellar bristle | supernumerary
scutellar bristle | supernumerary, with Scer\GAL4dpp.PU
scutellar bristle | supernumerary, with Scer\GAL4sca.PU
scutellum, with Scer\GAL4dpp.PU
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Download All OrthoDB Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0)
Homo sapiens (Human) (4)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
Isobase
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
RoundUp
TreeFam
ZFIN
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Hsap\EIF4G2
11 of 15
Yes
Yes
Hsap\EIF4G1
2 of 15
No
No
Hsap\EIF4G3
2 of 15
No
No
Hsap\PAIP1
1 of 15
No
No
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0)
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (4)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
Isobase
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
RoundUp
TreeFam
ZFIN
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Mmus\Eif4g2
11 of 15
Yes
Yes
Mmus\Eif4g1
2 of 15
No
No
Mmus\Eif4g3
2 of 15
No
No
Mmus\Paip1
1 of 15
No
No
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (6)
Rnor\Eif4g2
5 of 13
Yes
Yes
Rnor\Eif4g1
2 of 13
No
No
Rnor\Eif4g3
2 of 13
No
No
Rnor\LOC501116
2 of 13
No
Yes
Rnor\LOC100912571
2 of 13
No
No
Rnor\LOC100911693
1 of 13
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (3)
Xtro\eif4g2
8 of 12
Yes
Yes
Xtro\eif4g1
2 of 12
No
No
Xtro\eif4g3
2 of 12
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (6)
Drer\eif4g2a
9 of 15
Yes
Yes
Drer\eif4g2b
9 of 15
Yes
Yes
Drer\eif4g1a
2 of 15
No
No
Drer\eif4g3a
2 of 15
No
No
Drer\eif4g3b
2 of 15
No
No
Drer\paip1
1 of 15
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (1)
Cele\ifg-1
3 of 15
Yes
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (5)
Atha\eIFiso4G1
5 of 9
Yes
Yes
Atha\EIF4G
4 of 9
No
No
Atha\eIFiso4G2
4 of 9
No
Yes
Atha\AT1G62410
1 of 9
No
Yes
Atha\AT4G30680
1 of 9
No
Yes
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (2)
Scer\TIF4631
4 of 15
Yes
No
Scer\TIF4632
4 of 15
Yes
No
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (1)
Spom\tif471
1 of 12
Yes
No
Orthologs in Drosophila Species (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG0919021P )
Organism
Common Name
Gene
AAA Syntenic Ortholog
Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
Drosophila suzukii
Spotted wing Drosophila
Dsuz\DS10_00005775
Drosophila simulans
Dsim\GD10930
Drosophila sechellia
Dsec\GM21432
Drosophila erecta
Dere\GG20345
Drosophila yakuba
Dyak\GE12504
Drosophila ananassae
Dana\GF12927
Drosophila pseudoobscura pseudoobscura
Dpse\GA24988
Drosophila persimilis
Dper\GL17160
Drosophila willistoni
Dwil\GK20767
Drosophila virilis
Dvir\GJ21226
Drosophila mojavensis
Dmoj\GI19973
Drosophila grimshawi
Dgri\GH20303
Orthologs in non-Drosophila Dipterans (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG091500H1 )
Organism
Common Name
Gene
Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
Musca domestica
House fly
Mdoa\17005901
Glossina morsitans
Tsetse fly
Gmor\GMOY008700
Lucilia cuprina
Australian sheep blowfly
Lcup\FF38_13166
Mayetiola destructor
Hessian fly
Mdes\Mdes006589
Aedes aegypti
Yellow fever mosquito
Aaeg\AAEL007928
Aedes aegypti
Yellow fever mosquito
Aaeg\AAEL007923
Anopheles darlingi
American malaria mosquito
Adar\ADAC003040
Anopheles gambiae
Malaria mosquito
Agam\AGAP004750
Culex quinquefasciatus
Southern house mosquito
Cqui\CPIJ002918
Orthologs in non-Dipteran Insects (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG090W05YL )
Organism
Common Name
Gene
Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
Bombyx mori
Silkmoth
Bmor\BGIBMGA001081
Danaus plexippus
Monarch butterfly
Dple\DPOGS215965-PA
Heliconius melpomene
Postman butterfly
Hmel\HMEL005887
Apis florea
Little honeybee
Aflo\2911955348
Apis mellifera
Western honey bee
Amel\GB46035
Bombus impatiens
Common eastern bumble bee
Bimp\BIMP24695
Bombus terrestris
Buff-tailed bumblebee
Bter\15214492
Linepithema humile
Argentine ant
Lhum\LH19255
Megachile rotundata
Alfalfa leafcutting bee
Mrot\MROTU:00135d
Nasonia vitripennis
Parasitic wasp
Nvit\Nasvi2EG010687
Dendroctonus ponderosae
Mountain pine beetle
Dpod\YQE_00172
Dendroctonus ponderosae
Mountain pine beetle
Dpod\YQE_04747
Tribolium castaneum
Red flour beetle
Tcas\GLEAN_08408
Pediculus humanus
Human body louse
Phum\PHUM086650
Rhodnius prolixus
Kissing bug
Rpro\RPRC007376
Cimex lectularius
Bed bug
Clec\CLEC002606
Acyrthosiphon pisum
Pea aphid
Apim\ACYPI003596
Zootermopsis nevadensis
Nevada dampwood termite
Znev\Znev_17241
Orthologs in non-Insect Arthropods (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG090X05U5 )
Organism
Common Name
Gene
Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
Strigamia maritima
European centipede
Smar\SMAR006067
Ixodes scapularis
Black-legged tick
Isca\ISCW020309
Stegodyphus mimosarum
African social velvet spider
Smim\KFM57634.1
Tetranychus urticae
Two-spotted spider mite
Turt\tetur05g02860
Tetranychus urticae
Two-spotted spider mite
Turt\tetur05g02840
Daphnia pulex
Water flea
Dpux\DAPPUDRAFT_253270
Orthologs in non-Arthropod Metazoa (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG091G03ZW )
Organism
Common Name
Gene
Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
Purple sea urchin
Spur\Sp-Eif4Gg
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
Purple sea urchin
Spur\Sp-Dap5
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
Purple sea urchin
Spur\Sp-Eif4Gg(C-ter)
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
Purple sea urchin
Spur\Sp-Dap5_1
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
Purple sea urchin
Spur\SPU_006085gn
Ciona intestinalis
Vase tunicate
Cint\ENSCING00000005189
Ciona intestinalis
Vase tunicate
Cint\ENSCING00000008855
Ciona intestinalis
Vase tunicate
Cint\ENSCING00000005191
Gallus gallus
Domestic chicken
Ggal\EIF4G1
Gallus gallus
Domestic chicken
Ggal\EIF4G3
Gallus gallus
Domestic chicken
Ggal\EIF4G2
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v8.0)
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (3)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
Isobase
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
orthoMCL
Panther
RoundUp
Alignment
eIF4G1
4 of 10
eIF4G2
4 of 10
CG8963
1 of 10
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Model Summary Ribbon
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    EIF4G2; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 2
    11 of 15
    602325
        Functional Complementation Data
        Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
        Interactions
        Summary of Physical Interactions
        Summary of Genetic Interactions
        esyN Network Diagram
        Starting gene(s)
        Interaction type
        Interacting gene(s)
        Reference
        Starting gene(s)
        Interaction type
        Interacting gene(s)
        Reference
        External Data
        Linkouts
        BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
        DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
        InterologFinder - Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets.
        MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        Pathways
        Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
        Metabolic Pathways
        External Data
        Linkouts
        KEGG Pathways - Wiring diagrams of molecular interactions, reactions and relations.
        Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
        Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
        Chromosome (arm)
        2R
        Recombination map

        2-67

        Cytogenetic map
        49E1-49E1
        Sequence location
        2R:12,915,994..12,923,734 [+]
        FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
        Cytogenetic map
        Evidence for location
        49E1-49E1
        Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}bick10712 and P{PZ}l(2)0142401424
        Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
        Cytogenetic map
        Notes
        References
        49E1-49E2
        (determined by in situ hybridisation)
        (Spradling et al., 1999, BDGP Project Members, 1994-1999)
        Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
        Location

        2-67

        (FlyBase, 2016)

        2-71.3

        (Comeron et al., 2012)
        Left of (cM)
        Right of (cM)
        Notes
        Stocks and Reagents
        Stocks (9)
        Genomic Clones (17)
         

        Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

        cDNA Clones (209)
         

        Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see GBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

        cDNA clones, fully sequenced
        BDGP DGC clones
        Other clones
          Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

          For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

          cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
          BDGP DGC clones
          Other clones
          RNAi and Array Information
          Linkouts
          DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
          GenomeRNAi - A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents
          Antibody Information
          Laboratory Generated Antibodies
           
          Commercially Available Antibodies
           
          Other Information
          Relationship to Other Genes
          Source for database identify of

          Source for identity of: NAT1 l(2)01424

          (Takahashi et al., 2005)
          Source for database merge of

          Source for merge of: l(2)01424 CG3845

          (Misra, 2000.8.25)
          Additional comments

          l(2)k17019b may correspond to NAT1: the P{lacW}l(2)k17019bk17019b insertion maps within the transcription unit.

          (Gene Disruption Project members, 2015.10.8)
          Other Comments

          Allelic series, based on lethality, defined as (severe -> weak): NAT1GS2099 -> NAT1ex1 -> NAT1PBss -> NAT101424.

          (Yoshikane et al., 2007)
          Origin and Etymology
          Discoverer
          Etymology
          Identification
          External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 46 )
          Sequence Crossreferences
          NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
          GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
          GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
          RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
          UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
          Other crossreferences
          BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
          Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
          Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
          Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
          Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
          GenomeRNAi - A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents
          iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
          InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
          KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
          modMine - A data warehouse for the modENCODE project
          Linkouts
          BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
          DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
          DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
          FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies
          FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
          FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
          FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
          InterologFinder - Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets.
          KEGG Pathways - Wiring diagrams of molecular interactions, reactions and relations.
          MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
          Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
          Synonyms and Secondary IDs (6)
          Datasets (0)
          Study focus (0)
          Experimental Role
          Project
          Project Type
          Title
          References (77)