FB2025_01 , released February 20, 2025
Gene: Dsim\per
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Important message

Updated sequence information for this Drosophila species is no longer provided by FlyBase. Gene model annotations for this species are now updated and maintained at NCBI, using the gnomon automated annotation pipeline. See the NCBI page ‘Eukaryotic genomes annotated at NCBI’.

The FlyBase BLAST tool will continue to support queries against the reference genome of this species, but not queries against annotated transcripts or proteins. For the current release, there is no JBrowse or GBrowse view of the gene model annotations for this species.

The FlyBase archived release FB2017_05 includes the last NCBI annotation update for this species that was imported into FlyBase. That sequence data can be accessed from archived gene reports, via the archived GBrowse tool, and via archived bulk-data downloads.

General Information
Symbol
Dsim\per
Species
D. simulans
Name
period
Annotation Symbol
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0012888
Gene Model Status
Unannotated
Stock Availability
None publicly available
Gene Summary
Essential for biological clock functions. Determines the period length of circadian and ultradian rhythms; an increase in PER dosage leads to shortened circadian rhythms and a decrease leads to lengthened circadian rhythms. Essential for the circadian rhythmicity of locomotor activity, eclosion behavior, and for the rhythmic component of the male courtship song that originates in the thoracic nervous system. The biological cycle depends on the rhythmic formation and nuclear localization of the TIM-PER complex. Light induces the degradation of TIM, which promotes elimination of PER. Nuclear activity of the heterodimer coordinatively regulates PER and TIM transcription through a negative feedback loop. Behaves as a negative element in circadian transcriptional loop. Does not appear to bind DNA, suggesting indirect transcriptional inhibition (By similarity). (UniProt, Q03355)
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All Summaries
Also Known As

per

Summaries
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Essential for biological clock functions. Determines the period length of circadian and ultradian rhythms; an increase in PER dosage leads to shortened circadian rhythms and a decrease leads to lengthened circadian rhythms. Essential for the circadian rhythmicity of locomotor activity, eclosion behavior, and for the rhythmic component of the male courtship song that originates in the thoracic nervous system. The biological cycle depends on the rhythmic formation and nuclear localization of the TIM-PER complex. Light induces the degradation of TIM, which promotes elimination of PER. Nuclear activity of the heterodimer coordinatively regulates PER and TIM transcription through a negative feedback loop. Behaves as a negative element in circadian transcriptional loop. Does not appear to bind DNA, suggesting indirect transcriptional inhibition (By similarity).
(UniProt, Q03355)
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 3 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 1 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Dsim\per
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Dsim\per
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 0 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 0 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (0)
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Functional Complementation Data
    Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
    Interactions
    Summary of Physical Interactions
    esyN Network Diagram
    Other Interaction Browsers
    Summary of Genetic Interactions
    esyN Network Diagram
    Other Interaction Browsers
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    External Data
    Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
    Forms a heterodimer with timeless (TIM); the complex then translocates into the nucleus.
    (UniProt, Q03355 )
    Linkouts
    Class of Gene
    Stocks and Reagents
    Stocks (0)
    Genomic Clones (0)
     
      cDNA Clones (0)
       

      Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

      cDNA clones, fully sequenced
      BDGP DGC clones
        Other clones
          Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

          For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

            cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
            BDGP DGC clones
              Other clones
                RNAi and Array Information
                Linkouts
                Antibody Information
                Laboratory Generated Antibodies
                 
                Commercially Available Antibodies
                 
                Cell Line Information
                Publicly Available Cell Lines
                 
                  Other Stable Cell Lines
                   
                    Other Comments

                    The frequency distribution of "silent" DNA polymorphisms has been studied in a number of D.simulans and D.pseudoobscura.pseudoobscura genes.

                    (Akashi and Schaeffer, 1997)

                    D.melanogaster females do not discriminate between males carrying D.melanogaster or D.simulans per genes, indicating that the per locus may only make a small contribution to total premating isolation between the two species.

                    (Ritchie and Kyriacou, 1994)

                    A 1.9 kb region of per has been compared in D.melanogaster, D.simulans, D.sechellia and D.mauritiana, and reveals a complex history. D.simulans appears to be a parent species to D.sechellia and D.mauritiana, but the order of appearance of the two species remains unclear. Whereas D.simulans and D.mauritiana share a large number of polymorphisms, D.sechellia shows very little variation.

                    (Kliman and Hey, 1993)

                    Courtship song rhythms and locomotor activity rhythms were assayed in D.melanogaster carrying the Dsim\per gene or D.melanogaster/D.simulans per gene fusions. In all cases the circadian periodicities were slightly longer than for wild type, suggesting that the 13.2kb per fragment used to make the transgenic constructs is slightly inadequate at performing wild type per function.

                    (Hall et al., 1992)

                    Chimeric per gene constructs from D.melanogaster and D.simulans have been used to map the genetic control of their courtship song rhythm difference to a small segment of the amino acid encoding information within per.

                    (Wheeler et al., 1991)

                    By analysing the singing of D.simulans and D.melanogaster reciprocally hybrid males the genetic etiology of the song rhythm difference is due to 1-4 amino acid replacements that have occurred over evolutionary time.

                    (Hall, 1990)

                    Dsim\per gene has been cloned and sequenced: comparison of the coding regions reveals a pattern of highly diverged areas interwoven with large conserved regions. Transformation experiments involving the Thr-Gly encoding region of per (Yu, Nature 326:765 ) suggest that the Thr-Gly repeat may play a role in determining song cycles, Dyak\per has 24 Thr-Gly pairs and has a short 35 to 40 second song rhythm.

                    (Kyriacou, 1990)
                    Relationship to Other Genes
                    Source for database merge of
                    Additional comments
                    Nomenclature History
                    Source for database identify of
                    Nomenclature comments
                    Etymology
                    Synonyms and Secondary IDs (4)
                    Datasets (0)
                    Study focus (0)
                    Experimental Role
                    Project
                    Project Type
                    Title
                    Study result (0)
                    Result
                    Result Type
                    Title
                    External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 467 )
                    Sequence Crossreferences
                    GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
                    GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
                    UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
                    UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
                    Other crossreferences
                    InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
                    References (72)