FB2025_05 , released December 11, 2025
Gene: Dmel\phyl
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\phyl
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
phyllopod
Annotation Symbol
CG10108
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0013725
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
11 publicly available
Gene Summary
Essential adapter component of E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes; involved in R7 photoreceptor cell differentiation, embryonic nervous system, external sensory organ development and specification of particular muscles. E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes mediate ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Required for specification of R7 photoreceptor cell fate in the eye by participating in the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of Tramtrack (ttk), a general inhibitor of photoreceptor differentiation. Acts downstream of Notch signaling to specify the fate of the SOP (sensory organ precursor) cells and their progeny, probably via the sina-mediated proteasomal degradation of ttk. Its restricted pattern of expression, upon Notch and Ras signaling pathways, suggests that it acts as a key determinant in E3 complexes to trigger protein proteolysis in appropriate cells. (UniProt, Q27934)
Contribute a Gene Snapshot for this gene.
All Summaries
Also Known As

Su(Raf)2C, phy1

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
51A2-51A2
Sequence location
Recombination map
2-71
RefSeq locus
NT_033778 REGION:14427336..14432337
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (19 terms)
Molecular Function (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables protein binding
inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:P21461
(Boulton et al., 2000, Tang et al., 1997)
inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:Q95RJ9
(Boulton et al., 2000)
enables ubiquitin-like ligase-substrate adaptor activity
inferred from direct assay
(Cooper et al., 2008)
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:sina; FB:FBgn0003410,FLYBASE:ttk; FB:FBgn0003870
(Li et al., 2002)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables zinc ion binding
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR012934
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Biological Process (13 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (13 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in enteroendocrine cell differentiation
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Yin and Xi, 2018)
involved_in epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:ebi; FB:FBgn0263933
(Dong et al., 1999)
involved_in negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway
inferred from direct assay
(Nagaraj and Banerjee, 2009)
involved_in negative regulation of Notch signaling pathway
inferred from direct assay
(Nagaraj and Banerjee, 2009)
involved_in positive regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Li et al., 2002)
inferred from direct assay
(Boulton et al., 2000)
involved_in proteasomal protein catabolic process
inferred from direct assay
(Cooper et al., 2008)
involved_in proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process
inferred from direct assay
(Li et al., 1997)
involved_in R1/R6 cell fate commitment
inferred from expression pattern
(Chang et al., 1995)
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Chang et al., 1995, Dickson et al., 1995)
involved_in R7 cell fate commitment
inferred from expression pattern
(Chang et al., 1995)
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Li et al., 2002, Karim et al., 1996, Chang et al., 1995, Dickson et al., 1995)
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:sina; FB:FBgn0003410
(Tang et al., 1997)
involved_in sensory organ boundary specification
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Pi et al., 2001)
involved_in sensory organ development
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Pi et al., 2001)
involved_in sensory organ precursor cell fate determination
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Pi et al., 2001)
involved_in sevenless signaling pathway
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Karim et al., 1996)
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:sev; FB:FBgn0003366
(Mavromatakis and Tomlinson, 2016, Kauffmann et al., 1996)
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:phyl; FB:FBgn0013725
(Li et al., 1997)
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:Raf; FB:FBgn0003079
(Dickson et al., 1995)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Cellular Component (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in cytosol
inferred from direct assay
(Yin and Xi, 2018)
located_in nucleus
inferred from direct assay
(Dickson et al., 1995)
part_of ubiquitin ligase complex
inferred from direct assay
(Li et al., 2002)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in nucleus
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR012934
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Pathway (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Pathway (FlyBase)
NEGATIVE REGULATORS OF WNT-TCF SIGNALING PATHWAY -
Negative regulators of Wnt-TCF (canonical Wnt) signaling down-regulate the pathway, resulting in the attenuation of transcriptional regulation mediated by β-catenin (arm).
SEVENLESS SIGNALING PATHWAY CORE COMPONENTS -
The specification of the R7 photoreceptor cell in each ommatidium of the developing Drosophila eye is dependent on activation of Sevenless receptor tyrosine kinase, which acts via the canonical Ras/Raf/MAP kinase cascade to promote the expression of lz and pros. sev, expressed in presumptive R7 cells, is activated by binding to Bride of Sevenless (boss), a seven-transmembrane protein expressed in R8 cells. (Adapted from FBrf0127283 and FBrf0221727).
EGFR SIGNALING PATHWAY CORE COMPONENTS -
The Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway is used multiple times during development (FBrf0190321). It is activated by the binding of a secreted ligand to the receptor tyrosine kinase Egfr and acts via the canonical Ras/Raf/MAP kinase (ERK) cascade. (Adapted from FBrf0190321 and FBrf0221727).
NEGATIVE REGULATORS OF NOTCH SIGNALING PATHWAY -
The Notch receptor signaling pathway is activated by the binding of the transmembrane receptor Notch (N) to transmembrane ligands, Dl or Ser, presented on adjacent cells. This results in the proteolytic cleavage of N, releasing the intracellular domain (NICD). NICD translocates into the nucleus, interacting with Su(H) and mam to form a transcription complex, which up-regulates transcription of Notch-responsive genes. Negative regulators of the pathway down-regulate the signal from the sending cell or the response in the receiving cell. (Adapted from FBrf0225731 and FBrf0192604).
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Essential adapter component of E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes; involved in R7 photoreceptor cell differentiation, embryonic nervous system, external sensory organ development and specification of particular muscles. E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes mediate ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Required for specification of R7 photoreceptor cell fate in the eye by participating in the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of Tramtrack (ttk), a general inhibitor of photoreceptor differentiation. Acts downstream of Notch signaling to specify the fate of the SOP (sensory organ precursor) cells and their progeny, probably via the sina-mediated proteasomal degradation of ttk. Its restricted pattern of expression, upon Notch and Ras signaling pathways, suggests that it acts as a key determinant in E3 complexes to trigger protein proteolysis in appropriate cells.
(UniProt, Q27934)
Summary (Interactive Fly)

a target of EGFR signalling in the eye - protein degradation cofactor - involved in a negative cross talk between RTK and Notch/Wg pathways - Post‐transcriptional downregulation of Notch and Wg signalling by Phyl allows fine‐tuning of the signal and creates a delicate balance between active signalling of Notch/Wg pathways and their degradation by the lysosomal pathway

Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
1
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\phyl for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q27934)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.50

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
phyl-RA
FBtr0087516
NM_166055
1839
400
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)

1.8 (northern blot)

(Dickson et al., 1995)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
phyl-PA
FBpp0086645
44.8
400
8.49
Q27934
NP_725394
AAF58245
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

There is only one protein coding transcript and one polypeptide associated with this gene

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)

400 (aa)

(Chang et al., 1995)

400 (aa); 45 (kD predicted)

(Dickson et al., 1995)
Comments
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Component of some E3 complex at least composed of sina, ebi and phyl, required for the degradation of ttk.

(UniProt, Q27934)
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\phyl using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.61

Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 4 -- 6
anlage in statu nascendi
(Fisher et al., 2012)
central brain anlage in statu nascendi
(Fisher et al., 2012)
dorsal ectoderm anlage
(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral ectoderm anlage

Comment: anlage in statu nascendi

(Fisher et al., 2012)
antennal anlage in statu nascendi

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage in statu nascendi

(Fisher et al., 2012)
dorsal head epidermis anlage in statu nascendi

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage in statu nascendi

(Fisher et al., 2012)
visual anlage in statu nascendi

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage in statu nascendi

(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 7 -- 8
antennal anlage

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage

(Fisher et al., 2012)
central brain anlage

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage

(Fisher et al., 2012)
dorsal head epidermis anlage

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage

(Fisher et al., 2012)
visual anlage

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage

(Fisher et al., 2012)
dorsal ectoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral ectoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 9 -- 10
antennal primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
central brain primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
visual primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
dorsal head epidermis primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
lateral head epidermis primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral head epidermis primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
dorsal ectoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral ectoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral nerve cord primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 11
muscle founder cell
(Philippakis et al., 2006)
embryonic stage 11 -- 12
central brain primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
dorsal epidermis primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
stomatogastric nervous system primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral epidermis primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral nerve cord primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
visual primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 13 -- 16
embryonic brain
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic central brain neuron
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stomatogastric nervous system
(Fisher et al., 2012)
lateral cord neuron
(Fisher et al., 2012)
larval ventral nerve cord
(Fisher et al., 2012)
larval stage
eye-antennal disc
(Chang et al., 1995, Dickson et al., 1995)
eye disc morphogenetic furrow
(Chang et al., 1995, Dickson et al., 1995)
Additional Descriptive Data

phyl transcripts are expressed in the eye imaginal disc. They are first expressed in a periodic group of cells in the morphogenetic furrow and are later expressed in a dynamic pattern in a subset of photoreceptor cells. The staining intensity is reduced immediately posterior to the furrow and becomes more intense again approximately six rows behind the furrow. Perinuclear staining becomes evident in photoreceptor cells R1 and R6 in row 6. By row 7, perinuclear staining is evident in R7. Staining remains strong in R1, R6, and R7 through row 9 and then diminishes. None of the other photoreceptor cells or the cone cells express phyl.

(Chang et al., 1995)

phyl transcripts are expressed in a highly dynamic pattern in the eye imaginal disc. Within the morphogenetic furrow, they are detected in regularly spaced clusters of about 12 cells. Posterior to the furrow, they are mostly confined to a thin stripe approximately spanning the region between ommatidial columns 4-8. Within this stripe, phyl transcripts appear in clusters that appear to consist of three cells, presumed to be the precursors of photoreceptor cells R1, R6, and R7. No transcripts are detected in cone cell precursors.

(Dickson et al., 1995)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in cytosol
inferred from direct assay
(Yin and Xi, 2018)
located_in nucleus
inferred from direct assay
(Dickson et al., 1995)
part_of ubiquitin ligase complex
inferred from direct assay
(Li et al., 2002)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\phyl in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)
  • Stages(s) 4-6
  • Stages(s) 7-8
  • Stages(s) 9-10
  • Stages(s) 11-12
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 24 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 15 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of phyl
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of phyl
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 11 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
lethal (with Df(2R)ED2354)
lethal | recessive
lethal - all die before end of larval stage | recessive
lethal - all die during embryonic stage (with phyl1)
lethal - all die during embryonic stage (with phyl2)
lethal - all die during embryonic stage | recessive
lethal - all die during first instar larval stage (with phyl1)
lethal - all die during first instar larval stage (with phyl2)
partially lethal (with phyl4)
partially lethal (with phyl2245)
partially lethal - majority live (with phyl1)
partially lethal - majority live (with phyl2)
partially lethal - majority live (with phyl4)
partially lethal - majority live (with phyl2245)
viable, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
Other Phenotypes
Allele
decreased cell number | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4NP5130
decreased cell number | adult stage | cell autonomous, with Scer\GAL4Su(H).GBE
decreased cell number | adult stage | somatic clone
decreased cell number | adult stage | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4Act.PU
decreased occurrence of cell division | adult stage | somatic clone
increased cell number | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4NP5130
increased cell number | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4Su(H).GBE
increased cell number | adult stage | cell non-autonomous, with Scer\GAL4Su(H).GBE
increased cell number | adult stage | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4Act.PU
increased cell size | adult stage | somatic clone
increased occurrence of cell division | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4Su(H).GBE
increased occurrence of cell division | adult stage | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4Act.PU
neoplasia | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4NP5130
some die during embryonic stage | recessive
some die during larval stage | recessive
visible
visible, with Scer\GAL4dpp.blk1
visible, with Scer\GAL4Eq
visible, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
visible, with Scer\GAL4sca-109-68
visible (with phyl1)
visible (with phyl2)
visible (with phyl4)
visible (with phyl2245)
visible | dominant
visible | dominant | heat sensitive
visible | somatic clone
wild-type
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
adult abdominal segment 3 & chaeta (with phyl1)
adult abdominal segment 3 & chaeta (with phyl2)
adult abdominal segment 3 & chaeta (with phyl4)
adult abdominal segment 3 & microchaeta (with phyl1)
adult abdominal segment 3 & microchaeta (with phyl2)
adult abdominal segment 3 & microchaeta (with phyl4)
adult abdominal segment 3 & tormogen cell | supernumerary (with phyl1)
adult abdominal segment 3 & tormogen cell | supernumerary (with phyl2)
adult abdominal segment 3 & tormogen cell | supernumerary (with phyl4)
adult abdominal segment 3 & trichogen cell | supernumerary (with phyl1)
adult abdominal segment 3 & trichogen cell | supernumerary (with phyl2)
adult abdominal segment 3 & trichogen cell | supernumerary (with phyl4)
adult abdominal segment 4 & chaeta (with phyl1)
adult abdominal segment 4 & chaeta (with phyl2)
adult abdominal segment 4 & chaeta (with phyl4)
adult abdominal segment 4 & microchaeta (with phyl1)
adult abdominal segment 4 & microchaeta (with phyl2)
adult abdominal segment 4 & microchaeta (with phyl4)
adult abdominal segment 4 & tormogen cell | supernumerary (with phyl1)
adult abdominal segment 4 & tormogen cell | supernumerary (with phyl2)
adult abdominal segment 4 & tormogen cell | supernumerary (with phyl4)
adult abdominal segment 4 & trichogen cell | supernumerary (with phyl1)
adult abdominal segment 4 & trichogen cell | supernumerary (with phyl2)
adult abdominal segment 4 & trichogen cell | supernumerary (with phyl4)
adult midgut epithelium, with Scer\GAL4NP5130
adult midgut epithelium, with Scer\GAL4Su(H).GBE
adult midgut epithelium | cell autonomous, with Scer\GAL4Su(H).GBE
adult midgut epithelium | cell non-autonomous, with Scer\GAL4Su(H).GBE
adult midgut epithelium | somatic clone
adult midgut epithelium | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4Act.PU
cephalopharyngeal skeleton | germline clone
chaeta, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
chaeta (with phyl4)
chaeta (with phyl2245)
chaeta | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4Eq
chaeta | somatic clone
chordotonal organ & neuron
cone cell | precursor
enteroblast | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4NP5130
enteroendocrine cell | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4NP5130
enteroendocrine cell | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4Su(H).GBE
enteroendocrine cell | adult stage | cell autonomous, with Scer\GAL4Su(H).GBE
enteroendocrine cell | adult stage | cell non-autonomous, with Scer\GAL4Su(H).GBE
enteroendocrine cell | adult stage | somatic clone
enteroendocrine cell | adult stage | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4Act.PU
enteroendocrine cell | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4Act.PU
eo neuron | embryonic stage
eo neuron | embryonic stage (with phyl1)
eo neuron | embryonic stage (with phyl2)
external sensory organ & neuron
external sensory organ | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4dpp.blk1
external sensory organ | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4Eq
eye
filzkorper | germline clone
interommatidial bristle
intestinal stem cell | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4NP5130
intestinal stem cell | adult stage | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4Act.PU
macrochaeta & scutum
mesonotum, with Scer\GAL4dpp.blk1
mesonotum, with Scer\GAL4Eq
mesothoracic tergum & chaeta (with phyl1)
mesothoracic tergum & chaeta (with phyl2)
mesothoracic tergum & chaeta (with phyl4)
mesothoracic tergum & microchaeta (with phyl1)
mesothoracic tergum & microchaeta (with phyl2)
mesothoracic tergum & microchaeta (with phyl4)
mesothoracic tergum & microchaeta | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4Eq
mesothoracic tergum & tormogen cell | supernumerary (with phyl1)
mesothoracic tergum & tormogen cell | supernumerary (with phyl2)
mesothoracic tergum & tormogen cell | supernumerary (with phyl4)
mesothoracic tergum & trichogen cell | supernumerary (with phyl1)
mesothoracic tergum & trichogen cell | supernumerary (with phyl2)
mesothoracic tergum & trichogen cell | supernumerary (with phyl4)
microchaeta, with Scer\GAL4sca-109-68
microchaeta & scutum
multidendritic neuron
muscle cell of A1-7 dorsal oblique muscle 4 (with Df(2R)trix)
muscle cell of A1-7 dorsal transverse muscle 1, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR, Scer\GAL4twi.PB
muscle cell of A1-7 lateral longitudinal muscle 1, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR, Scer\GAL4twi.PB
muscle cell of A1-7 lateral longitudinal muscle 1 (with Df(2R)trix)
muscle cell of A1-7 lateral transverse muscle 4, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR, Scer\GAL4twi.PB
neuron | increased number, with Scer\GAL4sca-109-68
ommatidium
photoreceptor cell R1
photoreceptor cell R6
photoreceptor cell R7
photoreceptor cell R7 | increased number
primary pigment cell | increased number
scutellar bristle | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4dpp.blk1
sensory neuron | increased number, with Scer\GAL4sca-537.4
thecogen cell | embryonic stage
thecogen cell | embryonic stage (with phyl1)
thecogen cell | embryonic stage (with phyl2)
thecogen cell | increased number, with Scer\GAL4sca-109-68
tormogen cell, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
tormogen cell, with Scer\GAL4sca-109-68
tormogen cell | somatic clone | increased number
trichogen cell, with Scer\GAL4sca-109-68
trichogen cell | increased number, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
wing vein L3 & chaeta | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4dpp.blk1
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (0)
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (0)
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (0)
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (0)
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (0)
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (0)
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (1)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP011093
5 of 12
Yes
Yes
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:phyl. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Functional Complementation Data
    Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
    Interactions
    Summary of Physical Interactions
    Summary of Genetic Interactions
    Interaction Browsers
    View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
    Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    phyl
    suppressible
    CG10588
    (Pi et al., 2011)
    phyl
    enhanceable
    chn
    (Pi et al., 2011)
    phyl
    suppressible
    dbr
    (Pi et al., 2011)
    phyl
    suppressible
    Delta::N
    (Nagaraj and Banerjee, 2009)
    phyl
    suppressible
    E(spl)m8-HLH
    (Pi et al., 2011)
    phyl
    suppressible
    esg
    (Pi et al., 2011)
    phyl
    suppressible
    lilli
    (Tang et al., 2001)
    phyl
    suppressible
    mib
    (Nagaraj and Banerjee, 2009)
    phyl
    suppressible
    sina
    (Yin and Xi, 2018, Tang et al., 1997)
    phyl
    suppressible
    tal
    (Pi et al., 2011)
    phyl
    enhanceable
    tal
    (Pi et al., 2011)
    phyl
    suppressible
    ttk
    (Yin and Xi, 2018, Pi et al., 2001, Tang et al., 1997)
    phyl
    enhanceable
    ttk
    (Pi et al., 2001, Tang et al., 1997)
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    CycE
    suppressible
    phyl
    (Brumby et al., 2004)
    Jra
    suppressible
    phyl
    (Treier et al., 1995)
    N
    suppressible
    phyl
    (Yin and Xi, 2018, Pi et al., 2001)
    Raf::tor
    suppressible
    phyl
    (Dickson et al., 1996, Chang et al., 1995, Dickson et al., 1995)
    Raf
    enhanceable
    phyl
    (Dickson et al., 1996, Dickson et al., 1995)
    Ras85D
    suppressible
    phyl
    (Karim et al., 1996, Chang et al., 1995)
    sev|Ras85D
    suppressible
    phyl
    (Maixner et al., 1998)
    sina
    enhanceable
    phyl
    (Pi et al., 2001)
    svp
    suppressible
    phyl
    (Begemann et al., 1995)
    tal
    enhanceable
    phyl
    (Pi et al., 2011)
    ttk
    suppressible
    phyl
    (Yin and Xi, 2018)
    External Data
    Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
    Component of some E3 complex at least composed of sina, ebi and phyl, required for the degradation of ttk.
    (UniProt, Q27934 )
    Linkouts
    BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
    DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
    MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
    MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
    Pathways
    Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
    Metabolic Pathways
    FlyBase
    External Links
    External Data
    Linkouts
    KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
    Class of Gene
    Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
    Chromosome (arm)
    2R
    Recombination map
    2-71
    Cytogenetic map
    51A2-51A2
    Sequence location
    FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Evidence for location
    51A2-51A2
    Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}Tfb106949&P{PZ}l(2)0356303563 and P{lacW}l(2)k16805k16805
    Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Notes
    References
    51A1-51A2
    (Chang, 1995.1.10)
    51A1-51A5
    (Dickson et al., 1995)
    51A1-51A2
    (determined by in situ hybridisation)
    (Chang et al., 1995)
    Mapped by a combination of recombination and complementation analysis.
    (Dickson et al., 1995)
    Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
    Location

    2-71

    (FlyBase, 2016)

    2-75.6

    (Comeron et al., 2012)

    2-

    (Chang, 1995.1.10)

    2-70.3

    (Chang et al., 1995)

    2-73.0 +/- 0.7

    (Dickson et al., 1995)
    Left of (cM)
    (Brumby et al., 2004)
    Right of (cM)
    (Brumby et al., 2004)
    Notes

    17 recombinants were detected between phyl and Tfb1, out of 29,738 flies screened.

    (Dickson et al., 1995)
    Stocks and Reagents
    Stocks (11)
    Genomic Clones (25)
    cDNA Clones (39)
     

    Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

    cDNA clones, fully sequenced
    BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
    Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

    For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

    cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
    BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
    RNAi and Array Information
    Linkouts
    DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
    Antibody Information
    Laboratory Generated Antibodies
     

    polyclonal

    (Yin and Xi, 2018)
    Commercially Available Antibodies
     
    Cell Line Information
    Publicly Available Cell Lines
     
      Other Stable Cell Lines
       
        Other Comments

        Cells mutant for phyl are competent for internalizing Dl and wg but are restricted in subsequent trafficking steps cuasing an accumulation of Dl and wg in Hrs-positive endosomes.

        (Nagaraj and Banerjee, 2009)

        phyl specifically helps traffic N and wg pathways components within early endocytic vesicles, thereby controlling the amount of processed signal available for causing a transcriptional response within the nucleus.

        (Nagaraj and Banerjee, 2009)

        phyl is required for the formation of sensory organ precursor cells (SOPs) and cell fate specification of SOP progeny.

        (Pi et al., 2001)

        Genetic studies suggest that 14-3-3ε functions in multiple receptor tyrosine kinase pathways, acting downstream or parallel to phl, but upstream of aop and phyl, two nuclear factors involved in Ras85D signalling.

        (Chang and Rubin, 1997)

        Down-regulation of ttk protein expression in developing photoreceptor cells requires the presence of the phyl and sina proteins.

        (Li et al., 1997)

        Expression of the ttk TTK88 protein isoform represses neuronal fate determination in the developing eye. phyl protein acts to antagonise this repression by a mechanism that requires sina protein.

        (Tang et al., 1997)

        Identified in a genetic screen for modifiers of the phl::tor12D.sev rough eye mutant phenotype.

        (Dickson et al., 1996)

        phyl interacts with another nuclear factor, sina, to form a complex and both factors are involved in upregulating transcription of pros in the eye.

        (Kauffmann et al., 1996)

        phyl encodes a novel protein autonomously required for fate determination of photoreceptors R1, R6 and R7. Genetic data suggest phyl acts downstream of Ras85D, phl and aop to promote neuronal differentiation in R1, R6 and R7. Ectopic expression of phyl in the cone cell precursors mimics the effect of ectopic activation of Ras85D suggesting that phyl expression is regulated by Ras85D. phyl expression is also required for embryonic nervous system and sensory bristle development.

        (Chang et al., 1995)

        Required for photoreceptor differentiation, acting downstream of Ras.

        (Chang, 1995.1.10)

        The phyl gene regulates the fates of a subset of cells in the developing eye and represents a possible target gene of the Raf pathway. Within photoreceptors R1, R6 and R7, phyl expression mimics the activation of the Raf pathway in its ability to induce photoreceptor rather than cone cell development. The transformation of cone cells into R7 cells in response to Raf activation is accompanied by and dependent upon ectopic phyl expression.

        (Dickson et al., 1995)

        A screen to identify mutations affecting the Ras85D signalling pathway identified alleles of phl, Dsor1, rl, aop, βggt-I, mts, ksr and phyl.

        (Therrien et al., 1995)

        phyl might be one of the target genes acted on by the Jra and pnt gene products in the induction of photoreceptor R7 development in the eye.

        (Treier et al., 1995)
        Relationship to Other Genes
        Source for database merge of
        Additional comments
        Nomenclature History
        Source for database identify of
        Nomenclature comments
        Etymology

        The name "phyl" ("phyllopod") was inspired by the phenotype of homozygous phyl clones in the eye. In such clones five photoreceptors and 5-6 cone cells are present, resembling the compound eye of some phyllopods (class Crustacea).

        (Chang et al., 1995)

        The phyl mutants cause an ommatidial composition similar, but not identical to that of some phyllopod crustacea, such as Leptodora, hence the gene name.

        (Dickson et al., 1995)
        Synonyms and Secondary IDs (10)
        Reported As
        Symbol Synonym
        CG10108
        (National Institute of Genetics Fly Stocks, 2022-, Ibrahim et al., 2013, Aerts et al., 2010, Perkins et al., 2009, Quinones-Coello, 2007, Quinones-Coello, 2007)
        D(DmcycEJP)2.2
        (Brumby et al., 2004)
        PHYL
        (Slack et al., 2010, Möller et al., 2009, House et al., 2003)
        Phyl
        (Piedade and Famulski, 2021, Mavromatakis and Tomlinson, 2017, Bao and Friedrich, 2009, Shi and Noll, 2009, Cooper, 2007, Voas and Rebay, 2004)
        SR2-3
        (Chang et al., 1994)
        Su(Raf)2C
        (Kumar and Moses, 2000)
        phy1
        (Zhang et al., 2015, Yang et al., 2013)
        phyl
        (Arias and Tomlinson, 2025, Plygawko et al., 2025, Bukharina et al., 2023, Candia et al., 2023, Wu et al., 2023, Son and Choi, 2020, Tomlinson et al., 2019, Duan et al., 2018, Gene Disruption Project members, 2018-, Dollar et al., 2016, Mavromatakis and Tomlinson, 2016, Golubyatnikov et al., 2015, Kavi et al., 2015, Hsiao et al., 2014, Miller et al., 2014, Levis et al., 2013-, Mavromatakis and Tomlinson, 2013, Busser et al., 2012, Gafuik and Steller, 2011, Hwang and Rulifson, 2011, Park et al., 2011, Pi et al., 2011, Toku et al., 2011, Aerts et al., 2010, Buffin and Gho, 2010, Bischoff et al., 2009, Nagaraj and Banerjee, 2009, Chang et al., 2008, Cooper et al., 2008, Pi et al., 2008, Christensen and Cook, 2007.10.29, Quinones-Coello, 2007, Quinones-Coello, 2007, Baril and Therrien, 2006, Philippakis et al., 2006, Sandmann et al., 2006, Reeves and Posakony, 2005, Settle et al., 2003, Li et al., 2002)
        Name Synonyms
        Phyllopod
        (Bao and Friedrich, 2009, Nie et al., 2009, Shi and Noll, 2009, Voas and Rebay, 2004, Li et al., 2002)
        phyllopod
        (Josserand et al., 2023, Cridland et al., 2020, Mavromatakis and Tomlinson, 2016, Golubyatnikov et al., 2015, Hsiao et al., 2014, Miller et al., 2014, Ibrahim et al., 2013, Furman and Bukharina, 2011, Park et al., 2011, Pi et al., 2011, Buffin and Gho, 2010, Bischoff et al., 2009, Möller et al., 2009, Nagaraj and Banerjee, 2009, Pi et al., 2008, Cooper, 2007, Giagtzoglou et al., 2007, Baril and Therrien, 2006, Philippakis et al., 2006, Jafar-Nejad and Bellen, 2004, Dickson, 1995.5.11)
        Secondary FlyBase IDs
          Datasets (0)
          Study focus (0)
          Experimental Role
          Project
          Project Type
          Title
          Study result (0)
          Result
          Result Type
          Title
          External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 39 )
          Sequence Crossreferences
          NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
          GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
          GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
          RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
          UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
          UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
          Other crossreferences
          AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
          BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
          DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
          EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
          FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
          FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
          InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
          KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
          MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
          PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
          Linkouts
          BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
          Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
          DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
          DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
          FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
          FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
          Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
          Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
          Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
          KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
          MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
          MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
          References (144)