FlyBase Gene Report: Dmel\Mtk

General Information

Symbol

Dmel\Mtk

Species

D. melanogaster

Name

Metchnikowin

Annotation Symbol

CG8175

Feature Type

protein_coding_gene

FlyBase ID

FBgn0014865

Gene Model Status

Current

Stock Availability

3 publicly available

Gene Summary

Metchnikowin (Mtk) encodes an antifungal peptide that is secreted from the fat body during the systemic immune response, and is produced by various epithelia. Its expression is regulated at the transcriptional level by the immune deficiency and/or Toll pathways. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-14] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)

All Summaries

Gene Snapshot
Alliance
Auto summary
Gene Group
UniProtKB
Interactive Fly

Also Known As

Metch, DIM 17

Key Links

Genomic Location

Cytogenetic map

52A1-52A1

Sequence location

2R:15,408,846..15,409,113 [+]

Recombination map

2-74

RefSeq locus

NT_033778 REGION:15408846..15409113

Sequence

Get Decorated FASTA

Genomic Maps

JBrowse GBrowse

Help me choose

Other Genome Views

The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.

Function

GO Summary Ribbons

Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (9 terms)

Molecular Function (0 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)

Biological Process (8 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (8 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

involved_in antibacterial humoral response

inferred from expression pattern

(Lemaitre et al., 1997, Levashina et al., 1995)

involved_in antifungal humoral response

inferred from expression pattern

(Lemaitre et al., 1997)

involved_in defense response to fungus

inferred from direct assay

(Levashina et al., 1995)

involved_in defense response to Gram-negative bacterium

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Reed et al., 2008)

involved_in defense response to Gram-positive bacterium

inferred from direct assay

(Levashina et al., 1995)

involved_in defense response

inferred from direct assay

(Uttenweiler-Joseph et al., 1998)

involved_in response to bacterium

inferred from direct assay

(Wagner et al., 2009)

inferred from high throughput expression pattern

(Levy et al., 2004)

involved_in response to wounding

inferred from expression pattern

(Tattikota et al., 2020)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)

CV Term

Evidence

References

involved_in antifungal humoral response

traceable author statement

(Brennan and Anderson, 2004)

Cellular Component (1 term)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)

CV Term

Evidence

References

located_in extracellular region

inferred from direct assay

(Uttenweiler-Joseph et al., 1998)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)

Gene Group (FlyBase)

ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES - OTHER

Protein Family (UniProt)

Protein Signatures (InterPro)

Metchnikowin

Summaries

Gene Snapshot

Gene Group (FlyBase)

ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES - OTHER -: Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small secreted peptides with antifungal or antibacterial activity. AMPs are part of the innate immune response. The AMP-OTHER gene group encompasses AMPs that are single gene family members in D.mel. (Adapted from FBrf0241672.)

Protein Function (UniProtKB)

Potent antifungal and antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria.

(UniProt, Q24395)

Gene Model and Products

Number of Transcripts

Number of Unique Polypeptides

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Mtk for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)

Isoform displayed:

Pfam protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Protein Domains (via SMART)

Isoform displayed:

SMART protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Structure New Section

Protein 3D structure (Predicted by AlphaFold) (AlphaFold entry Q24395)

If you don't see the viewer to the right, refresh your browser.

Model Confidence:

Very high (pLDDT > 90)
Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.50

Gene model reviewed during 5.44

Gene model reviewed during 5.56

Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene

nuclear_gene

protein_coding_gene

Transcript Data

Annotated Transcripts

Name

FlyBase ID

RefSeq ID

Length (nt)

Assoc. CDS (aa)

Mtk-RA

FBtr0087386

NM_079028

268

Additional Transcript Data and Comments

Reported size (kB)

0.268 (sequence analysis)

(Levashina et al., 1998)

Comments

External Data

Crossreferences

Polypeptide Data

Annotated Polypeptides

Name

FlyBase ID

Predicted MW (kDa)

Length (aa)

Theoretical pI

RefSeq ID

GenBank

Mtk-PA

FBpp0086518

5.7

9.35

NP_523752

AAF58139

Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

There is only one protein coding transcript and one polypeptide associated with this gene

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments

Reported size (kDa)

Comments

External Data

Crossreferences

InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites

Metchnikowin

Linkouts

Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model

Nucleotide / Polypeptide Records

UniProt

Q24395

Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Mtk using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data

Crossreferences

Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.

Mtk_1

Linkouts

Expression Data

Expression Summary Ribbons

Colored tiles in ribbon indicate that expression data has been curated by FlyBase for that anatomical location. Colorless tiles indicate that there is no curated data for that location.

For complete stage-specific expression data, view the modENCODE Development RNA-Seq section under High-Throughput Expression below.

Transcript Expression

northern blot

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

embryonic stage 11 -- 17

Comment: reference states 6-24 hr AEL

(Levashina et al., 1998)

Additional Descriptive Data

Mtk transcripts are expressed in embryos, and they are expressed in response to immunization with both gram positive and gram negative bacteria, up to 120 hours post immunization.

(Levashina et al., 1998)

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Polypeptide Expression

Additional Descriptive Data

Mtk protein is induced in hemolymph after bacterial challenge. Time course studies with mass spectrometric analysis show that it is detectable within 6 hours of the challenge, increases substantially between 6hrs and 2 weeks, and is gone by 3 weeks after challenge.

(Uttenweiler-Joseph et al., 1998)

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Evidence

References

located_in extracellular region

inferred from direct assay

(Uttenweiler-Joseph et al., 1998)

Expression Deduced from Reporters

High-Throughput Expression Data

Associated Tools

GBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Mtk in GBrowse 2

RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region

View exonic expression by developmental stage for Dmel\Mtk

View exonic expression by tissue for Dmel\Mtk

Bulk Downloads

RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes

Reference

See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.

Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle

Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis

External Data and Images

Linkouts

BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis

FBgn0014865

DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species

36708/tissue=All

EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species

FBgn0014865

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

FBgn0014865

FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data

FBgn0014865

Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns

CG8175

Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut

FBgn0014865

Images

FlyBase Wiki

Image Based Resources

Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations

Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 1 )

For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show

Other relevant insertions

Transgenic Constructs ( 5 )

For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show

Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Mtk

Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Mtk

Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 0 )

Inferred from experimentation ( 0 )

Inferred from location ( 0 )

Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants

Phenotypes

For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.

Lethality

Allele

viable, with Dcr-2^UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu

Mtk^GD3790

viable, with Scer\GAL4^Mef2.PR

Mtk^GD3790

viable, with Scer\GAL4^pnr-MD237

Mtk^GD3790

Other Phenotypes

Allele

abnormal stress response | adult stage

Mtk^R1

long lived

Mtk^R1

Phenotype manifest in

Allele

Orthologs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Orthologs

Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0)

Homo sapiens (Human) (0)

No records found.

Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0)

Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (0)

No records found.

Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (0)

No records found.

Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (0)

No records found.

Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (0)

No records found.

Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (0)

No records found.

Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)

No records found.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)

No records found.

Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)

No records found.

Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)

Paralogs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Paralogs

Paralogs (via DIOPT v8.0)

Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (0)

No records found.

Human Disease Associations

FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports

Disease Model Summary Ribbon

Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations

Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )

Allele

Disease

Evidence

References

Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )

Human Ortholog

Disease

Evidence

References

Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )

Allele

Disease

Interaction

References

Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0 and OMIM)

Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.

Homo sapiens (Human)

Gene name

Score

OMIM

OMIM Phenotype

DO term

Complementation?

Transgene?

Functional Complementation Data

Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.

Interactions

Summary of Physical Interactions

esyN Network Diagram

Interactions Browser

Summary of Genetic Interactions

esyN Network Diagram

esyN Network Key:

Suppression

Enhancement

View in Interactions Browser

Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

Mtk

suppressible

Drs

(Swanson et al., 2020)

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

External Data

Linkouts

DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.

FBgn0014865

Pathways

Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)

Metabolic Pathways

External Data

Linkouts

Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data

Chromosome (arm)

Recombination map

2-74

Cytogenetic map

52A1-52A1

Sequence location

2R:15,408,846..15,409,113 [+]

FlyBase Computed Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Evidence for location

52A1-52A1

Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}dup^k03308 and P{lacW}Vha36^k07207

Experimentally Determined Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Notes

References

52A1-52A2

(Levashina, 1997.10.21)

52A1-52A2

(determined by in situ hybridisation)

(Levashina et al., 1995)

Experimentally Determined Recombination Data

Location

2-74

(FlyBase, 2016)

2-78.2

(Comeron et al., 2012)

Left of (cM)

Right of (cM)

Notes

Stocks and Reagents

Stocks (3)

Aberrations including deletions of this gene Aberrations including duplications of this gene

Bloomington

28546

y¹ v¹; P{TRiP.HM05032}attP2/TM3, Sb¹

VDRC

v109740

P{KK113189}VIE-260B

v8792

w¹¹¹⁸; P{GD3790}v8792/TM3

Genomic Clones (33)

Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

cDNA Clones (18)

Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see GBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

cDNA clones, fully sequenced

BDGP DGC clones

RH07954

Other clones

Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

FBgn0014865

cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)

BDGP DGC clones

Other clones

RNAi and Array Information

Linkouts

DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens

FBgn0014865

GenomeRNAi - A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents

36708

Antibody Information

Laboratory Generated Antibodies

Commercially Available Antibodies

Other Information

Relationship to Other Genes

Source for database identify of

Source for database merge of

Source for merge of: Mtk BcDNA:RH07954

(FlyBase, 1996-)

Additional comments

Source for merge of Mtk BcDNA:RH07954 was a shared cDNA ( date:030728 ).

(FlyBase, 1996-)

Other Comments

Identified as a gene with significant level of mRNA cycling as assessed by expression analysis using high density oligonucleotide arrays with probe generated from adult heads harvested over six time points over the course of a day. Shows alteration in expression in a Clk mutant background.

(McDonald and Rosbash, 2001)

Induction of Mtk gene expression can be mediated by the Tl pathway or by imd.

(Levashina et al., 1998)

Identification: Encodes a protein that is induced by immune challenge.

(Uttenweiler-Joseph et al., 1998)

Ecol\lacZ^Dpt.PR adults are pricked with a sterile needle dipped in culture pellets of various living microorganisms (distinct bacterial strains, fungal spores or hyphae). Pricking results in a low but clearly detectable expression of all antimicrobial genes and these genes are induced above the background level by specific classes of microorganism. Wild type adults covered with spores of B.bassiana induce persistent expression of Mtk.

(Lemaitre et al., 1997)

Mtk, a gene encoding a proline-rich immune-inducible peptide, has been cloned and sequenced.

(Levashina et al., 1995)

Origin and Etymology

Discoverer

Etymology

The gene is named 'Metchnikowin' in honour of E. Metchnikow who initiated the field of research into invertebrate immunity.

(Levashina et al., 1995)

Identification

External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 58 )

Sequence Crossreferences

NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.

36708

GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.

GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.

RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.

UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.

Q24395

UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information

Q24395

Other crossreferences

AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.

Q24395

BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis

FBgn0014865

Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones

FBgn0014865

DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species

36708/tissue=All

EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species

FBgn0014865

Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.

Mtk_1

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

FBgn0014865

FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data

FBgn0014865

Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns

CG8175

Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut

FBgn0014865

GenomeRNAi - A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents

36708

InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites

Metchnikowin

KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.

Dmel_CG8175

MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)

36708

modMine - A data warehouse for the modENCODE project

FBgn0014865

Linkouts

DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.

FBgn0014865

DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens

FBgn0014865

FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel

FBGN0014865

FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics

FBgn0014865

Synonyms and Secondary IDs (25)

Reported As

Symbol Synonym

BcDNA:RH07954

CG8175

(Palu and Thummel, 2016, Sun et al., 2014, Petersen et al., 2012, Gendrin et al., 2009, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Perkins et al., 2009, Winterhalter and Fedorka, 2009, Hernandez-Romano et al., 2008, Tsai et al., 2008, Pal et al., 2007, Valanne et al., 2007, Wertheim et al., 2005, Levy et al., 2004, De Gregorio et al., 2001, Irving et al., 2001)

DIM 17

(Levy et al., 2004, Uttenweiler-Joseph et al., 1998)

METCH

(Tzou et al., 2000)

Mek

(Araki et al., 2019)

Metc

(Ramet et al., 2002)

Metch

(Ryu et al., 2008, Zambon et al., 2005, Braun et al., 1998, Lemaitre et al., 1997)

Mtk

(Cabasso et al., 2021, Yamashita et al., 2021, Zhou et al., 2021, Zhou et al., 2021, Barretto et al., 2020, Delbare et al., 2020, Garrido-Maraver et al., 2020, Lin et al., 2020, Newell et al., 2020, Sanuki, 2020, Seong et al., 2020, Shah et al., 2020, Suh et al., 2020, Swanson et al., 2020, Swanson et al., 2020, Yurkevych et al., 2020, Zhe et al., 2020, Baenas and Wagner, 2019, Belmonte et al., 2019, Cabasso et al., 2019, Chambers et al., 2019, Chen et al., 2019, Chowdhury et al., 2019, Hanson et al., 2019, Kano and Yagi, 2019, Lin et al., 2019, Lin et al., 2019, Sanuki et al., 2019, Troha and Buchon, 2019, Wen et al., 2019, Badinloo et al., 2018, Barajas-Azpeleta et al., 2018, Green et al., 2018, Lindsay et al., 2018, Min and Tatar, 2018, Troha et al., 2018, Ueda et al., 2018, Yu et al., 2018, Aw et al., 2017, Liu and Jin, 2017, Moghaddam et al., 2017, Odnokoz et al., 2017, Barekat et al., 2016, Chen et al., 2016, Helenius et al., 2016, Katzenberger et al., 2016, Kiss et al., 2016, Piegholdt et al., 2016, Zhou et al., 2016, Dissel et al., 2015, Merkling et al., 2015, Sudmeier et al., 2015, Bonnay et al., 2014, Donlea et al., 2014, Haller et al., 2014, Kuuluvainen et al., 2014, Lai et al., 2014, Liang et al., 2014, Taylor et al., 2014, Tsuzuki et al., 2014, Varma et al., 2014, Zhu et al., 2014, Cao et al., 2013, Clark et al., 2013, Durdevic et al., 2013, Gendrin et al., 2013, Katzenberger et al., 2013, Kemp et al., 2013, Petersen et al., 2013, Radyuk et al., 2013, Short and Lazzaro, 2013, Stefanatos et al., 2013, Telonis-Scott et al., 2013, Thimgan et al., 2013, Chakrabarti et al., 2012, Marek and Kagan, 2012, Petersen et al., 2012, Tsuzuki et al., 2012, Wang et al., 2012, Clark et al., 2011, Gerbasi et al., 2011, Ladoukakis et al., 2011, Marcu et al., 2011, Becker et al., 2010, Blanco et al., 2010, Chen et al., 2010, Kim et al., 2010, Radyuk et al., 2010, Sabin et al., 2010, Yagi et al., 2010, Buchon et al., 2009, Helenius et al., 2009, Hill-Burns and Clark, 2009, Sackton and Clark, 2009, Seugnet et al., 2009, Zhang and Palli, 2009, Chamilos et al., 2008, Kwon et al., 2008, Linder et al., 2008, McGraw et al., 2008, Ranade et al., 2008, Reed et al., 2008, Spresser et al., 2008, Busse et al., 2007, Domanitskaya et al., 2007, Kim et al., 2007, Leulier et al., 2006, Park et al., 2005, Shin et al., 2005, Wertheim et al., 2005, Lazzaro et al., 2004, Leulier et al., 2003, Rutschmann et al., 2002, Tauszig-Delamasure et al., 2002)

metch

(Abdelsadik and Roeder, 2010, Wagner et al., 2009, Georgel et al., 2001)

metk

(Leulier et al., 2000)

mtk

(Wagner et al., 2021, Tonk et al., 2019, Dubey and Tapadia, 2018, Huang et al., 2017, Faisal et al., 2014, Marshall and Sinclair, 2010, Winterhalter and Fedorka, 2009, Gesellchen et al., 2005, McDonald and Rosbash, 2001, Wu et al., 2001, Khush and Lemaitre, 2000)

Name Synonyms

Drosophila Immune induced molecule 17

(Uttenweiler-Joseph et al., 1998)

Metchnikowin

(Eleftherianos and Heryanto, 2021, Marra et al., 2021, Sciambra and Chtarbanova, 2021, Deng et al., 2020, Iwashita et al., 2020, Ozakman and Eleftherianos, 2020, Ramond et al., 2020, Shaposhnikov et al., 2020, Suh et al., 2020, Merkling et al., 2019, Singh and Tapadia, 2019, Garschall and Flatt, 2018, Li et al., 2017, Helenius et al., 2016, Katzenberger et al., 2016, Kaynar et al., 2016, Xiong et al., 2016, Castillo et al., 2015, Dissel et al., 2015, Merkling et al., 2015, Moskalev et al., 2015, Paparazzo et al., 2015, Arefin et al., 2014, Bonnay et al., 2014, Haller et al., 2014, Ji et al., 2014, Lai et al., 2014, Tan et al., 2014, Taylor et al., 2014, Varma et al., 2014, Cao et al., 2013, Clark et al., 2013, Durdevic et al., 2013, Furihata et al., 2013, Oh et al., 2013, Thimgan et al., 2013, Chintapalli et al., 2012, Igboin et al., 2012, Longworth et al., 2012, Marek and Kagan, 2012, Paré et al., 2012, Petersen et al., 2012, Radyuk et al., 2012, Tsuzuki et al., 2012, Clark et al., 2011, Marcu et al., 2011, Ragab et al., 2011, Zhang et al., 2011, Becker et al., 2010, Fellous and Lazzaro, 2010, Kim et al., 2010, Radyuk et al., 2010, Yagi et al., 2010, Zhao et al., 2010, Carpenter et al., 2009, Costa et al., 2009, Gendrin et al., 2009, Helenius et al., 2009, Hill-Burns and Clark, 2009, Sackton and Clark, 2009, Flatt et al., 2008, Kleino et al., 2008, McGraw et al., 2008, Reed et al., 2008, Spresser et al., 2008, Tang et al., 2008, Tsai et al., 2008, Carlson et al., 2007, Kim et al., 2007, Lai et al., 2007, Morozova et al., 2007, Pal et al., 2007, Taylor and Kimbrell, 2007, Waterhouse et al., 2007, Wu et al., 2007, Delaney et al., 2006, Lazzaro et al., 2006, Leulier et al., 2006, Senger et al., 2006, Gesellchen et al., 2005, Lazzaro et al., 2004, Roxstrom-Lindquist et al., 2004, Leulier et al., 2003, Ligoxygakis et al., 2002, Rutschmann et al., 2002, Tauszig-Delamasure et al., 2002, Rutschmann et al., 2000)

Metchnikowin A

(Meister et al., 2000)

Metchnikowin B

(Meister et al., 2000)

Metchnikowin precursor

(Hernandez-Romano et al., 2008)

Metchnikowine

(Kemp et al., 2013)

metchikowin

(Copley et al., 2007)

metchinkowin

(Moule et al., 2010)

metchnikovin

(Radyuk et al., 2010)

metchnikowin

(Nunes et al., 2021, Bjedov et al., 2020, Chowdhury et al., 2019, Badinloo et al., 2018, Koltun et al., 2017, Bonnay et al., 2014, Faisal et al., 2014, Bitra et al., 2012, Hamilos et al., 2012, Overend et al., 2012, Wang et al., 2012, Shieh and Bonini, 2011, Anbutsu and Fukatsu, 2010, Marshall and Sinclair, 2010, Radyuk et al., 2010, Avadhanula et al., 2009, Lauwers et al., 2009, Rahnamaeian et al., 2009, Stergiopoulos et al., 2009, Wagner et al., 2009, Winterhalter and Fedorka, 2009, Zhang and Palli, 2009, Zsindely et al., 2009, Kapelnikov et al., 2008, Brennan et al., 2007, Busse et al., 2007, Domanitskaya et al., 2007, Fedorka et al., 2007, Hallem et al., 2007, Delaney et al., 2005, Leclerc and Reichhart, 2004, Leulier et al., 2002, Luo et al., 2001, Lemaitre, 2000.12.20, Uttenweiler-Joseph et al., 1998)

metchnikowin-1

(Hetru, 1995.8.28)

metchnikowin-2

(Hetru, 1995.8.28)

metchnkowin

(Wei et al., 2018)

takeout

(Delbare et al., 2020)

Secondary FlyBase IDs