Adh
Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.
For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.
The phylogenetic relationships and divergence times of 39 drosophilid species have been studied by using the coding region of the Adh gene.
The srp-binding sites of the D.melanogaster and D.mulleri Adh larval promoters function as positive control elements.
Phylogenetic relationships in Drosophila are studied using the Alcohol dehydrogenase locus in several species.
Ecol\lacZ reporter constructs carrying base substitutions in the AAE identify a negative regulatory element in the AAE to which the adult enhancer factor 1 (AEF1) binds. The AEF1 binding site, Dmul\Adh1 AAE and Yp1 gene fat body enhancer are related to a sequence recognised by the mammalian transcription factor C/EBP and a liver specific regulatory element of the human Adh gene. DNase I footprinting experiments reveal that AEF1 and C/EBP compete for adjacent binding sites in the fat body enhancers, AEF1 can displace bound C/EBP from its sites.
AEF1 binds specifically to fat body enhancer of Adh.
The organization of the Adh gene region in D.hydei is similar to that found in D.mulleri and D.mojavensis. There are three tandem Adh genes: 5' gene is the pseudogene, Dmul\Adh2 and then the 3' gene Dmul\Adh1. Deletion of a nucleotide in the second codon of each pseudogene suggests that the first duplication occurred before the divergence of the hydei and mulleri subgroups.
Deletion analysis of the cis-acting regulatory sequences necessary for expression of Dmul\Adh1 in larval tissues reveal the presence of 2 small regulatory elements, BOXA and BOXB. P-element mediated transformation of a 4kb fragment carrying Dmul\Adh1 with 1.5 kb of 5' and 3' flanking sequences into D.melanogaster demonstrated Dmul\Adh1 expression patterns were identical to that of the endogenous Dmul\Adh1. Ecol\lacZ reporter gene constructs demonstrate the presence of a 3' regulatory element that can act at a distance and either upstream or downstream of the transcription start site.
Dmul\Adh1 and Dmul\Adh2, though structurally distinct from the two-promoter Adh locus, can be regulated by the D.melanogaster trans acting factors.
Structure and nucleotide sequence comparisons of Adh genes proposed that an intial duplication of an ancestral Adh gene generated two Adh genes arranged in tandem. The more 5' gene became a pseudogene while the more 3' gene remained functional through all the developmental stages. A second duplication of this 3' gene resulted in 3 genes: a pseudogene, Dmul\Adh2 and Dmul\Adh1.
