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Gene Dmel\gcm

General Information
Symbol	Dmel\gcm	Species	D. melanogaster
Name	glial cells missing	Annotation symbol	CG12245
Feature type	protein_coding_gene	FlyBase ID	FBgn0014179
Gene Model Status	Current	Stock availability	14 publicly available
Also Known As	glide/gcm, glide
Genomic Location
Chromosome (arm)	2L	Recombination map
Cytogenetic map	30B12-30B12	Sequence location	2L:9,579,449..9,581,742 [-]
Genomic Maps Select View:Gene Models/EvidenceExpression/RegulationMegaViewGene Disruptions, Stocks and Reagents modENCODE GBrowse	Decorated FastA GenBankGFF Gene region Extended Gene region CDSIntronsExonsTranslationsTranscripts3' UTR5' UTR
Summary Information
Automatically generated summary See sections below for more information	The gene glial cells missing is referred to in FlyBase by the symbol Dmel\gcm (CG12245, FBgn0014179). It is a protein_coding_gene from Drosophila melanogaster. There is experimental evidence that it has the molecular function: DNA binding. There is experimental evidence for 16 unique biological process terms, many of which group under: biological regulation; glial cell differentiation; system development; regulation of developmental process; neuron differentiation; immune system process; regulation of neurogenesis; cell proliferation; cellular component organization or biogenesis; establishment of blood-brain barrier; cell fate commitment; hemopoietic or lymphoid organ development. 54 alleles are reported. The phenotypes of these alleles are annotated with: organ system; organ system subdivision; multicellular structure; non-connected developing system; larval abdominal segment; embryonic/larval neuron; peripheral nervous system; portion of tissue; embryonic/larval hemocoel; adult segment. It has one annotated transcript and one annotated polypeptide. Protein features are: Transcription regulator, GCM-like. Summary of modENCODE Temporal Expression Profile: Temporal profile ranges from a peak of moderately high expression to a trough of extremely low expression. Peak expression observed within 00-18 hour embryonic stages. Summary of FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data: Expression at moderate levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: larval central nervous system. Comments on Affy2 ProbeSet: ProbeSet 1631126_at completely aligns to an exonic region of the only FlyBase-annotated transcript isoform of gcm. Gene sequence location is 2L:9579449..9581742.
External Summaries
Recent Updates
Description	What does this section display? This section contains items that were added to this record for each release. It currently only tracks new links between this FlyBase report and other FlyBase data classes (e.g. genes, references, stocks) or controlled vocabulary terms (e.g. GO, anatomy terms). What does this section not display? This section does not currently display links that were removed or gene model changes.
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FB2012_01	References Kazemian et al., 2010, PLoS Biol. 8(8): Sequence features BKN45291 HFA03536 Controlled Vocabulary Terms positive regulation of glial cell differentiation positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter positive regulation of gene expression
FB2011_10
All updates	Click here to see a list of all updates to this record from FB2010_08 and on.
Detailed Mapping Data
FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map Evidence for location 30B12-30B12   Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}Oatp30BEP890 and P{EP}EP361&P{EP}peloEP2160
Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map Notes References 30B-30B     (Verdeil, 1996.12.6) 30B9-30B12     (Jones, 1995.8.15) 30B-30C   (determined by in situ hybridisation)   (Kania et al., 1995) 30C-30C   (determined by in situ hybridisation)   (Hosoya et al., 1995) 30B1-30C9     (BDGP Project Members, 1994-1999)
Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
Location
Left of (cM)
Right of (cM)
Notes
Gene Model & Products
Please see the GBrowse view of Dmel\gcm for information on other features To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form
Comments on Gene Model
Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name FlyBase ID RefSeq ID Length (nt) Associated CDS (aa) gcm-RA FBtr0079855  NM_057760   2219   504
Additional Transcript Data & Comments
Reported size (kB)	2.2 (northern blot) (Jones et al., 1995)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name FlyBase ID Predicted MW (kDa) Length (aa) Theoretical pI RefSeq ID GenBank protein gcm-PA   FBpp0079451   56.2   504   7.08     NP_477108   AAF52790
Additional Polypeptide Data & Comments
Reported size (kDa)	504 (aa) (Jones et al., 1995, Hosoya et al., 1995)
Comments
External Data
Linkouts
Crossreferences	InterPro domains - A database of protein families, domains, and functional sites • Transcription regulator, GCM-like (IPR003902)
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank	DNA sequence Protein sequence Name AE014134 AAF52790   AC007257   BH614855   BT029286   CO194601   D64040 BAA10905   U34039 AAC46912   U81164 AAC47808
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot	Q27403
UniProtKB/TrEMBL
Mapped Features
Mapped Features have been reorganized, please see this article for details. Additional mapped features and mutations can be found on GBrowse or related reports. Type Symbol & Location Additional Notes References
External Data
Linkouts
Crossreferences
Expression Data
Transcript Expression
No Assay Recorded Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference embryonic stage 12   abdominal dorsal bipolar neuron dbp   (Umesono et al., 2002) multidendritic sensory organ precursor cell   (Umesono et al., 2002) in situ Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference embryonic stage   presumptive embryonic/larval peripheral nervous system   (Hosoya et al., 1995, Jones et al., 1995) embryonic/larval hemocyte   (Bernardoni et al., 1997) embryonic brain   (Hosoya et al., 1995) interface glial cell   (Jones et al., 1995) peripheral glial cell   (Jones et al., 1995) embryonic/larval glial cell   (Bernardoni et al., 1997) sense organ   (Jones et al., 1995) head mesoderm   (Jones et al., 1995, Bernardoni et al., 1997) embryonic stage 5     (Hosoya et al., 1995, Jones et al., 1995, Bernardoni et al., 1997) embryonic stage 5 -- 11   head mesoderm   (Alfonso and Jones, 2002) embryonic stage 9 -- 11   tritocerebral neuroblast | subset   (Urbach and Technau, 2003) neuroblast NB1-3   (Alfonso and Jones, 2002) embryonic stage 10   interface glial cell   (Bernardoni et al., 1997) presumptive embryonic/larval peripheral nervous system | restricted   (Bernardoni et al., 1997) embryonic stage 11 -- 13   medial-most cell body glial cell   (Hosoya et al., 1995) interface glial cell | precursor   (Hosoya et al., 1995) neuroblast NB6-4   (Hosoya et al., 1995) glial cell   (Hosoya et al., 1995) embryonic stage 11 -- 14   glial cell   (Jones et al., 1995) embryonic stage 11 -- 17   embryonic brain   (Jones et al., 1995) embryonic stage 12 -- 15   lateral ectoderm   (Alfonso and Jones, 2002) glial cell   (Alfonso and Jones, 2002)
Additional Descriptive Data
	gcm transcripts are expressed in glial precursors and immature glial cells during a short period of gliogenesis. Expression is first detected in early stage 11 in the longitudinal glioblast. By mid stage 11, 2-3 other cells per hemisegment express gcm. Two of these have been identified as NB6-4 and the medial-most cell body glial cell (VUM support cell). By early stage 12, expression is detected in several other cells which are also developing glial cells. Expression fades during stage 12 and is hardly detectable in stage 13. Enhancer trap expression was used to trace the gcm-expressing cells to later developmental stages. It was found that gcm is expressed in all glial precursors and immature glial cells except those derived from the mesectoderm. Outside of the CNS, gcm is expressed in the most anterior region of the presumptive mesoderm beginning at the cellular blastoderm stage, in the brain neurogenic region, and in the PNS neurogenic region. (Hosoya et al., 1995) gcm transcripts are first detected by in situ hybridization in the head region of the embryo at the end of the blastoderm stage. At stage 10, expression is still very prominent in the procephalic mesoderm. Additionally staining is seem in one cell per hemisegment in the lateral ectoderm which may correspond to PNS. A second, more medially located cell, may be the longitudinal glioblast. By stage 11, expression decreases in the hemocyte lineage and becomes more prominent in glial cells of the PNS and CNS. The staining pattern appears d fferent in the thoracic and abdominal segments reflecting the different organization of the glial cells. No signal is observed in cells migrating from the procephalic mesoderm after stage 11. (Bernardoni et al., 1997) gcm transcripts are initially expressed in an anterior ventral patch in the cellular blastoderm embryo. During gastrulation, these cells invaginate at the end of the ventral furrow just anterior to the cephalic furrow in an area that gives rise to the cephalic mesoderm. Cephalic expression fades after stage 10. During stages 11-12, in each hemisegment, two patches of 3-5 ectodermal cells sequentially and transiently express gcm. From each patch, a single large blast cell delaminates and maintains gcm expression. These are tentatively identified as the peripheral glioblast and the longitudinal glioblast. By late stage 11, all of the progeny of these glioblasts as well as additional glial cells express gcm. Glial expression is gone by stage 15. In the brain lobes, gcm is expressed in a complex pattern through stage 17. In the PNS, gcm is transiently expressed in all repo-positive glia along peripheral axon pathways and associated with sensory organs. (Jones et al., 1995) expressed first in presumptive glial cell of dbd lineage after decrease in nub expression. (Umesono et al., 2002)
Marker for
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Notes
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference embryonic stage   interface glial cell   (Jones et al., 1995) presumptive embryonic/larval peripheral nervous system   (Jones et al., 1995) peripheral glial cell   (Jones et al., 1995) head mesoderm   (Jones et al., 1995) sense organ   (Jones et al., 1995) embryonic stage 5     (Jones et al., 1995) embryonic stage 11 -- 14   glial cell   (Jones et al., 1995) embryonic stage 11 -- 17   embryonic brain   (Jones et al., 1995)
Additional Descriptive Data
	gcm protein is initially expressed in an anterior ventral patch in the cellular blastoderm embryo. During gastrulation, these cells invaginate at the end of the ventral furrow just anterior to the cephalic furrow in an area that gives rise to the cephalic mesoderm. Cephalic expression fades after stage 10. During stages 11-12, in each hemisegment, two patches of 3-5 ectodermal cells sequentially and transiently express gcm. From each patch, a single large blast cell delaminates and maintains gcm expression. These are tentatively identified as the peripheral glioblast and the longitudinal glioblast. By late stage 11, all of the progeny of these glioblasts as well as additional glial cells express gcm and expression is gone by stage 15. In the brain lobes, gcm is expressed in a complex pattern through stage 17. In the PNS, gcm is transiently expressed in all repo-positive glia along peripheral axon pathways and associated with sensory organs. (Jones et al., 1995)
Marker for
Subcellular Localization
CV Term	nucleus (Hosoya et al., 1995)
Notes
High-Throughput Expression Data
or
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2010.10.13 for analysis details and data files for all genes. modENCODE Temporal Expression Data for FBgn0014179    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales max expr for FBgn0014179 Very low expression bin max Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max Summary of modENCODE Temporal Expression Profile: Temporal profile ranges from a peak of moderately high expression to a trough of extremely low expression. Peak expression observed within 00-18 hour embryonic stages. [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No expression (0 - 0)   Extremely low expression (1 - 10)   Very low expression (11 - 100)   Low expression (101 - 400)   Moderate expression (401 - 1400)   Moderately high expression (1401 - 4000)   High expression (4001 - 10000)   Very high expression (10001 - 100000)   Extremely high expression (100001 - 2000000) Linear, scaled to maximum FBgn0014179 expression level Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    50 embryo 02-04hr    613 embryo 04-06hr    2246 embryo 06-08hr    3137 embryo 08-10hr    3417 embryo 10-12hr    2653 embryo 12-14hr    2025 embryo 14-16hr    500 embryo 16-18hr    152 embryo 18-20hr    134 embryo 20-22hr    66 embryo 22-24hr    75 larva L1    39 larva L2    23 larva L3 12hr old    16 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    38 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    94 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    147 white prepupae new    176 white prepupae 12hr    173 white prepupae 24hr    207 pupae 2d postWPP    107 pupae 3d postWPP    54 pupae 4d postWPP    35 adult male 01day    55 adult male 05day    60 adult male 30day    48 adult female 01day    6 adult female 05day    3 adult female 30day    2 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to Very low expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    50 embryo 02-04hr  (613) embryo 04-06hr  (2246) embryo 06-08hr  (3137) embryo 08-10hr  (3417) embryo 10-12hr  (2653) embryo 12-14hr  (2025) embryo 14-16hr  (500) embryo 16-18hr  (152) embryo 18-20hr  (134) embryo 20-22hr    66 embryo 22-24hr    75 larva L1    39 larva L2    23 larva L3 12hr old    16 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    38 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    94 larva L3 puffstage 7-9  (147) white prepupae new  (176) white prepupae 12hr  (173) white prepupae 24hr  (207) pupae 2d postWPP  107 pupae 3d postWPP    54 pupae 4d postWPP    35 adult male 01day    55 adult male 05day    60 adult male 30day    48 adult female 01day    6 adult female 05day    3 adult female 30day    2 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    50 embryo 02-04hr    613 embryo 04-06hr  (2246) embryo 06-08hr  (3137) embryo 08-10hr  (3417) embryo 10-12hr  (2653) embryo 12-14hr  (2025) embryo 14-16hr    500 embryo 16-18hr    152 embryo 18-20hr    134 embryo 20-22hr    66 embryo 22-24hr    75 larva L1    39 larva L2    23 larva L3 12hr old    16 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    38 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    94 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    147 white prepupae new    176 white prepupae 12hr    173 white prepupae 24hr    207 pupae 2d postWPP    107 pupae 3d postWPP    54 pupae 4d postWPP    35 adult male 01day    55 adult male 05day    60 adult male 30day    48 adult female 01day    6 adult female 05day    3 adult female 30day    2 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    50 embryo 02-04hr    613 embryo 04-06hr    2246 embryo 06-08hr    3137 embryo 08-10hr    3417 embryo 10-12hr    2653 embryo 12-14hr    2025 embryo 14-16hr    500 embryo 16-18hr    152 embryo 18-20hr    134 embryo 20-22hr    66 embryo 22-24hr    75 larva L1    39 larva L2    23 larva L3 12hr old    16 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    38 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    94 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    147 white prepupae new    176 white prepupae 12hr    173 white prepupae 24hr    207 pupae 2d postWPP    107 pupae 3d postWPP    54 pupae 4d postWPP    35 adult male 01day    55 adult male 05day    60 adult male 30day    48 adult female 01day    6 adult female 05day    3 adult female 30day    2 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    50 embryo 02-04hr    613 embryo 04-06hr    2246 embryo 06-08hr    3137 embryo 08-10hr    3417 embryo 10-12hr    2653 embryo 12-14hr    2025 embryo 14-16hr    500 embryo 16-18hr    152 embryo 18-20hr    134 embryo 20-22hr    66 embryo 22-24hr    75 larva L1    39 larva L2    23 larva L3 12hr old    16 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    38 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    94 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    147 white prepupae new    176 white prepupae 12hr    173 white prepupae 24hr    207 pupae 2d postWPP    107 pupae 3d postWPP    54 pupae 4d postWPP    35 adult male 01day    55 adult male 05day    60 adult male 30day    48 adult female 01day    6 adult female 05day    3 adult female 30day    2 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum FBgn0014179 expression level Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    50 embryo 02-04hr    613 embryo 04-06hr    2246 embryo 06-08hr    3137 embryo 08-10hr    3417 embryo 10-12hr    2653 embryo 12-14hr    2025 embryo 14-16hr    500 embryo 16-18hr    152 embryo 18-20hr    134 embryo 20-22hr    66 embryo 22-24hr    75 larva L1    39 larva L2    23 larva L3 12hr old    16 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    38 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    94 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    147 white prepupae new    176 white prepupae 12hr    173 white prepupae 24hr    207 pupae 2d postWPP    107 pupae 3d postWPP    54 pupae 4d postWPP    35 adult male 01day    55 adult male 05day    60 adult male 30day    48 adult female 01day    6 adult female 05day    3 adult female 30day    2 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High  log, scaled to Very low expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    50 embryo 02-04hr  (613) embryo 04-06hr  (2246) embryo 06-08hr  (3137) embryo 08-10hr  (3417) embryo 10-12hr  (2653) embryo 12-14hr  (2025) embryo 14-16hr  (500) embryo 16-18hr  (152) embryo 18-20hr  134 embryo 20-22hr    66 embryo 22-24hr    75 larva L1    39 larva L2    23 larva L3 12hr old    16 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    38 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    94 larva L3 puffstage 7-9  (147) white prepupae new  (176) white prepupae 12hr  (173) white prepupae 24hr  (207) pupae 2d postWPP  107 pupae 3d postWPP    54 pupae 4d postWPP    35 adult male 01day    55 adult male 05day    60 adult male 30day    48 adult female 01day    6 adult female 05day    3 adult female 30day    2 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low  log, scaled to Moderate expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    50 embryo 02-04hr    613 embryo 04-06hr  2246 embryo 06-08hr  (3137) embryo 08-10hr  (3417) embryo 10-12hr  (2653) embryo 12-14hr  2025 embryo 14-16hr    500 embryo 16-18hr    152 embryo 18-20hr    134 embryo 20-22hr    66 embryo 22-24hr    75 larva L1    39 larva L2    23 larva L3 12hr old    16 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    38 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    94 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    147 white prepupae new    176 white prepupae 12hr    173 white prepupae 24hr    207 pupae 2d postWPP    107 pupae 3d postWPP    54 pupae 4d postWPP    35 adult male 01day    55 adult male 05day    60 adult male 30day    48 adult female 01day    6 adult female 05day    3 adult female 30day    2 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    50 embryo 02-04hr    613 embryo 04-06hr    2246 embryo 06-08hr    3137 embryo 08-10hr    3417 embryo 10-12hr    2653 embryo 12-14hr    2025 embryo 14-16hr    500 embryo 16-18hr    152 embryo 18-20hr    134 embryo 20-22hr    66 embryo 22-24hr    75 larva L1    39 larva L2    23 larva L3 12hr old    16 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    38 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    94 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    147 white prepupae new    176 white prepupae 12hr    173 white prepupae 24hr    207 pupae 2d postWPP    107 pupae 3d postWPP    54 pupae 4d postWPP    35 adult male 01day    55 adult male 05day    60 adult male 30day    48 adult female 01day    6 adult female 05day    3 adult female 30day    2 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    50 embryo 02-04hr    613 embryo 04-06hr    2246 embryo 06-08hr    3137 embryo 08-10hr    3417 embryo 10-12hr    2653 embryo 12-14hr    2025 embryo 14-16hr    500 embryo 16-18hr    152 embryo 18-20hr    134 embryo 20-22hr    66 embryo 22-24hr    75 larva L1    39 larva L2    23 larva L3 12hr old    16 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    38 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    94 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    147 white prepupae new    176 white prepupae 12hr    173 white prepupae 24hr    207 pupae 2d postWPP    107 pupae 3d postWPP    54 pupae 4d postWPP    35 adult male 01day    55 adult male 05day    60 adult male 30day    48 adult female 01day    6 adult female 05day    3 adult female 30day    2 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr     embryo 02-04hr     embryo 04-06hr     embryo 06-08hr     embryo 08-10hr     embryo 10-12hr     embryo 12-14hr     embryo 14-16hr     embryo 16-18hr     embryo 18-20hr     embryo 20-22hr     embryo 22-24hr     larva L1     larva L2     larva L3 12hr old     larva L3 puffstage 1-2     larva L3 puffstage 3-6     larva L3 puffstage 7-9     white prepupae new     white prepupae 12hr     white prepupae 24hr     pupae 2d postWPP     pupae 3d postWPP     pupae 4d postWPP     adult male 01day     adult male 05day     adult male 30day     adult female 01day     adult female 05day     adult female 30day     FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data for FBgn0014179    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap Back-to-back    Scales max expr for FBgn0014179 Moderate expression bin max High level expression bin max Very high expression bin max Summary of FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data: Expression at moderate levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: larval central nervous system. [download data (TSV)] Guide to FlyAtlas expression level colors   No expression (0 - 9.999)   Low expression (10 - 99.999)   Moderate expression (100 - 499.999)   High level expression (500 - 999.999)   Very high expression (1000 - 25000) Linear, scaled to maximum FBgn0014179 expression level Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    205.825 Larval Midgut    0.5 Larval Hindgut    1.6 Larval Malpighian Tubules    2.8 Larval Fat Body    5.2 Larval Salivary Gland    4.2 Larval Trachea    12.1 Larval Carcass    3.1 Adult Head    4.4 Adult Eye    1.9 Adult Brain    10.4 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    1.7 Adult Crop    3.4 Adult Midgut    2.1 Adult Hindgut    3.1 Adult Malpighian Tubules    3.7 Adult Fat Body    6 Adult Salivary Gland no informative data Adult Heart    3.025 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    2.2 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    3.5 Adult Ovary    1.8 Adult Testis    15.3 Adult Male Accessory Gland    6.9 Adult Carcass    2.5 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    205.825 Larval Midgut    0.5 Larval Hindgut    1.6 Larval Malpighian Tubules    2.8 Larval Fat Body    5.2 Larval Salivary Gland    4.2 Larval Trachea    12.1 Larval Carcass    3.1 Adult Head    4.4 Adult Eye    1.9 Adult Brain    10.4 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    1.7 Adult Crop    3.4 Adult Midgut    2.1 Adult Hindgut    3.1 Adult Malpighian Tubules    3.7 Adult Fat Body    6 Adult Salivary Gland no informative data Adult Heart    3.025 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    2.2 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    3.5 Adult Ovary    1.8 Adult Testis    15.3 Adult Male Accessory Gland    6.9 Adult Carcass    2.5 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High  Linear, scaled to High level expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    205.825 Larval Midgut    0.5 Larval Hindgut    1.6 Larval Malpighian Tubules    2.8 Larval Fat Body    5.2 Larval Salivary Gland    4.2 Larval Trachea    12.1 Larval Carcass    3.1 Adult Head    4.4 Adult Eye    1.9 Adult Brain    10.4 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    1.7 Adult Crop    3.4 Adult Midgut    2.1 Adult Hindgut    3.1 Adult Malpighian Tubules    3.7 Adult Fat Body    6 Adult Salivary Gland no informative data Adult Heart    3.025 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    2.2 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    3.5 Adult Ovary    1.8 Adult Testis    15.3 Adult Male Accessory Gland    6.9 Adult Carcass    2.5 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Very high expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    205.825 Larval Midgut    0.5 Larval Hindgut    1.6 Larval Malpighian Tubules    2.8 Larval Fat Body    5.2 Larval Salivary Gland    4.2 Larval Trachea    12.1 Larval Carcass    3.1 Adult Head    4.4 Adult Eye    1.9 Adult Brain    10.4 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    1.7 Adult Crop    3.4 Adult Midgut    2.1 Adult Hindgut    3.1 Adult Malpighian Tubules    3.7 Adult Fat Body    6 Adult Salivary Gland no informative data Adult Heart    3.025 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    2.2 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    3.5 Adult Ovary    1.8 Adult Testis    15.3 Adult Male Accessory Gland    6.9 Adult Carcass    2.5 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  log, scaled to maximum FBgn0014179 expression level Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    205.825 Larval Midgut    0.5 Larval Hindgut    1.6 Larval Malpighian Tubules    2.8 Larval Fat Body    5.2 Larval Salivary Gland    4.2 Larval Trachea    12.1 Larval Carcass    3.1 Adult Head    4.4 Adult Eye    1.9 Adult Brain    10.4 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    1.7 Adult Crop    3.4 Adult Midgut    2.1 Adult Hindgut    3.1 Adult Malpighian Tubules    3.7 Adult Fat Body    6 Adult Salivary Gland no informative data Adult Heart    3.025 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    2.2 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    3.5 Adult Ovary    1.8 Adult Testis    15.3 Adult Male Accessory Gland    6.9 Adult Carcass    2.5 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate  log, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    205.825 Larval Midgut    0.5 Larval Hindgut    1.6 Larval Malpighian Tubules    2.8 Larval Fat Body    5.2 Larval Salivary Gland    4.2 Larval Trachea    12.1 Larval Carcass    3.1 Adult Head    4.4 Adult Eye    1.9 Adult Brain    10.4 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    1.7 Adult Crop    3.4 Adult Midgut    2.1 Adult Hindgut    3.1 Adult Malpighian Tubules    3.7 Adult Fat Body    6 Adult Salivary Gland no informative data Adult Heart    3.025 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    2.2 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    3.5 Adult Ovary    1.8 Adult Testis    15.3 Adult Male Accessory Gland    6.9 Adult Carcass    2.5 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High  log, scaled to High level expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    205.825 Larval Midgut    0.5 Larval Hindgut    1.6 Larval Malpighian Tubules    2.8 Larval Fat Body    5.2 Larval Salivary Gland    4.2 Larval Trachea    12.1 Larval Carcass    3.1 Adult Head    4.4 Adult Eye    1.9 Adult Brain    10.4 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    1.7 Adult Crop    3.4 Adult Midgut    2.1 Adult Hindgut    3.1 Adult Malpighian Tubules    3.7 Adult Fat Body    6 Adult Salivary Gland no informative data Adult Heart    3.025 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    2.2 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    3.5 Adult Ovary    1.8 Adult Testis    15.3 Adult Male Accessory Gland    6.9 Adult Carcass    2.5 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  log, scaled to Very high expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    205.825 Larval Midgut    0.5 Larval Hindgut    1.6 Larval Malpighian Tubules    2.8 Larval Fat Body    5.2 Larval Salivary Gland    4.2 Larval Trachea    12.1 Larval Carcass    3.1 Adult Head    4.4 Adult Eye    1.9 Adult Brain    10.4 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    1.7 Adult Crop    3.4 Adult Midgut    2.1 Adult Hindgut    3.1 Adult Malpighian Tubules    3.7 Adult Fat Body    6 Adult Salivary Gland no informative data Adult Heart    3.025 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    2.2 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    3.5 Adult Ovary    1.8 Adult Testis    15.3 Adult Male Accessory Gland    6.9 Adult Carcass    2.5 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  Heatmap Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System     Larval Midgut     Larval Hindgut     Larval Malpighian Tubules     Larval Fat Body     Larval Salivary Gland     Larval Trachea     Larval Carcass     Adult Head     Adult Eye     Adult Brain     Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion     Adult Crop     Adult Midgut     Adult Hindgut     Adult Malpighian Tubules     Adult Fat Body     Adult Salivary Gland no informative data Adult Heart     Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca     Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca     Adult Ovary     Adult Testis     Adult Male Accessory Gland     Adult Carcass     FlyAtlas Organ/Tissue Expression, larval vs. adult Larval Expression Level Tissue Adult Expression Level   NA  Head    4.4   NA  Eye    1.9   NA  Brain    10.4   205.825  Central Nervous System    NA   NA  Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    1.7   NA  Crop    3.4   0.5  Midgut    2.1   1.6  Hindgut    3.1   2.8  Malpighian Tubules    3.7   5.2  Fat Body    6   4.2  Salivary Gland    no informative data   NA  Heart    3.025   12.1  Trachea    NA   NA  VirginFemale Spermatheca    2.2   NA  InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    3.5   NA  Ovary    1.8   NA  Testis    15.3   NA  Male Accessory Gland    6.9   3.1  Carcass    2.5 modENCODE Temporal Expression Data (Graveley et al., 2011) FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data (Chintapalli et al., 2007)
Expression Clusters
	A cluster of genes with similar mRNA expression dynamics across development. (The modENCODE Consortium, 2010) mE2_34_mRNA_expression_cluster_31
External Data & Images
Linkouts	FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies • FBgn0014179 FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array • CG12245-RA FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data) • Show all FlyExpress processed images for gcm Stages(s) 4-6 Stages(s) 7-8 Stages(s) 9-10 Stages(s) 11-12 Stages(s) 13-16
Alleles & Phenotypes
Summary of Allele Phenotypes
Lethality Allele lethal, with Scer\GAL4Cg.PA gcmDN.Scer\UAS.T:en-Rep lethal (with Df(2L)132) gcmrA87.P lethal | embryonic stage gcmrA87 lethal | embryonic stage, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237 gcmScer\UAS.cBa lethal | embryonic stage, with Scer\GAL4twi.PB gcmScer\UAS.cBa lethal | embryonic stage | recessive gcm26 gcmk08412 gcmPyxR+1 gcmPyxR+2 gcmPyxR+3 lethal | heat sensitive, with Scer\GAL4gcm-rA87.P, Scer\GAL80ts.αTub84B gcmDN.Scer\UAS.T:en-Rep lethal | larval stage | heat sensitive, with Scer\GAL4hs.PB gcmScer\UAS.cBa lethal | pupal stage | heat sensitive, with Scer\GAL4srp.D.cCa, Scer\GAL80ts.αTub84B gcmDN.Scer\UAS.T:en-Rep lethal | recessive gcm26 gcm34 gcmN7-4 gcmΔP1 gcmΔP2 gcmΔP3 gcmΔP4 gcmΔP5 gcmΔP6 gcmΔP7 gcmΔP8 gcmΔP9 gcmΔP10 lethal | second instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4lama-A8 gcmScer\UAS.cJa semi-lethal | embryonic stage | recessive gcmrA87.P viable gcmPyx gcmrA87 viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237 gcmGD1452 Other Phenotypes Allele developmental rate defective gcmΔP1 increased cell death | recessive gcmΔP1 increased cell number, with Scer\GAL4gcm-rA87.P gcmScer\UAS.cBa melanotic mass phenotype, with Scer\GAL4Cg.PA gcmDN.Scer\UAS.T:en-Rep melanotic mass phenotype, with Scer\GAL4ppl.PP gcmDN.Scer\UAS.T:en-Rep melanotic mass phenotype | heat sensitive, with Scer\GAL4srp.D.cCa, Scer\GAL80ts.αTub84B gcmDN.Scer\UAS.T:en-Rep neuroanatomy defective gcm26 gcmN7-4 gcmrA87 gcmΔP1 neuroanatomy defective, with Scer\GAL4sca-537.4 gcmScer\UAS.cJa neuroanatomy defective, with Scer\GAL4sca-T3 gcmScer\UAS.cHa neuroanatomy defective | embryonic stage (with Df(2L)132) gcmrA87.P neuroanatomy defective | recessive gcm1 neuroanatomy defective | recessive | somatic clone gcmN7-4 neuroanatomy defective | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155 gcmScer\UAS.cBa neuroanatomy defective | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4erm.R9D11 gcmScer\UAS.cBa neuroanatomy defective | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4αTub84B.PL gcmScer\UAS.cBa neuroanatomy defective | third instar larval stage | heat sensitive, with Scer\GAL4gcm-rA87.P, Scer\GAL80ts.αTub84B gcmDN.Scer\UAS.T:en-Rep neurophysiology defective gcmN7-4 visible (with gcmN7-4) gcmPyx visible (with gcmPyx) gcmN7-4 visible | dominant gcmPyx visible | heat sensitive gcmhs.PB visible | heat sensitive, with Scer\GAL4hs.PB gcmScer\UAS.cBa visible | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4Act5C.PI gcmScer\UAS.cvdBa Phenotype manifest in Allele abdominal 1 lateral pentascolopidial chordotonal organ lch5 gcmΔP1 abdominal 2 lateral pentascolopidial chordotonal organ lch5 gcmΔP1 abdominal 3 lateral pentascolopidial chordotonal organ lch5 gcmΔP1 abdominal 4 lateral pentascolopidial chordotonal organ lch5 gcmΔP1 abdominal 5 lateral pentascolopidial chordotonal organ lch5 gcmΔP1 abdominal 6 lateral pentascolopidial chordotonal organ lch5 gcmΔP1 abdominal 7 lateral pentascolopidial chordotonal organ lch5 gcmΔP1 abdominal lateral pentascolopidial chordotonal organ lch5 & scolopidial ligament cell & stage 16 embryo gcmN7-4 abdominal segment 1 gcmΔP1 abdominal segment 2 gcmΔP1 abdominal segment 3 gcmΔP1 abdominal segment 4 gcmΔP1 abdominal segment 5 gcmΔP1 abdominal segment 6 gcmΔP1 aCC neuron gcmΔP1 anterior commissure, with Scer\GAL4twi.PB gcmScer\UAS.cBa axon | embryonic stage gcm1 bipolar dendrite neuron, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155 gcmScer\UAS.cJa central nervous system gcmΔP1 gcmN7-4 gcmP chordotonal organ | lateral gcmk08412 CNS glial cell gcm26 gcmN7-4 commissure gcmEP1 gcmN7-4 commissure | embryonic stage gcm1 crystal cell gcmN7-4 crystal cell, with Scer\GAL4hs.PB gcmScer\UAS.cJa crystal cell, with Scer\GAL4lz-gal4 gcmScer\UAS.cBa crystal cell primordium, with Scer\GAL4hs.PB gcmScer\UAS.cJa dendrite gcm1 distal medulla glial cell | heat sensitive, with Scer\GAL4gcm-rA87.P, Scer\GAL80ts.αTub84B gcmDN.Scer\UAS.T:en-Rep distal sensillum, with Scer\GAL4hs.PB gcmScer\UAS.cBa dMP2 neuron gcmΔP1 gcm1 gcm5 embryonic/larval ganglionic branch gcmrA87 embryonic/larval glial cell gcmΔP1 gcm1 gcm1308 gcm26 gcm34 gcmN7-4 gcmPyxR+3 embryonic/larval glial cell (with Df(2L)132) gcmrA87.P embryonic/larval glial cell (with gcm1) gcmP embryonic/larval glial cell (with gcmP) gcm1 embryonic/larval glial cell | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4sca-537.4 gcmScer\UAS.cJa embryonic/larval glial cell | precursor gcmΔP1 embryonic/larval hemocyte | ectopic gcmhs.PB embryonic/larval hemocyte | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4elav.PLu gcmScer\UAS.cBa embryonic/larval nervous system gcmΔP1 gcm1 embryonic/larval neuron gcmΔP1 embryonic/larval neuron, with Scer\GAL4sca-T3 gcmScer\UAS.cHa embryonic/larval somatic muscle gcm1 embryonic/larval somatic muscle, with Scer\GAL4twi.PB gcmScer\UAS.cBa embryonic/larval somatic muscle, with Scer\GAL4twi.PG gcmScer\UAS.cHa embryonic/larval visceral muscle, with Scer\GAL4twi.PB gcmScer\UAS.cBa embryonic epidermis, with Scer\GAL469B gcmScer\UAS.cHa embryonic epidermis, with Scer\GAL4en-e16E gcmScer\UAS.cHa embryonic epidermis | dorsal, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237 gcmScer\UAS.cBa embryonic neuroblast gcm34 gcmN7-4 eye photoreceptor cell stalk | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4bi-omb-Gal4 gcmDN.Scer\UAS.T:en-Rep fascicle | embryonic stage gcmΔP1 glial cell gcmN7-4 gcmrA87 glial cell, with Scer\GAL4gcm-rA87.P gcmScer\UAS.cBa glial cell | somatic clone gcmN7-4 glial cell | somatic clone | supernumerary, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155 gcmScer\UAS.cBa glial cell | somatic clone | supernumerary, with Scer\GAL4erm.R9D11 gcmScer\UAS.cBa glial cell | somatic clone | supernumerary, with Scer\GAL4αTub84B.PL gcmScer\UAS.cBa glioblast gcm34 gcmN7-4 glioblast, with Scer\GAL4sca-T3 gcmScer\UAS.cBa hemocyte gcm34 gcmN7-4 interface glial cell gcm5 intermediate longitudinal fascicle gcmΔP1 intersegmental nerve gcmΔP1 gcm1 gcmunspecified lamellocyte | heat sensitive, with Scer\GAL4srp.D.cCa, Scer\GAL80ts.αTub84B gcmDN.Scer\UAS.T:en-Rep lamina | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4bi-omb-Gal4 gcmDN.Scer\UAS.T:en-Rep lch3 neuron gcmΔP1 lch5 ligament attachment cell | embryonic stage 16 gcmN7-4 lch5 neuron gcmΔP1 longitudinal connective gcmΔP1 gcm1 gcm1308 gcm26 gcm5 gcmN7-4 longitudinal connective (with gcm1) gcmP longitudinal connective (with gcmP) gcm1 longitudinal connective | embryonic stage gcm1 gcm26 gcm34 gcmN7-4 macrophage gcmrA87 medulla cortex & glial cell | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4Act5C.PI gcmScer\UAS.cJa melanotic mass, with Scer\GAL4Cg.PA gcmDN.Scer\UAS.T:en-Rep melanotic mass, with Scer\GAL4ppl.PP gcmDN.Scer\UAS.T:en-Rep melanotic mass | heat sensitive, with Scer\GAL4srp.D.cCa, Scer\GAL80ts.αTub84B gcmDN.Scer\UAS.T:en-Rep mesothoracic tergum & macrochaeta | supernumerary (with gcmN7-4) gcmPyx mesothoracic tergum & macrochaeta | supernumerary (with gcmPyx) gcmN7-4 mesothoracic tergum & macrochaeta | supernumerary | conditional ts gcmhs.PB mesothoracic tergum & macrochaeta | supernumerary | conditional ts, with Scer\GAL4hs.PB gcmScer\UAS.cBa metathoracic laterotergite & macrochaeta | supernumerary gcmPyx nerve | embryonic stage gcm26 gcm34 gcmN7-4 neuroblast | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4sca-T3 gcmScer\UAS.cBa neuroblast NB6-4 | ectopic gcmN7-4 neuroblast NB6-4 of thorax, with Scer\GAL4eg-Mz360 gcmScer\UAS.cBa neuroblast NB6-4 of thorax, with Scer\GAL4en-e16E gcmScer\UAS.cHa neuroblast NB6-4 of thorax, with Scer\GAL4sca-4512 gcmScer\UAS.cBa neuron, with Scer\GAL4sca-537.4 gcmScer\UAS.cHa neuron | embryonic stage gcm1 optic lobe | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4Act5C.PI gcmScer\UAS.cJa outer photoreceptor cell | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4Act5C.PI gcmScer\UAS.cJa pCC neuron gcm1 peripheral glial cell gcm1 plasmatocyte | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4lz-gal4 gcmScer\UAS.cBa plasmatocyte | heat sensitive, with Scer\GAL4srp.D.cCa, Scer\GAL80ts.αTub84B gcmDN.Scer\UAS.T:en-Rep PNS exit glial cell gcm1 posterior commissure, with Scer\GAL4twi.PB gcmScer\UAS.cBa presumptive embryonic/larval central nervous system gcmΔP1 gcm1 gcmk08412 presumptive embryonic/larval central nervous system, with Scer\GAL4sca-537.4 gcmScer\UAS.cHa presumptive embryonic/larval peripheral nervous system gcmk08412 scutellum & macrochaeta | supernumerary gcmPyx scutum & macrochaeta | supernumerary gcmPyx segmental nerve gcm1 segmental nerve pioneer neuron gcmΔP1 sense organ & wing gcmrA87 sense organ | ectopic gcmrA87 sensory neuron gcmΔP1 subperineurial glial cell gcmN7-4 subperineurial glial cell | supernumerary, with Scer\GAL4sca-4512 gcmScer\UAS.cBa support cell of the dorsal bipolar dendritic cell gcmΔP1 type II neuroblast | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155 gcmScer\UAS.cBa type II neuroblast | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4erm.R9D11 gcmScer\UAS.cBa type II neuroblast | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4αTub84B.PL gcmScer\UAS.cBa ventral abdominal cluster gcmΔP1 ventral longitudinal muscle | embryonic stage, with Scer\GAL4ptc-559.1 gcmDN.Scer\UAS.T:en-Rep ventral longitudinal muscle | embryonic stage (with Df(2L)132) gcmN7-4 ventral nerve cord, with Scer\GAL4twi.PB gcmScer\UAS.cBa ventral thoracic cluster gcmΔP1 wing & neuron | supernumerary | somatic clone gcmN7-4 wing & sensillum campaniformium | supernumerary | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4Act5C.PI gcmScer\UAS.cvdBa wing & thecogen cell | somatic clone gcmN7-4 wing margin gcmrA87 wing sensillum | ectopic | heat sensitive gcmhs.PB wing sensillum | ectopic | heat sensitive, with Scer\GAL4hs.PB gcmScer\UAS.cBa wing sensillum | somatic clone | supernumerary, with Scer\GAL4Act5C.PI gcmScer\UAS.cvdBa
Classical Alleles ( 31 )
For All Classical Alleles Show
Allele of gcm Class Mutagen Stocks Known lesion gcmKG01117 P-element activity 2 -- gcmN7-4 loss of function allele, amorphic allele - genetic evidence diepoxybutane 1 Yes gcmCB-0473-3 1 -- gcmNP4229 1 -- gcmrA87.C gene conversion 1 Yes gcmrA87 hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence P-element activity 1 Yes gcmΔP1 loss of function allele, amorphic allele - genetic evidence Delta2-3 0 Yes gcm1308 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- gcm1 Delta2-3 0 Yes gcm26 hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence Delta2-3 0 -- gcm34 hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence Delta2-3 P-element activity 0 -- gcm5 hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence P-element activity 0 Yes gcme1 0 -- gcmEP1 0 -- gcmk08412 P-element activity 0 Yes gcmP P-element activity 0 Yes gcmPyx neomorphic allele - genetic evidence X ray 0 Yes gcmPyxR+1 X ray 0 -- gcmPyxR+2 X ray 0 -- gcmPyxR+3 ethyl methanesulfonate 0 -- gcmrA87.P hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence 0 -- gcmunspecified 0 -- gcmΔP10 Delta2-3 0 Yes gcmΔP2 Delta2-3 0 Yes gcmΔP3 Delta2-3 0 Yes gcmΔP4 Delta2-3 0 Yes gcmΔP5 Delta2-3 0 Yes gcmΔP6 Delta2-3 0 Yes gcmΔP7 Delta2-3 0 Yes gcmΔP8 Delta2-3 0 Yes gcmΔP9 Delta2-3 0 Yes
Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs ( 23 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Allele of gcm Class Mutagen Stocks Known lesion gcmGD1452 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 2 Yes gcmScer\UAS.cJa in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 2 Yes gcmHM05124 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 1 Yes gcmJF01074 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 1 Yes gcmJF01075 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 1 Yes gcm+t12.6 in vitro construct - genomic fragment 0 Yes gcm+t5.6 in vitro construct - genomic fragment 0 Yes gcm+t7.6 in vitro construct - genomic fragment 0 Yes gcm+t9.6 in vitro construct - genomic fragment 0 Yes gcm2kbΔGBSI in vitro construct - site directed mutagenesis 0 Yes gcm2kbΔHBS in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 0 Yes gcmAct5C.PM in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes gcmAct5C.PY in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes gcmDN.Scer\UAS.T:en-Rep in vitro construct - regulatory fusion in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes gcmfl.cSa in vitro construct 0 Yes gcmhs.PB in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes gcmKK102493 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes gcmN7-4.Act5C in vitro construct - site directed mutagenesis in vitro construct - amino acid replacement 0 Yes gcmN7-4.DN.Scer\UAS.T:en-Rep in vitro construct 0 Yes gcmScer\FRT.Scer\UAS in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes gcmScer\UAS.cBa in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes gcmScer\UAS.cHa in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes gcmScer\UAS.cvdBa FLPase 0 Yes
Aneuploid Aberrations
Disrupted in	Df(2L)30A-C (Lane and Kalderon, 1993, Kania et al., 1995, Hosoya et al., 1995) Df(2L)132 (Kammerer and Giangrande, 2001, Ricard et al., 2001, Soustelle et al., 2004, Lane and Kalderon, 1993) Df(2L)166 (Ricard et al., 2001, Lane and Kalderon, 1993) Df(2L)169 (Ricard et al., 2001, Lane and Kalderon, 1993) Df(2L)176 (Ricard et al., 2001, Lane and Kalderon, 1993) Df(2L)200 (Ricard et al., 2001, Bataille et al., 2005, Lane and Kalderon, 1993, Jones et al., 1995) Df(2L)210 (Ricard et al., 2001, Lane and Kalderon, 1993) Df(2L)232 (Ricard et al., 2001, Lane and Kalderon, 1993) Df(2L)255 (Ricard et al., 2001, Lane and Kalderon, 1993) Df(2L)Exel7042 (Ryder, 2004.4.26) Df(2L)TE2 (Lane and Kalderon, 1993) Df(2L)γ1 (Ricard et al., 2001, Lane and Kalderon, 1993) Df(2L)γ4 (Ricard et al., 2001, Lane and Kalderon, 1993) Df(2L)γ5 (Lane and Kalderon, 1993) Df(2L)γ7 (Lane and Kalderon, 1993) Df(2L)γ12 (Lane and Kalderon, 1993) Df(2L)γ25 (Ricard et al., 2001, Lane and Kalderon, 1993) Df(2L)γ27 (Ricard et al., 2001, Lane and Kalderon, 1993) Df(2L)γ29 (Ricard et al., 2001, Lane and Kalderon, 1993) Tp(2;2)Pyx (van de Bor et al., 2002)
Not disrupted in	Df(2L)30A-C (BDGP Project Members, 1994-1999) Df(2L)50 (Ricard et al., 2001) Df(2L)A4 (Ricard et al., 2001, Lane and Kalderon, 1993) Df(2L)Tw2 (Lane and Kalderon, 1993) Df(2L)γ15 (Lane and Kalderon, 1993)
Transgenic Constructs & Insertions
Transgenic Constructs
	Type of construct Name Expression data UAS construct P{GD1452} NA P{KK102493} NA P{TRiP.HM05124} NA P{TRiP.JF01074} NA P{TRiP.JF01075} NA P{UAS(FRT.CD2.y+)gcm.vdB} NA P{UAS(-FRT)gcm.vdB} NA P{UAS-gcm.B} NA P{UAS-gcm.DN} NA P{UAS-gcm.H} NA P{UAS-gcm.J} NA P{UAS-gcm.N7-4.DN} NA reporter construct P{gcm-hs43-lacZ.-4.9} No P{gcm-hs43-lacZ.-7.4/-4.4} No P{gcm-hs43-lacZ.-8.9/-4.4} No P{gcm-hs43-lacZ.+1.7/+4.5} No P{gcm-hs43-lacZ.+1.7/+5.6} No P{gcm-hs43-lacZ.+2.6/+3.5} No P{gcm-hs43-lacZ.+2.6/+4.5} No P{gcm-hs43-lacZ.+3.5/+4.5} No P{gcm-hs43-lacZ.+3.8/+4.5} No P{gcm-lacZ.-0.2} No P{gcm-lacZ.-1.4} No P{gcm-lacZ.-4.9} No P{gcm-lacZ.-7.4/-4.4} No P{gcm-lacZ.-8.9/-4.4} No P{gcm-lacZ.-10/-7.4} No P{gcm-lacZ.-11.5/-10} No P{gcm-lacZ.-18/-11.5} No P{gcm-lacZ.-20/-14} No P{gcm-lacZ.-24/-20} No P{gcm-lacZ.-29/-24} No P{gcm-lacZ.+1.7/+2.6} No P{gcm-lacZ.+1.7/+5.6} No heat-shock construct P{hs-gcm.B} NA characterization construct P{2kb-glide} NA P{4kb-glide} NA P{6kb-glide} NA P{9kb-glide} NA P{gcm2kbΔGBSI} NA
Insertions
	Type of insertions Name Expression data miscellaneous insertions P{RS3}gcmCB-0473-3 NA P{SUPor-P}gcmKG01117 NA insertion of enhancer trap P{lacW}gcmk08412 No P{lacZ}gcm34 No P{PZ}gcmP No P{PZ}gcmrA87 No insertion of enhancer trap binary system P{GawB}gcmrA87.C No P{GawB}gcmrA87.P No
Gene Ontology: Function, Process & Cellular Component ( 27 unique terms )
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence ( 19 terms )
Molecular Function
CV term Evidence References
DNA binding inferred from direct assay (Akiyama et al., 1996)
Biological Process
CV term Evidence References
cell proliferation inferred from mutant phenotype (Alfonso and Jones, 2002) NOT crystal cell differentiation inferred from mutant phenotype (Alfonso and Jones, 2002) embryonic crystal cell differentiation inferred from mutant phenotype (Bataille et al., 2005) establishment of glial blood-brain barrier inferred from mutant phenotype (Stork et al., 2008) glial cell development inferred from mutant phenotype (Chotard et al., 2005) glial cell differentiation inferred from genetic interaction with gcm2 AND inferred from mutant phenotype (Kammerer and Giangrande, 2001) inferred from mutant phenotype (De Iaco et al., 2006, Jones et al., 1995) glial cell fate determination inferred from mutant phenotype (Hosoya et al., 1995, van de Bor et al., 2000, Udolph et al., 2001) gliogenesis inferred from genetic interaction with gcm2 AND inferred from mutant phenotype (Kammerer and Giangrande, 2001) inferred from mutant phenotype (Soustelle and Giangrande, 2007) negative regulation of crystal cell differentiation inferred from mutant phenotype (Bataille et al., 2005) neuron differentiation inferred from mutant phenotype (Chotard et al., 2005) plasmatocyte differentiation inferred from mutant phenotype (Alfonso and Jones, 2002) positive regulation of gene expression inferred from direct assay (Mandalaywala et al., 2008) positive regulation of glial cell differentiation inferred from mutant phenotype (Viktorin et al., 2011) positive regulation of glial cell proliferation inferred from mutant phenotype (Ho et al., 2009) positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter inferred from mutant phenotype (Jones et al., 1995) regulation of hemocyte differentiation inferred from mutant phenotype (Jacques et al., 2009) retinal ganglion cell axon guidance inferred from mutant phenotype (Yoshida et al., 2005)
Cellular Component
CV term Evidence References
nucleus inferred from direct assay (Jones et al., 1995)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions ( 11 terms )
Molecular Function
CV term Evidence References
DNA binding non-traceable author statement (Lemaitre, 2000.12.20) sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity traceable author statement (Alfonso and Jones, 2002)
Biological Process
CV term Evidence References
defense response non-traceable author statement (Lemaitre, 2000.12.20) dendrite morphogenesis traceable author statement (Gao and Bogert, 2003) embryonic plasmatocyte differentiation traceable author statement (Meister, 2004) glial cell differentiation traceable author statement (Evans and Banerjee, 2003) hemocyte development non-traceable author statement (Canon and Banerjee, 2000) traceable author statement (Fossett and Schulz, 2001) hemopoiesis traceable author statement (Kimbrell and Beutler, 2001) lymph gland plasmatocyte differentiation traceable author statement (Meister, 2004) plasmatocyte differentiation non-traceable author statement (Lemaitre, 2000.12.20) traceable author statement (Evans and Banerjee, 2003, Evans et al., 2003) regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent traceable author statement (Alfonso and Jones, 2002)
Cellular Component ( 0 terms)
Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
	nuclear_gene   protein_coding_gene
Interactions & Pathways
Summary of Physical Interactions
Protein-protein
Interacting group Assay References
Summary of Genetic Interactions
Interacts with	Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions gcm allele Gene References gcmN7-4 gcm2 (Kammerer and Giangrande, 2001) gcmScer\UAS.cHa repo (Yuasa et al., 2003) unspecified hkb (De Iaco et al., 2006)
External Data
Linkouts	BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions • 60376 DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions. • FBgn0014179 InterologFinder Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets. • 34277
Orthologs
Genome-wide drosophilid orthologs	Dana\GF21907 Dere\GG24019 Dgri\GH11056 Dmoj\GI17574 Dper\GL19218 Dpse\GA11505 Dsec\GM12386 Dsim\GD22349 Dvir\GJ17916 Dwil\GK23810 Dyak\GE10457
Curated drosophilid orthologs	Dpse\GA11505
Linkouts	InParanoid A subset of ortholog calls from InParanoid. • AAEL000623-PA Aedes aegypti (mosquito) CPIJ006639 Culex pipens (mosquito) ENSCPOP00000010118 Cavia porcellus (guinea pig) ENSGALP00000020805 Gallus gallus (chicken) ENSP00000259803 Homo sapiens (human) ISCW022914-PA Ixodes scapularis (deer tick) ENSMODP00000012994 Monodelphis domestica (gray opossum) ENSMMUP00000029076 Macaca mulatta (rhesus monkey) ENSMUSP00000021791 Mus musculus (house mouse) XP_001599776.1 Nasonia vitripennis (wasp) PHUM009688-PA Pediculus humanus (human body louse) ENSPPYP00000018702 Pongo pygmaeus (orangutan) ENSPTRP00000031247 Pan troglodytes (chimpanzee) ENSRNOP00000020244 Rattus norvegicus (norway rat) XP_975103.2 Tribolium castaneum (red flour beetle) ENSTNIP00000007708 Tetraodon nigroviridis (green spotted pufferfish) OrthoDB (Arthropod subset) The hierarchical catalog of eukaryotic orthologs. • PB13438 NV17454 LH18637 ISCW022914 FBgn0236239 FBgn0228318 FBgn0225829 FBgn0225772 FBgn0205472 FBgn0205084 FBgn0194994 FBgn0193756 FBgn0172477 FBgn0167323 JGI_V11_26189 FBgn0077744 FBgn0071556 FBgn0156817 FBgn0156520 FBgn0140318 FBgn0133835 FBgn0019809 FBgn0118537 FBgn0118156 FBgn0116158 FBgn0102353 FBgn0099773 FBgn0098907 CPIJ006640 BGIBMGA006182 ACYPI001067 GB19906 AGAP007783 AAEL000623 PHUM436840 GLEAN_14730
Stocks & Reagents
Stocks Listed in FlyBase ( 14 )
Bloomington	5445 P{PZ}gcmrA87/CyO; ry506 28913 y1 v1; P{TRiP.HM05124}attP2 31518 y1 v1; P{TRiP.JF01074}attP2 31519 y1 v1; P{TRiP.JF01075}attP2 35541 y1 w*; P{GawB}gcmrA87.C/CyO 5446 y1 w67c23; P{UAS-gcm.J}2; P{UAS-gcm.J}3 13195 y1; P{SUPor-P}gcmKG01117/CyO; ry506
Kyoto	123190 w1118; P{RS3}gcmCB-0473-3 108239 y1 w67c23; P{UAS-gcm.J}2; P{UAS-gcm.J}3 104639 y* w*; P{GawB}gcmNP4229 / CyO, P{UAS-lacZ.UW14}UW14
VDRC	v2961 w1118; P{GD1452}v2961 v2962 w1118; P{GD1452}v2962
	More stocks available...
Genomic Clones ( 1 )
	BACR24A22 Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete
cDNA Clones ( 2 )
	Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see GBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.
cDNA Clones, Fully Sequenced
BDGP DGC clones
Other clones	RT01048
cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
BDGP DGC clones
Other clones	EC38881
RNAi & Array Information
Linkouts	DRSC - Results from RNAi screens. • FBgn0014179 GenomeRNAi - GenomeRNAi – A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents • 34277
Antibody Information
	polyclonal (Jones et al., 1995, Ho et al., 2009)
Other Information
Discoverer
Etymology
Identification
Relationship to Other Genes
Source for database identity of
Source for database merge of
Additional comments
Other Comments
	hkb triggers gcm autoregulation via direct physical interaction. (De Iaco et al., 2006) gcm and gcm2 cooperate with the hh pathway to regualte neurogenesis in the lamina. (Chotard et al., 2005) Lack of both gcm and gcm2 eliminates all lateral glial cells. (Kammerer and Giangrande, 2001) N signalling positively regulates gcm expression in the context of subperineurial glial cell development. (Udolph et al., 2001) gcm is required for the formation of subperineurial glial cells. (Udolph et al., 2001) The decision to express gcm in the sensory organ lineage is dependent upon cell-cell communication. (van de Bor and Giangrande, 2001) mira and pros seem to be upstream of gcm in the cascade of cell fate decision in the NB6-4T lineage. (Akiyama-Oda et al., 2000) Restricted expression of gcm is required for the developmental program of embryonic plasmatocytes. (Lebestky et al., 2000) gcm is necessary to induce glial differentiation in the peripheral nervous system. (van de Bor et al., 2000) Gliogenesis depends on gcm through asymmetric division of neuroglioblasts. (Bernardoni et al., 1999) gcm can induce gliogenesis in mesodermal cells, indicating that gliogenesis does not require a ground neural state. (Bernardoni et al., 1998) gcm is required in the hemocyte/macrophage cell lineage. (Bernardoni et al., 1997) On the basis of structural as well as functional criteria gcm is a transcription factor with novel DNA binding domain that recognises the motif AT(G/A)CGGGT. (Schreiber et al., 1997) gcm encodes a novel DNA binding protein, which has its DNA binding activity localised within the N-terminal 181 amino acids. The protein binds with high specificity to the sequence, (A/G)CCCGCAT. Eleven such gcm binding sequences are found in the upstream region of the repo gene. (Akiyama et al., 1996) gcm is necessary for glial cell fate commitment. Mutations prevent glial cell determination in the embryonic central and peripheral nervous system. Absence of glial cells is the consequence of a cell fate switch from glia to neurones. (Vincent et al., 1996) Mutations at gcm have severely disrupted longitudinal connectives. gcm was identified during an enhancer detector screen, imprecise excisions of the P-element generated severe alleles in which the longitudunal connectives have few axons in most segments. Expression patterns of mutant alleles indicate that the gcm mutation disrupts early steps of glial development. gcm may be an upstream element in the cascade that controls the repo expression. (Hosoya et al., 1995) Phenotypic analysis reveals that glial/neuron determination is governed by a single molecule, gcm. All CNS cells are originally bipotential so that they can differentiate into both neurons and glial cells with neuronal differentiation as a default. They differentiate into neurons when gcm is absent while they differentiate into glial cells when gcm is present. (Hosoya et al., 1995) Cloning, molecularly characterisation and genetic analysis of gcm. (Jones et al., 1995) gcm is involved in the migratory, not rotatory, aspect of lateral chordotonal (Lch) neuron development. (Kania et al., 1995)
External Crossreferences & Linkouts
Sequence Crossreferences
	RefSeq (Transcripts) • NM_057760 RefSeq (Proteins) • NP_477108 DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank • AAC46912 AAC47808 AAF52790 AC007257 BAA10905 BH614855 D64040 U34039 U81164 Entrez Gene - A searchable database of RefSeq genes. • 34277 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot • Q27403
Other Crossreferences
	InterPro domains - A database of protein families, domains, and functional sites • Transcription regulator, GCM-like (IPR003902)
Linkouts
	BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions • 60376 DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions. • FBgn0014179 DRSC - Results from RNAi screens. • FBgn0014179 FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies • FBgn0014179 FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array • CG12245-RA FlyMine - Integrated genomics database for Drosophila, Anopheles, and C.elegans • FBgn0014179 GenomeRNAi - GenomeRNAi – A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents • 34277 InParanoid A subset of ortholog calls from InParanoid. • AAEL000623-PA Aedes aegypti (mosquito) CPIJ006639 Culex pipens (mosquito) ENSCPOP00000010118 Cavia porcellus (guinea pig) ENSGALP00000020805 Gallus gallus (chicken) ENSP00000259803 Homo sapiens (human) ISCW022914-PA Ixodes scapularis (deer tick) ENSMODP00000012994 Monodelphis domestica (gray opossum) ENSMMUP00000029076 Macaca mulatta (rhesus monkey) ENSMUSP00000021791 Mus musculus (house mouse) XP_001599776.1 Nasonia vitripennis (wasp) PHUM009688-PA Pediculus humanus (human body louse) ENSPPYP00000018702 Pongo pygmaeus (orangutan) ENSPTRP00000031247 Pan troglodytes (chimpanzee) ENSRNOP00000020244 Rattus norvegicus (norway rat) XP_975103.2 Tribolium castaneum (red flour beetle) ENSTNIP00000007708 Tetraodon nigroviridis (green spotted pufferfish) Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution • /neural/gcm.htm InterologFinder Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets. • 34277 modMine - Data generated by the modENCODE project. • FBgn0014179 OrthoDB (Arthropod subset) The hierarchical catalog of eukaryotic orthologs. • PB13438 NV17454 LH18637 ISCW022914 FBgn0236239 FBgn0228318 FBgn0225829 FBgn0225772 FBgn0205472 FBgn0205084 FBgn0194994 FBgn0193756 FBgn0172477 FBgn0167323 JGI_V11_26189 FBgn0077744 FBgn0071556 FBgn0156817 FBgn0156520 FBgn0140318 FBgn0133835 FBgn0019809 FBgn0118537 FBgn0118156 FBgn0116158 FBgn0102353 FBgn0099773 FBgn0098907 CPIJ006640 BGIBMGA006182 ACYPI001067 GB19906 AGAP007783 AAEL000623 PHUM436840 GLEAN_14730 REDfly - A database of transcriptional regulatory elements. • FBgn0014179
Synonyms & Secondary IDs ( 18 )
Reported As
Symbol Synonym	CG12245 (Perkins et al., 2009, Ni et al., 2008, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5) GCM (Cohen et al., 2003) Gcm (Lebestky et al., 2000) gcm (Jones and Lamberton, 2007, Chotard et al., 2005, Altenhein et al., 2006, Schwabe et al., 2005, Parker et al., 2006, Stork et al., 2008, Freeman, 2005, Kim et al., 2007, Pereanu et al., 2007, Soustelle et al., 2008, Banerjee et al., 2006, Colonques et al., 2007, Serpe and O'Connor, 2006, Liebl et al., 2006, Hulsmeier et al., 2007, Ho et al., 2008, Pereanu et al., 2007, Soustelle and Giangrande, 2007, Kwong et al., 2008, Iwasaki et al., 2003, Choksi et al., 2006, Kucherenko et al., 2008, Miller et al., 2008, Ratnaparkhi and Zinn, 2007, Mandalaywala et al., 2008, Paladi and Tepass, 2004, Awasaki et al., 2008, Tamura et al., 2009, Ho et al., 2009, Younossi-Hartenstein et al., 2006, Berger et al., 2010, Jacques et al., 2009, Wright et al., 2010, Ding et al., 2011, Beckervordersandforth et al., 2008, Kazemian et al., 2010, Viktorin et al., 2011) GCM1 (Yang, 2005) glide (Jones, 2005, Ragone et al., 2003, van de Bor and Giangrande, 2001, Bernardoni et al., 1997, Vincent et al., 1996, Kim et al., 2007, Ho et al., 2009) glide/gcm (van de Bor et al., 2002, Kammerer and Giangrande, 2001, Kammerer and Giangrande, 2001, van de Bor and Giangrande, 2001, Ragone et al., 2001, van de Bor et al., 2001, van de Bor et al., 2000, Bernardoni et al., 1999, Verdeil, 1996.12.6, Miller et al., 1998, Bernardoni et al., 1998, Bernardoni et al., 1997) l(2)N7-4   N7-4 (Ricard et al., 2001) ucc
Name Synonym	glia cells missing (Paladi and Tepass, 2004) glial cell deficient (Bernardoni et al., 1997, Vincent et al., 1996, Kim et al., 2007, Ho et al., 2009) glial cell missing (Kim et al., 2007, Ho et al., 2009) Glial Cell Missing (Tamura et al., 2009) glial cells missing (Hosoya et al., 1995, Jones and Lamberton, 2007, Chotard et al., 2005, Altenhein et al., 2006, Freeman, 2005, Pereanu et al., 2007, Soustelle et al., 2008, Colonques et al., 2007, Soustelle and Giangrande, 2007, Choksi et al., 2006, Miller et al., 2008, Mandalaywala et al., 2008, Hurlbut et al., 2009, Stork et al., 2008, Jacques et al., 2009, Wright et al., 2010, Ding et al., 2011, Viktorin et al., 2011) glial cells-missing (Pereanu et al., 2007) glide (Soustelle et al., 2004, Ho et al., 2008) glide glide2 (van de Bor and Giangrande, 2002) upper class chordotonals
Secondary FlyBase IDs
	FBgn0014259
References ( 221 )
Generate a list of	All references relating to this gene ( 221 )
List References by type	Research paper  ( 118 ) Supplementary material  ( 4 ) Review  ( 38 ) Personal communication to FlyBase  ( 7 ) Abstract  ( 41 ) FlyBase analysis  ( 3 ) DNA/RNA sequence record  ( 2 ) Computer file  ( 2 ) News article  ( 1 ) Conference report  ( 3 ) Automatic genome annotation  ( 1 ) Curated genome annotation  ( 1 )
Recent research papers ( 5 )
	Ding et al., 2011, Dev. Dyn. 240(1): 122--134 Glial cell adhesive molecule unzipped mediates axon guidance in Drosophila. [FBrf0212620] Viktorin et al., 2011, Dev. Biol. 356(2): 553--565 Multipotent neural stem cells generate glial cells of the central complex through transit amplifying intermediate progenitors in Drosophila brain development. [FBrf0214495] Berger et al., 2010, Dev. Biol. 337(2): 415--424 Cell cycle independent role of Cyclin E during neural cell fate specification in Drosophila is mediated by its regulation of Prospero function. [FBrf0209814] Kazemian et al., 2010, PLoS Biol. 8(8): Quantitative analysis of the Drosophila segmentation regulatory network using pattern generating potentials. [FBrf0211688] Wright et al., 2010, PLoS ONE 5(8): e12288 Systematic screening of Drosophila deficiency mutatations for embryonic phenotypes and orphan receptor ligands. [FBrf0211648] Show all research papers ...
Recent reviews (0)
	All reviews listed in FlyBase were published before 2010 Show reviews ...