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FB2025_05
,
released December 11, 2025
E2F, dE2F1, dE2F, E(var)3-93E, drosE2F1
positively regulates genes involved in the S (DNA synthesis) phase of the cell cycle - alternate transcripts are necessary for maintenance of cell cycle exit during development - required during late myogenesis to directly control the expression of a set of muscle-specific genes
Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\E2f1 for information on other features
To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form
AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.
Gene model reviewed during 5.56
Gene model reviewed during 5.47
Annotated transcripts do not represent all supported alternative splices within 5' UTR.
Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.
Annotated transcripts do not represent all possible combinations of alternative exons and/or alternative promoters.
Gene model reviewed during 5.55
Gene model reviewed during 6.02
4.7 (northern blot)
4.5 (longest cDNA)
805 (aa)
805 (aa); 88 (kD predicted)
E2f2 protein requires Dp protein for binding to the E2f recognition sites of the adenovirus E2 promoter. E2f protein does not require Dp protein for binding the same site, but binding is enhanced in the presence of Dp protein. E2f2 binds to one of two E2f recognition sites in the PCNA gene promoter. Unlike the transcription activator E2f, E2f2 acts as a repressor of expression from the PCNA promoter.
Cotransfection assays in S2 cells were used to demonstrate that E2f protein and Dp protein form a heteromeric complex and cooperate to give sequence-specific DNA binding and transcriptional activation. Deletion mutants of E2f protein were made to identify a region of E2f protein necessary for interaction with Dp protein.
E2f protein expressed in bacteria was shown to have DNA-binding activity and to bind specifically to E2f recognition sequences. In S2 cells, E2f protein stimulates transcription and the activation is dependent on functional E2f binding sites. The transcription activation function was mapped to the C-terminal portion of the E2f protein between amino acids 560 and 769. Finally, E2f protein recognition sequences were found within the promoter of the DNA polymerase alpha gene.
Heterodimer of E2f and Dp. Cooperates to give sequence-specific DNA binding and optimal trans-activation. Interacts with PCNA.
Ubiquitinated by the DCX(DTL) complex, also named CRL4(CDT2) complex, leading to its degradation during S phase. Ubiquitination by the DCX(DTL) complex is essential for cell cycle control and is PCNA-dependent: interacts with PCNA via its PIP-box, while the presence of the containing the 'K+4' motif in the PIP box, recruit the DCX(DTL) complex, leading to its degradation.
The PIP-box K+4 motif mediates both the interaction with PCNA and the recruitment of the DCX(DTL) complex: while the PIP-box interacts with PCNA, the presence of the K+4 submotif, recruits the DCX(DTL) complex, leading to its ubiquitination.
Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\E2f1 using the Feature Mapper tool.
The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).
Comment: maternally deposited
Comment: anlage in statu nascendi
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage in statu nascendi
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage in statu nascendi
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage in statu nascendi
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage
Comment: reported as ventral nerve cord anlage
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium
JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals
View Dmel\E2f1 in JBrowse
3-72
3-74.5
Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete
Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.
For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.
dsRNA has been made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene. RNAi of E2f results in increased arborization of ddaD and ddaE neurons. RNAi also causes defects in muscle, alterations in the number of MD neurons, defects in dendrite morphogenesis and reproducible defects in da dendrite development.
RNAi generated by PCR using primers directed to this gene causes a cell growth and viability phenotype when assayed in Kc167 and S2R+ cells.
RNAi screen using dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene causes a cell growth and viability phenotype when assayed in Kc167 and S2R+ cells.
Identified with: LP10386 (BDGP-DGC) <up>FlyBase curator comment: EST subsequently found to be chimeric</up>.
Most, if not all, of the function of Rbf during development is mediated through E2f. E2f functions primarily as a transcription activator rather than a co-repressor of Rbf during development.
Identification: One of a collection of genes identified with defective larval growth that extend larval life.
In vitro binding studies of E2f and Dp to the DNApol-α180 promoter region reveals each of the E2f binding sites plays a distinct role as positive or negative element in the regulation of the DNApol-α180 promoter during development.
Endogenous E2f falls from high to very low levels as cells initiate DNA synthesis during a developmentally regulated G1-S transition in the eye disc. Ectopic E2f expression drives many otherwise quiescent cells to enter S phase, subsequently these cells express rpr and die. Ectopic E2f expression during the S phase in normally cycling cells blocks their re-entry into S phase in the following cell cycle. These results show that an elevation in the level of E2f is sufficient to induce imaginal disc cells to enter S phase. Also they suggest that the down regulation of E2f upon entry into S phase may be essential to prevent the induction of apoptosis.
E2f is required at multiple stages of development and may have an important function in post-mitotic cells in addition to its role during cell proliferation.
Deduced protein sequence of transcripts from the E(var)93E locus identifies the E2f gene.
During G1 of cycle 17 in the endocycling cells, E2f activation is independent of CycE, whereas CycE expression requires E2f. In the CNS CycE is expressed by a route independent of E2f, and the activation of E2f depends on CycE. The hierarchical relationship of CycE and E2f is reversed by tissue-specific distinctions in the mode of expression of CycE.
E2f is essential in most cells for a G1-S transcriptional program and for G1-S progression.
Analysis of expression patterns of E2f indicates in late stage embryos the protein is present in a restricted group of neural cells. In early embryos the protein is widely expressed in a segment restricted pattern. Distinct expression patterns of Dp and E2f suggest that the formation of Dp/E2f heterodimers is subject to complex regulatory cues.
A dominant modifier of position effect variegation.
Source for identity of: E2f1 E2f
'E2f' renamed to 'E2f1' to: i) reflect usage in the literature; ii) better distinguish it from the 'E2f2' gene; iii) reflect preference of authors Dyson and Duronio who originally characterized the gene in FBrf0073014 and FBrf0081967.
