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Gene Dmel\Mtk

General Information
Symbol	Dmel\Mtk	Species	D. melanogaster
Name	Metchnikowin	Annotation symbol	CG8175
Feature type	protein_coding_gene	FlyBase ID	FBgn0014865
Gene Model Status	Current	Stock availability	2 publicly available
Also Known As	Metch
Genomic Location
Chromosome (arm)	2R	Recombination map
Cytogenetic map	52A1-52A1	Sequence location	2R:11,296,351..11,296,618 [+]
Genomic Maps Select View:Gene Models/EvidenceExpression/RegulationMegaViewGene Disruptions, Stocks and Reagents Beta	Decorated FastA GenBankGFF Gene region Extended Gene region CDSIntronsExonsTranslationsTranscripts3' UTR5' UTR
Summary Information
Automatically generated summary See sections below for more information	The gene Metchnikowin is referred to in FlyBase by the symbol Dmel\Mtk (CG8175, FBgn0014865). It is a protein_coding_gene from Drosophila melanogaster. Its molecular function is unknown. There is experimental evidence that it is involved in the biological process: defense response to fungus; defense response to Gram-positive bacterium; antifungal humoral response; defense response to Gram-negative bacterium; defense response; antibacterial humoral response. 3 alleles are reported. No phenotypic data is available. It has one annotated transcript and one annotated polypeptide. Protein features are: Metchnikowin. Summary of modENCODE Temporal Expression Profile: Temporal profile ranges from a peak of very high expression to a trough of no expression detected. Peak expression observed during late larval stages, during early pupal stages, in adult female stages. Summary of FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data: Expression at high levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: adult head, adult eye, larval Malpighian tubules, adult heart, larval/adult fat body, adult spermathecae, adult carcass. Expression at moderate levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: adult brain, adult crop, larval/adult hindgut, larval trachea. Comments on Affy2 ProbeSet: ProbeSet 1627613_at completely aligns to an exonic region of the only FlyBase-annotated transcript isoform of Mtk. Gene sequence location is 2R:11296351..11296618.
User Contributed Data
	Beta version, feedback welcome
Recent Updates
Description	What does this section display? This section contains items that were added to this record for each release. It currently only tracks new links between this FlyBase report and other FlyBase data classes (e.g. genes, references, stocks) or controlled vocabulary terms (e.g. GO, anatomy terms). What does this section not display? This section does not currently display links that were removed or gene model changes.
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FB2013_03
FB2013_02
All updates	Click here to see a list of all updates to this record from FB2010_08 and on.
Detailed Mapping Data
FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map Evidence for location 52A1-52A1   Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}dupk03308 and P{lacW}Vha36k07207
Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map Notes References 52A1-52A2     (Levashina, 1997.10.21) 52A1-52A2   (determined by in situ hybridisation)   (Levashina et al., 1995)
Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
Location
Left of (cM)
Right of (cM)
Notes
Gene Model & Products
Please see the GBrowse view of Dmel\Mtk for information on other features To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form
Comments on Gene Model
	Gene model reviewed during 5.44 Gene model reviewed during 5.50
Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name FlyBase ID RefSeq ID Length (nt) Associated CDS (aa) Mtk-RA FBtr0087386  NM_079028   268   52
Additional Transcript Data & Comments
Reported size (kB)	0.268 (sequence analysis) (Levashina et al., 1998)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name FlyBase ID Predicted MW (kDa) Length (aa) Theoretical pI RefSeq ID GenBank protein Mtk-PA   FBpp0086518   5.7   52   9.35     NP_523752   AAF58139
Additional Polypeptide Data & Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Linkouts
Crossreferences	InterPro domains - A database of protein families, domains, and functional sites • Metchnikowin (IPR012513)
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank	DNA sequence Protein sequence Name AE013599 AAF58139   AF030959 AAC64659   AY075536 AAL68343   AY224619 AAO72478   AY224620 AAO72479   AY224621 AAO72480   AY224622 AAO72481   AY224623 AAO72482   AY224624 AAO72483   AY224625 AAO72484   AY224626 AAO72485   AY224627 AAO72486   AY224628 AAO72487   AY224629 AAO72488   AY224630 AAO72489   BI565940   BI566585   BI572440   BI573051   BI586378   BI590843   BI593399   CO156089   CO156585   CO337212   EC266673   EC267318   X91060 CAA62511   X91061 CAA62512
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot	Q24395
UniProtKB/TrEMBL
Mapped Features
Mapped Features have been reorganized, please see this article for details. Additional mapped features and mutations can be found on GBrowse or related reports. Type Symbol & Location Additional Notes References regulatory region FBsf0000435376 2R:11,296,006..11,296,380 evidence=Reporter construct (in vivo) (Senger et al., 2004, Halfon, 2012.6.19)
External Data
Linkouts
Crossreferences
Expression Data
Transcript Expression
northern blot Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference embryonic stage 11 -- 17     (Levashina et al., 1998) Comment:reference states 6-24 hr AEL
Additional Descriptive Data
	Mtk transcripts are expressed in embryos, and they are expressed in response to immunization with both gram positive and gram negative bacteria, up to 120 hours post immunization. (Levashina et al., 1998)
Marker for
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
Additional Descriptive Data
	Mtk protein is induced in hemolymph after bacterial challenge. Time course studies with mass spectrometric analysis show that it is detectable within 6 hours of the challenge, increases substantially between 6hrs and 2 weeks, and is gone by 3 weeks after challenge. (Uttenweiler-Joseph et al., 1998)
Marker for
Subcellular Localization (GO Cellular Component)
CV term Evidence References
extracellular region inferred from direct assay (Uttenweiler-Joseph et al., 1998)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools
Reference	See Gelbart and Emmert, 2010.10.13 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
FlyAtlas Anatomy Microarray
FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data (FlyAtlas-RNA.adult) (FlyAtlas-RNA.larva)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap Back-to-back    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High level expression bin max Very high expression bin max Summary of FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data: Expression at high levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: adult head, adult eye, larval Malpighian tubules, adult heart, larval/adult fat body, adult spermathecae, adult carcass. Expression at moderate levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: adult brain, adult crop, larval/adult hindgut, larval trachea. [download data (TSV)] Guide to FlyAtlas expression level colors   No expression (0 - 9.999)   Low expression (10 - 99.999)   Moderate expression (100 - 499.999)   High level expression (500 - 999.999)   Very high expression (>999.999) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    4.7 Larval Midgut    16.5 Larval Hindgut    101.9 Larval Malpighian Tubules    3909.7 Larval Fat Body    2849.6 Larval Salivary Gland    119.6 Larval Trachea    118.95 Larval Carcass    89.9 Adult Head    2910.7 Adult Eye    2410.325 Adult Brain    131.2 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    74.6 Adult Crop    112.9 Adult Midgut    10.5 Adult Hindgut    103 Adult Malpighian Tubules    109.4 Adult Fat Body    809.6 Adult Salivary Gland    31.3 Adult Heart    1140.475 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    1773.6 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    874.4 Adult Ovary    5.9 Adult Testis    7.1 Adult Male Accessory Gland    11.4 Adult Carcass    1046.4 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    4.7 Larval Midgut    16.5 Larval Hindgut    101.9 Larval Malpighian Tubules  (3909.7) Larval Fat Body  (2849.6) Larval Salivary Gland    119.6 Larval Trachea    118.95 Larval Carcass    89.9 Adult Head  (2910.7) Adult Eye  (2410.325) Adult Brain    131.2 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    74.6 Adult Crop    112.9 Adult Midgut    10.5 Adult Hindgut    103 Adult Malpighian Tubules    109.4 Adult Fat Body  (809.6) Adult Salivary Gland    31.3 Adult Heart  (1140.475) Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca  (1773.6) Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca  (874.4) Adult Ovary    5.9 Adult Testis    7.1 Adult Male Accessory Gland    11.4 Adult Carcass  (1046.4) Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High  Linear, scaled to High level expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    4.7 Larval Midgut    16.5 Larval Hindgut    101.9 Larval Malpighian Tubules  (3909.7) Larval Fat Body  (2849.6) Larval Salivary Gland    119.6 Larval Trachea    118.95 Larval Carcass    89.9 Adult Head  (2910.7) Adult Eye  (2410.325) Adult Brain    131.2 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    74.6 Adult Crop    112.9 Adult Midgut    10.5 Adult Hindgut    103 Adult Malpighian Tubules    109.4 Adult Fat Body    809.6 Adult Salivary Gland    31.3 Adult Heart  (1140.475) Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca  (1773.6) Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    874.4 Adult Ovary    5.9 Adult Testis    7.1 Adult Male Accessory Gland    11.4 Adult Carcass  1046.4 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Very high expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    4.7 Larval Midgut    16.5 Larval Hindgut    101.9 Larval Malpighian Tubules    3909.7 Larval Fat Body    2849.6 Larval Salivary Gland    119.6 Larval Trachea    118.95 Larval Carcass    89.9 Adult Head    2910.7 Adult Eye    2410.325 Adult Brain    131.2 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    74.6 Adult Crop    112.9 Adult Midgut    10.5 Adult Hindgut    103 Adult Malpighian Tubules    109.4 Adult Fat Body    809.6 Adult Salivary Gland    31.3 Adult Heart    1140.475 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    1773.6 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    874.4 Adult Ovary    5.9 Adult Testis    7.1 Adult Male Accessory Gland    11.4 Adult Carcass    1046.4 Expression Level Scale  Very high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    4.7 Larval Midgut    16.5 Larval Hindgut    101.9 Larval Malpighian Tubules    3909.7 Larval Fat Body    2849.6 Larval Salivary Gland    119.6 Larval Trachea    118.95 Larval Carcass    89.9 Adult Head    2910.7 Adult Eye    2410.325 Adult Brain    131.2 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    74.6 Adult Crop    112.9 Adult Midgut    10.5 Adult Hindgut    103 Adult Malpighian Tubules    109.4 Adult Fat Body    809.6 Adult Salivary Gland    31.3 Adult Heart    1140.475 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    1773.6 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    874.4 Adult Ovary    5.9 Adult Testis    7.1 Adult Male Accessory Gland    11.4 Adult Carcass    1046.4 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  log, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    4.7 Larval Midgut    16.5 Larval Hindgut    101.9 Larval Malpighian Tubules  (3909.7) Larval Fat Body  (2849.6) Larval Salivary Gland    119.6 Larval Trachea    118.95 Larval Carcass    89.9 Adult Head  (2910.7) Adult Eye  (2410.325) Adult Brain    131.2 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    74.6 Adult Crop    112.9 Adult Midgut    10.5 Adult Hindgut    103 Adult Malpighian Tubules    109.4 Adult Fat Body  809.6 Adult Salivary Gland    31.3 Adult Heart  (1140.475) Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca  (1773.6) Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca  (874.4) Adult Ovary    5.9 Adult Testis    7.1 Adult Male Accessory Gland    11.4 Adult Carcass  (1046.4) Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High  log, scaled to High level expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    4.7 Larval Midgut    16.5 Larval Hindgut    101.9 Larval Malpighian Tubules  (3909.7) Larval Fat Body  (2849.6) Larval Salivary Gland    119.6 Larval Trachea    118.95 Larval Carcass    89.9 Adult Head  (2910.7) Adult Eye  (2410.325) Adult Brain    131.2 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    74.6 Adult Crop    112.9 Adult Midgut    10.5 Adult Hindgut    103 Adult Malpighian Tubules    109.4 Adult Fat Body    809.6 Adult Salivary Gland    31.3 Adult Heart  1140.475 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca  (1773.6) Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    874.4 Adult Ovary    5.9 Adult Testis    7.1 Adult Male Accessory Gland    11.4 Adult Carcass  1046.4 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  log, scaled to Very high expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    4.7 Larval Midgut    16.5 Larval Hindgut    101.9 Larval Malpighian Tubules    3909.7 Larval Fat Body    2849.6 Larval Salivary Gland    119.6 Larval Trachea    118.95 Larval Carcass    89.9 Adult Head    2910.7 Adult Eye    2410.325 Adult Brain    131.2 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    74.6 Adult Crop    112.9 Adult Midgut    10.5 Adult Hindgut    103 Adult Malpighian Tubules    109.4 Adult Fat Body    809.6 Adult Salivary Gland    31.3 Adult Heart    1140.475 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    1773.6 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    874.4 Adult Ovary    5.9 Adult Testis    7.1 Adult Male Accessory Gland    11.4 Adult Carcass    1046.4 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  Heatmap Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System     Larval Midgut     Larval Hindgut     Larval Malpighian Tubules     Larval Fat Body     Larval Salivary Gland     Larval Trachea     Larval Carcass     Adult Head     Adult Eye     Adult Brain     Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion     Adult Crop     Adult Midgut     Adult Hindgut     Adult Malpighian Tubules     Adult Fat Body     Adult Salivary Gland     Adult Heart     Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca     Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca     Adult Ovary     Adult Testis     Adult Male Accessory Gland     Adult Carcass     FlyAtlas Organ/Tissue Expression, larval vs. adult Larval Expression Level Tissue Adult Expression Level   NA  Head    2910.7   NA  Eye    2410.325   NA  Brain    131.2   4.7  Central Nervous System    NA   NA  Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    74.6   NA  Crop    112.9   no informative data  Midgut    no informative data   101.9  Hindgut    103   3909.7  Malpighian Tubules    no informative data   2849.6  Fat Body    809.6   no informative data  Salivary Gland    no informative data   NA  Heart    1140.475   118.95  Trachea    NA   NA  VirginFemale Spermatheca    1773.6   NA  InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    874.4   NA  Ovary    5.9   NA  Testis    7.1   NA  Male Accessory Gland    no informative data   89.9  Carcass    1046.4 FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data (Chintapalli et al., 2007)
modENCODE Anatomy RNA-Seq
modENCODE Tissue Expression Data (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_tissues)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No/Extremely low expression (0 - 0)   Very low expression (1 - 3)   Low expression (4 - 10)   Moderate expression (11 - 25)   Moderately high expression (26 - 50)   High expression (51 - 100)   Very high expression (101 - 1000)   Extremely high expression (>1000) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    1 central nervous system, larvae L3    1 central nervous system, pupae P8    1 head, virgin 1-day female    55 head, virgin 4-day female    87 head, virgin 20-day female    193 head, mated 1-day female    60 head, mated 4-day female    138 head, mated 20-day female    541 head, mated 1-day male    42 head, mated 4-day male    115 head, mated 20-day male    265 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    2 salivary gland, white prepupae    3 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    74 digestive system, 1-day adult    42 digestive system, 4-day adult    16 digestive system, 20-day adult    18 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    52 fat body, white prepupae    39 fat body, pupae P8    2 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    8 carcass, 1-day adult    194 carcass, 4-day adult    152 carcass, 20-day adult    552 ovary, virgin 4-day female    1 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    3 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    3 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    1 central nervous system, larvae L3    1 central nervous system, pupae P8    1 head, virgin 1-day female  (55) head, virgin 4-day female  (87) head, virgin 20-day female  (193) head, mated 1-day female  (60) head, mated 4-day female  (138) head, mated 20-day female  (541) head, mated 1-day male  (42) head, mated 4-day male  (115) head, mated 20-day male  (265) salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    2 salivary gland, white prepupae    3 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering  (74) digestive system, 1-day adult  (42) digestive system, 4-day adult    16 digestive system, 20-day adult    18 fat body, larvae L3 wandering  (52) fat body, white prepupae  (39) fat body, pupae P8    2 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    8 carcass, 1-day adult  (194) carcass, 4-day adult  (152) carcass, 20-day adult  (552) ovary, virgin 4-day female    1 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    3 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    3 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    1 central nervous system, larvae L3    1 central nervous system, pupae P8    1 head, virgin 1-day female    55 head, virgin 4-day female    87 head, virgin 20-day female  (193) head, mated 1-day female    60 head, mated 4-day female  (138) head, mated 20-day female  (541) head, mated 1-day male    42 head, mated 4-day male  (115) head, mated 20-day male  (265) salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    2 salivary gland, white prepupae    3 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    74 digestive system, 1-day adult    42 digestive system, 4-day adult    16 digestive system, 20-day adult    18 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    52 fat body, white prepupae    39 fat body, pupae P8    2 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    8 carcass, 1-day adult  (194) carcass, 4-day adult  (152) carcass, 20-day adult  (552) ovary, virgin 4-day female    1 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    3 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    3 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    1 central nervous system, larvae L3    1 central nervous system, pupae P8    1 head, virgin 1-day female    55 head, virgin 4-day female    87 head, virgin 20-day female    193 head, mated 1-day female    60 head, mated 4-day female    138 head, mated 20-day female    541 head, mated 1-day male    42 head, mated 4-day male    115 head, mated 20-day male    265 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    2 salivary gland, white prepupae    3 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    74 digestive system, 1-day adult    42 digestive system, 4-day adult    16 digestive system, 20-day adult    18 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    52 fat body, white prepupae    39 fat body, pupae P8    2 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    8 carcass, 1-day adult    194 carcass, 4-day adult    152 carcass, 20-day adult    552 ovary, virgin 4-day female    1 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    3 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    3 Expression Level Scale  Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    1 central nervous system, larvae L3    1 central nervous system, pupae P8    1 head, virgin 1-day female    55 head, virgin 4-day female    87 head, virgin 20-day female    193 head, mated 1-day female    60 head, mated 4-day female    138 head, mated 20-day female    541 head, mated 1-day male    42 head, mated 4-day male    115 head, mated 20-day male    265 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    2 salivary gland, white prepupae    3 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    74 digestive system, 1-day adult    42 digestive system, 4-day adult    16 digestive system, 20-day adult    18 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    52 fat body, white prepupae    39 fat body, pupae P8    2 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    8 carcass, 1-day adult    194 carcass, 4-day adult    152 carcass, 20-day adult    552 ovary, virgin 4-day female    1 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    3 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    3 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  log, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    1 central nervous system, larvae L3    1 central nervous system, pupae P8    1 head, virgin 1-day female  (55) head, virgin 4-day female  (87) head, virgin 20-day female  (193) head, mated 1-day female  (60) head, mated 4-day female  (138) head, mated 20-day female  (541) head, mated 1-day male  (42) head, mated 4-day male  (115) head, mated 20-day male  (265) salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    2 salivary gland, white prepupae    3 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering  (74) digestive system, 1-day adult  (42) digestive system, 4-day adult    16 digestive system, 20-day adult    18 fat body, larvae L3 wandering  (52) fat body, white prepupae  (39) fat body, pupae P8    2 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    8 carcass, 1-day adult  (194) carcass, 4-day adult  (152) carcass, 20-day adult  (552) ovary, virgin 4-day female    1 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    3 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    3 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    1 central nervous system, larvae L3    1 central nervous system, pupae P8    1 head, virgin 1-day female    55 head, virgin 4-day female    87 head, virgin 20-day female  (193) head, mated 1-day female    60 head, mated 4-day female  138 head, mated 20-day female  (541) head, mated 1-day male    42 head, mated 4-day male  115 head, mated 20-day male  (265) salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    2 salivary gland, white prepupae    3 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    74 digestive system, 1-day adult    42 digestive system, 4-day adult    16 digestive system, 20-day adult    18 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    52 fat body, white prepupae    39 fat body, pupae P8    2 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    8 carcass, 1-day adult  (194) carcass, 4-day adult  (152) carcass, 20-day adult  (552) ovary, virgin 4-day female    1 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    3 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    3 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    1 central nervous system, larvae L3    1 central nervous system, pupae P8    1 head, virgin 1-day female    55 head, virgin 4-day female    87 head, virgin 20-day female    193 head, mated 1-day female    60 head, mated 4-day female    138 head, mated 20-day female    541 head, mated 1-day male    42 head, mated 4-day male    115 head, mated 20-day male    265 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    2 salivary gland, white prepupae    3 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    74 digestive system, 1-day adult    42 digestive system, 4-day adult    16 digestive system, 20-day adult    18 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    52 fat body, white prepupae    39 fat body, pupae P8    2 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    8 carcass, 1-day adult    194 carcass, 4-day adult    152 carcass, 20-day adult    552 ovary, virgin 4-day female    1 ovary, mated 4-day female    0 testis, mated 4-day male    3 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    3 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering     central nervous system, larvae L3     central nervous system, pupae P8     head, virgin 1-day female     head, virgin 4-day female     head, virgin 20-day female     head, mated 1-day female     head, mated 4-day female     head, mated 20-day female     head, mated 1-day male     head, mated 4-day male     head, mated 20-day male     salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering     salivary gland, white prepupae     digestive system, larvae L3 wandering     digestive system, 1-day adult     digestive system, 4-day adult     digestive system, 20-day adult     fat body, larvae L3 wandering     fat body, white prepupae     fat body, pupae P8     carcass, larvae L3 wandering     carcass, 1-day adult     carcass, 4-day adult     carcass, 20-day adult     ovary, virgin 4-day female     ovary, mated 4-day female     testis, mated 4-day male     accessory gland, mated 4-day male
modENCODE Development RNA-Seq
modENCODE Temporal Expression Data (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_U)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max Summary of modENCODE Temporal Expression Profile: Temporal profile ranges from a peak of very high expression to a trough of no expression detected. Peak expression observed during late larval stages, during early pupal stages, in adult female stages. [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No/Extremely low expression (0 - 0)   Very low expression (1 - 3)   Low expression (4 - 10)   Moderate expression (11 - 25)   Moderately high expression (26 - 50)   High expression (51 - 100)   Very high expression (101 - 1000)   Extremely high expression (>1000) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    0 embryo 08-10hr    1 embryo 10-12hr    4 embryo 12-14hr    3 embryo 14-16hr    0 embryo 16-18hr    2 embryo 18-20hr    3 embryo 20-22hr    6 embryo 22-24hr    4 larva L1    2 larva L2    1 larva L3 12hr old    9 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    62 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    215 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    148 white prepupae new    171 white prepupae 12hr    213 white prepupae 24hr    106 pupae 2d postWPP    98 pupae 3d postWPP    28 pupae 4d postWPP    11 adult male 01day    34 adult male 05day    27 adult male 30day    85 adult female 01day    109 adult female 05day    144 adult female 30day    405 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    0 embryo 08-10hr    1 embryo 10-12hr    4 embryo 12-14hr    3 embryo 14-16hr    0 embryo 16-18hr    2 embryo 18-20hr    3 embryo 20-22hr    6 embryo 22-24hr    4 larva L1    2 larva L2    1 larva L3 12hr old    9 larva L3 puffstage 1-2  (62) larva L3 puffstage 3-6  (215) larva L3 puffstage 7-9  (148) white prepupae new  (171) white prepupae 12hr  (213) white prepupae 24hr  (106) pupae 2d postWPP  (98) pupae 3d postWPP  (28) pupae 4d postWPP    11 adult male 01day  (34) adult male 05day  (27) adult male 30day  (85) adult female 01day  (109) adult female 05day  (144) adult female 30day  (405) Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    0 embryo 08-10hr    1 embryo 10-12hr    4 embryo 12-14hr    3 embryo 14-16hr    0 embryo 16-18hr    2 embryo 18-20hr    3 embryo 20-22hr    6 embryo 22-24hr    4 larva L1    2 larva L2    1 larva L3 12hr old    9 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    62 larva L3 puffstage 3-6  (215) larva L3 puffstage 7-9  (148) white prepupae new  (171) white prepupae 12hr  (213) white prepupae 24hr  106 pupae 2d postWPP    98 pupae 3d postWPP    28 pupae 4d postWPP    11 adult male 01day    34 adult male 05day    27 adult male 30day    85 adult female 01day  (109) adult female 05day  (144) adult female 30day  (405) Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    0 embryo 08-10hr    1 embryo 10-12hr    4 embryo 12-14hr    3 embryo 14-16hr    0 embryo 16-18hr    2 embryo 18-20hr    3 embryo 20-22hr    6 embryo 22-24hr    4 larva L1    2 larva L2    1 larva L3 12hr old    9 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    62 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    215 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    148 white prepupae new    171 white prepupae 12hr    213 white prepupae 24hr    106 pupae 2d postWPP    98 pupae 3d postWPP    28 pupae 4d postWPP    11 adult male 01day    34 adult male 05day    27 adult male 30day    85 adult female 01day    109 adult female 05day    144 adult female 30day    405 Expression Level Scale  Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    0 embryo 08-10hr    1 embryo 10-12hr    4 embryo 12-14hr    3 embryo 14-16hr    0 embryo 16-18hr    2 embryo 18-20hr    3 embryo 20-22hr    6 embryo 22-24hr    4 larva L1    2 larva L2    1 larva L3 12hr old    9 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    62 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    215 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    148 white prepupae new    171 white prepupae 12hr    213 white prepupae 24hr    106 pupae 2d postWPP    98 pupae 3d postWPP    28 pupae 4d postWPP    11 adult male 01day    34 adult male 05day    27 adult male 30day    85 adult female 01day    109 adult female 05day    144 adult female 30day    405 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Moderate expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    0 embryo 08-10hr    1 embryo 10-12hr    4 embryo 12-14hr    3 embryo 14-16hr    0 embryo 16-18hr    2 embryo 18-20hr    3 embryo 20-22hr    6 embryo 22-24hr    4 larva L1    2 larva L2    1 larva L3 12hr old    9 larva L3 puffstage 1-2  (62) larva L3 puffstage 3-6  (215) larva L3 puffstage 7-9  (148) white prepupae new  (171) white prepupae 12hr  (213) white prepupae 24hr  (106) pupae 2d postWPP  (98) pupae 3d postWPP  28 pupae 4d postWPP    11 adult male 01day  (34) adult male 05day  27 adult male 30day  (85) adult female 01day  (109) adult female 05day  (144) adult female 30day  (405) Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    0 embryo 08-10hr    1 embryo 10-12hr    4 embryo 12-14hr    3 embryo 14-16hr    0 embryo 16-18hr    2 embryo 18-20hr    3 embryo 20-22hr    6 embryo 22-24hr    4 larva L1    2 larva L2    1 larva L3 12hr old    9 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    62 larva L3 puffstage 3-6  (215) larva L3 puffstage 7-9  (148) white prepupae new  (171) white prepupae 12hr  (213) white prepupae 24hr  106 pupae 2d postWPP    98 pupae 3d postWPP    28 pupae 4d postWPP    11 adult male 01day    34 adult male 05day    27 adult male 30day    85 adult female 01day  109 adult female 05day  (144) adult female 30day  (405) Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    0 embryo 02-04hr    0 embryo 04-06hr    0 embryo 06-08hr    0 embryo 08-10hr    1 embryo 10-12hr    4 embryo 12-14hr    3 embryo 14-16hr    0 embryo 16-18hr    2 embryo 18-20hr    3 embryo 20-22hr    6 embryo 22-24hr    4 larva L1    2 larva L2    1 larva L3 12hr old    9 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    62 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    215 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    148 white prepupae new    171 white prepupae 12hr    213 white prepupae 24hr    106 pupae 2d postWPP    98 pupae 3d postWPP    28 pupae 4d postWPP    11 adult male 01day    34 adult male 05day    27 adult male 30day    85 adult female 01day    109 adult female 05day    144 adult female 30day    405 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr     embryo 02-04hr     embryo 04-06hr     embryo 06-08hr     embryo 08-10hr     embryo 10-12hr     embryo 12-14hr     embryo 14-16hr     embryo 16-18hr     embryo 18-20hr     embryo 20-22hr     embryo 22-24hr     larva L1     larva L2     larva L3 12hr old     larva L3 puffstage 1-2     larva L3 puffstage 3-6     larva L3 puffstage 7-9     white prepupae new     white prepupae 12hr     white prepupae 24hr     pupae 2d postWPP     pupae 3d postWPP     pupae 4d postWPP     adult male 01day     adult male 05day     adult male 30day     adult female 01day     adult female 05day     adult female 30day     modENCODE Temporal Expression Data (Graveley et al., 2011)
modENCODE Cell Lines RNA-Seq
modENCODE Cell Line Expression Data (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_cell.A) (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_cell.B)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No/Extremely low expression (0 - 0)   Very low expression (1 - 3)   Low expression (4 - 10)   Moderate expression (11 - 25)   Moderately high expression (26 - 50)   High expression (51 - 100)   Very high expression (101 - 1000)   Extremely high expression (>1000) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    0 Schneider line 2 Sg4    5 embryonic 1182-4H    0 embryonic GM2    0 embryonic Kc167    0 embryonic S1    33 embryonic S3    0 leg disc CME L1    4 wing disc CME-W2    2 wing disc ML-DmD8    13 wing disc ML-DmD9    0 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    10 wing disc ML-DmD21    0 wing disc ML-DmD32    0 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    0 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    1 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    27 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    16 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    0 tumorous blood cells mbn2    2 ovary fGS/OSS    0 ovary OSC    0 ovary OSS    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    0 Schneider line 2 Sg4    5 embryonic 1182-4H    0 embryonic GM2    0 embryonic Kc167    0 embryonic S1  (33) embryonic S3    0 leg disc CME L1    4 wing disc CME-W2    2 wing disc ML-DmD8    13 wing disc ML-DmD9    0 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    10 wing disc ML-DmD21    0 wing disc ML-DmD32    0 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    0 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    1 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5  (27) mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    16 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    0 tumorous blood cells mbn2    2 ovary fGS/OSS    0 ovary OSC    0 ovary OSS    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    0 Schneider line 2 Sg4    5 embryonic 1182-4H    0 embryonic GM2    0 embryonic Kc167    0 embryonic S1    33 embryonic S3    0 leg disc CME L1    4 wing disc CME-W2    2 wing disc ML-DmD8    13 wing disc ML-DmD9    0 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    10 wing disc ML-DmD21    0 wing disc ML-DmD32    0 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    0 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    1 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    27 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    16 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    0 tumorous blood cells mbn2    2 ovary fGS/OSS    0 ovary OSC    0 ovary OSS    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    0 Schneider line 2 Sg4    5 embryonic 1182-4H    0 embryonic GM2    0 embryonic Kc167    0 embryonic S1    33 embryonic S3    0 leg disc CME L1    4 wing disc CME-W2    2 wing disc ML-DmD8    13 wing disc ML-DmD9    0 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    10 wing disc ML-DmD21    0 wing disc ML-DmD32    0 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    0 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    1 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    27 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    16 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    0 tumorous blood cells mbn2    2 ovary fGS/OSS    0 ovary OSC    0 ovary OSS    0 Expression Level Scale  Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    0 Schneider line 2 Sg4    5 embryonic 1182-4H    0 embryonic GM2    0 embryonic Kc167    0 embryonic S1    33 embryonic S3    0 leg disc CME L1    4 wing disc CME-W2    2 wing disc ML-DmD8    13 wing disc ML-DmD9    0 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    10 wing disc ML-DmD21    0 wing disc ML-DmD32    0 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    0 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    1 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    27 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    16 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    0 tumorous blood cells mbn2    2 ovary fGS/OSS    0 ovary OSC    0 ovary OSS    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to Moderate expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    0 Schneider line 2 Sg4    5 embryonic 1182-4H    0 embryonic GM2    0 embryonic Kc167    0 embryonic S1  (33) embryonic S3    0 leg disc CME L1    4 wing disc CME-W2    2 wing disc ML-DmD8    13 wing disc ML-DmD9    0 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    10 wing disc ML-DmD21    0 wing disc ML-DmD32    0 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    0 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    1 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5  27 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    16 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    0 tumorous blood cells mbn2    2 ovary fGS/OSS    0 ovary OSC    0 ovary OSS    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    0 Schneider line 2 Sg4    5 embryonic 1182-4H    0 embryonic GM2    0 embryonic Kc167    0 embryonic S1    33 embryonic S3    0 leg disc CME L1    4 wing disc CME-W2    2 wing disc ML-DmD8    13 wing disc ML-DmD9    0 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    10 wing disc ML-DmD21    0 wing disc ML-DmD32    0 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    0 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    1 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    27 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    16 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    0 tumorous blood cells mbn2    2 ovary fGS/OSS    0 ovary OSC    0 ovary OSS    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    0 Schneider line 2 Sg4    5 embryonic 1182-4H    0 embryonic GM2    0 embryonic Kc167    0 embryonic S1    33 embryonic S3    0 leg disc CME L1    4 wing disc CME-W2    2 wing disc ML-DmD8    13 wing disc ML-DmD9    0 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    10 wing disc ML-DmD21    0 wing disc ML-DmD32    0 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    0 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    1 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    27 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    0 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    16 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    0 tumorous blood cells mbn2    2 ovary fGS/OSS    0 ovary OSC    0 ovary OSS    0 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+     Schneider line 2 Sg4     embryonic 1182-4H     embryonic GM2     embryonic Kc167     embryonic S1     embryonic S3     leg disc CME L1     wing disc CME-W2     wing disc ML-DmD8     wing disc ML-DmD9     wing disc ML-DmD16-c3     wing disc ML-DmD21     wing disc ML-DmD32     haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3     eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11     antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5     mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1     CNS ML-DmBG1-c1     CNS ML-DmBG2-c2     tumorous blood cells mbn2     ovary fGS/OSS     ovary OSC     ovary OSS
modENCODE Treatments RNA-Seq
modENCODE Treatment Expression Data (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_treatments)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No/Extremely low expression (0 - 0)   Very low expression (1 - 3)   Low expression (4 - 10)   Moderate expression (11 - 25)   Moderately high expression (26 - 50)   High expression (51 - 100)   Very high expression (101 - 1000)   Extremely high expression (>1000) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    4 cold shock, 4-day adult    4 heat shock, 4-day adult    10 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    39 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    8 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    4 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    13 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    229 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    213 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    10 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    27 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    22 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    42 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    14 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    14 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    5 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    32 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    20 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    4 cold shock, 4-day adult    4 heat shock, 4-day adult    10 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3  (39) Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    8 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    4 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    13 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (229) Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (213) Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    10 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3  (27) Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    22 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3  (42) Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    14 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    14 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    5 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3  (32) Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    20 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    4 cold shock, 4-day adult    4 heat shock, 4-day adult    10 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    39 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    8 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    4 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    13 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (229) Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (213) Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    10 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    27 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    22 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    42 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    14 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    14 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    5 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    32 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    20 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    4 cold shock, 4-day adult    4 heat shock, 4-day adult    10 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    39 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    8 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    4 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    13 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    229 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    213 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    10 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    27 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    22 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    42 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    14 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    14 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    5 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    32 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    20 Expression Level Scale  Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    4 cold shock, 4-day adult    4 heat shock, 4-day adult    10 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    39 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    8 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    4 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    13 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    229 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    213 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    10 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    27 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    22 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    42 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    14 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    14 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    5 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    32 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    20 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Moderate expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    4 cold shock, 4-day adult    4 heat shock, 4-day adult    10 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3  (39) Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    8 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    4 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    13 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (229) Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (213) Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    10 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3  27 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    22 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3  (42) Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    14 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    14 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    5 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3  32 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    20 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    4 cold shock, 4-day adult    4 heat shock, 4-day adult    10 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    39 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    8 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    4 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    13 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (229) Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult  (213) Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    10 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    27 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    22 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    42 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    14 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    14 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    5 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    32 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    20 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    4 cold shock, 4-day adult    4 heat shock, 4-day adult    10 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    39 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    8 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    4 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    13 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    229 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    0 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    213 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    10 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    27 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    22 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    42 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    14 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    14 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    5 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    2 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    32 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    20 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult     cold shock, 4-day adult     heat shock, 4-day adult     Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3     Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3     Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3     Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3     Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3     Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3     Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3     Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3     Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3     Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3
Expression Clusters
	A cluster of genes with similar mRNA expression dynamics across development. (The modENCODE Consortium, 2010) mE2_34_mRNA_expression_cluster_04
External Data & Images
Linkouts	BDGP expression data • RH07954 FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies • FBgn0014865 FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array • CG8175-RA
Alleles & Phenotypes
Summary of Allele Phenotypes
Lethality Allele viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237 MtkGD3790 Phenotype manifest in Allele
Classical Alleles ( 0 )
For All Classical Alleles Show
Allele of Mtk Class Mutagen Stocks Known lesion
Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs ( 3 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Allele of Mtk Class Mutagen Stocks Known lesion MtkGD3790 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 1 Yes MtkHM05032 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 1 Yes MtkKK113189 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes
Aneuploid Aberrations
Transgenic Constructs & Insertions
Transgenic Constructs
	Type of construct Name Expression data UAS construct P{GD3790} NA P{KK113189} NA P{TRiP.HM05032} NA reporter construct P{Mtk-lacZ.345} No
Insertions
	Type of insertions Name Expression data
Gene Ontology: Function, Process & Cellular Component ( 7 unique terms )
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence ( 7 terms )
Molecular Function ( 0 terms)
Biological Process
CV term Evidence References
antibacterial humoral response inferred from expression pattern (Levashina et al., 1995, Lemaitre et al., 1997) antifungal humoral response inferred from expression pattern (Lemaitre et al., 1997) defense response inferred from direct assay (Uttenweiler-Joseph et al., 1998) defense response to fungus inferred from direct assay (Levashina et al., 1995) defense response to Gram-negative bacterium inferred from mutant phenotype (Reed et al., 2008) defense response to Gram-positive bacterium inferred from direct assay (Levashina et al., 1995)
Cellular Component
CV term Evidence References
extracellular region inferred from direct assay (Uttenweiler-Joseph et al., 1998)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions ( 4 terms )
Molecular Function ( 0 terms)
Biological Process
CV term Evidence References
antibacterial humoral response non-traceable author statement (Swiss-Prot Project Members, 1997.2.1) antifungal humoral response non-traceable author statement (Swiss-Prot Project Members, 1997.2.1) traceable author statement (Brennan and Anderson, 2004) defense response to fungus traceable author statement (Meister et al., 2000, Kimbrell and Beutler, 2001) defense response to Gram-positive bacterium non-traceable author statement (Swiss-Prot Project Members, 1997.2.1) traceable author statement (Meister et al., 2000)
Cellular Component ( 0 terms)
Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
	nuclear_gene   protein_coding_gene
Interactions & Pathways
Summary of Physical Interactions
Summary of Genetic Interactions
Interacts with	Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions Mtk allele Gene References
External Data
Linkouts	DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions. • FBgn0014865 InterologFinder Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets. • 36708
Orthologs
OrthoDB Orthologs (8) - based on analysis using Dmel annotation version 5.41
OrthoDB Ortholog Groups
	OrthoDB orthology group searches (Waterhouse et al., 2011, Nucleic Acids Res. 39(Database issue): D283--D288) Drosophila inclusive ortholog search EOG66Q7DG Dipteran inclusive ortholog search No orthologs identified Insect inclusive ortholog search No orthologs identified Arthropod inclusive ortholog search No orthologs identified Metazoa inclusive ortholog search No orthologs identified
Orthologs in Drosophila Species (EOG66Q7DG)
Organism Common Name Gene AAA Syntenic Ortholog Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Drosophila melanogaster fruit fly  Dmel\Mtk     Drosophila simulans   Dsim\Mtk Y   Drosophila sechellia   Dsec\GM21609 Y   Drosophila erecta   Dere\GG20517 Y   Drosophila yakuba   Dyak\GE11702 Y   Drosophila ananassae   Dana\GF13036     Drosophila willistoni   Dwil\GK19217 Y   Drosophila grimshawi   Dgri\GH20235
Orthologs in non-Drosophila Dipterans (None identified)
No non-Drosophilid orthologies identified
Orthologs in non-Dipteran Insects (None identified)
No non-Dipteran orthologies identified
Orthologs in non-Insect Arthropods (None identified)
No non-Insect Arthropod orthologies identified
Orthologs in non-Arthropod Metazoa (None identified)
No non-Arthropod Metazoa orthologies identified
Human Orthologs (0)
Gene OMIM HGNC
AAA Orthologs (5) based on analysis using Dmel annotation version 4.3
Organism Gene Drosophila simulans Dsim\Mtk Drosophila sechellia Dsec\GM21609 Drosophila erecta Dere\GG20517 Drosophila yakuba Dyak\GE11702 Drosophila willistoni Dwil\GK19217
Stocks & Reagents
Stocks Listed in FlyBase ( 2 )
Bloomington	28546 y1 v1; P{TRiP.HM05032}attP2/TM3, Sb1
VDRC	v8792 w1118; P{GD3790}v8792/TM3
Genomic Clones ( 1 )
	BACR03D24 Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete
cDNA Clones ( 12 )
	Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see GBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.
cDNA Clones, Fully Sequenced
BDGP DGC clones	RH07954
Other clones
cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
BDGP DGC clones	RH04526 RH08741 RH11432 RH26320 RH34776 RH36270
Other clones	522762 527863 EN07327 EN08342 EN14045
RNAi & Array Information
Linkouts	DRSC - Results from RNAi screens. • FBgn0014865 GenomeRNAi - GenomeRNAi – A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents • 36708
Antibody Information
Other Information
Discoverer
Etymology
	The gene is named 'Metchnikowin' in honour of E. Metchnikow who initiated the field of research into invertebrate immunity. (Levashina et al., 1995)
Identification
Relationship to Other Genes
Source for database identity of
Source for database merge of	Source for merge of: Mtk BcDNA:RH07954 (FlyBase, 1996-)
Additional comments	Source for merge of Mtk BcDNA:RH07954 was a shared cDNA (date:030728). (FlyBase, 1996-)
Other Comments
	Identified as a gene with significant level of mRNA cycling as assessed by expression analysis using high density oligonucleotide arrays with probe generated from adult heads harvested over six time points over the course of a day. Shows alteration in expression in a Clk mutant background. (McDonald and Rosbash, 2001) Induction of Mtk gene expression can be mediated by the Tl pathway or by imd. (Levashina et al., 1998) Identification: Encodes a protein that is induced by immune challenge. (Uttenweiler-Joseph et al., 1998) Ecol\lacZDpt.PR adults are pricked with a sterile needle dipped in culture pellets of various living microorganisms (distinct bacterial strains, fungal spores or hyphae). Pricking results in a low but clearly detectable expression of all antimicrobial genes and these genes are induced above the background level by specific classes of microorganism. Wild type adults covered with spores of B.bassiana induce persistent expression of Mtk. (Lemaitre et al., 1997) Mtk, a gene encoding a proline-rich immune-inducible peptide, has been cloned and sequenced. (Levashina et al., 1995)
External Crossreferences & Linkouts
Sequence Crossreferences
	RefSeq (Transcripts) • NM_079028 RefSeq (Proteins) • NP_523752 DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank • AAC64659 AAF58139 AAL68343 AAO72478 AAO72479 AAO72480 AAO72481 AAO72482 AAO72483 AAO72484 AAO72485 AAO72486 AAO72487 AAO72488 AAO72489 AF030959 AY075536 AY224619 AY224620 AY224621 AY224622 AY224623 AY224624 AY224625 AY224626 AY224627 AY224628 AY224629 AY224630 BI572440 CAA62511 CAA62512 X91060 X91061 Entrez Gene - A searchable database of RefSeq genes. • 36708 UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot • Q24395
Other Crossreferences
	InterPro domains - A database of protein families, domains, and functional sites • Metchnikowin (IPR012513) BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis • RH07954
Linkouts
	DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions. • FBgn0014865 DRSC - Results from RNAi screens. • FBgn0014865 FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies • FBgn0014865 FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array • CG8175-RA FlyMine - Integrated genomics database for Drosophila, Anopheles, and C.elegans • FBgn0014865 GenomeRNAi - GenomeRNAi – A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents • 36708 InterologFinder Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets. • 36708 modMine - Data generated by the modENCODE project. • FBgn0014865 REDfly - A database of transcriptional regulatory elements. • FBgn0014865
Synonyms & Secondary IDs ( 21 )
Reported As
Symbol Synonym	BcDNA:RH07954   CG8175 (Irving et al., 2001, De Gregorio et al., 2001, Pal et al., 2007, Valanne et al., 2007, Gendrin et al., 2009, Winterhalter and Fedorka, 2009, Perkins et al., 2009, Hernandez-Romano et al., 2008, Wertheim et al., 2005, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Tsai et al., 2008) DIM 17 (Uttenweiler-Joseph et al., 1998) Metc (Ramet et al., 2002) Metch (Zambon et al., 2005, Braun et al., 1998, Lemaitre et al., 1997, Ryu et al., 2008) METCH (Tzou et al., 2000) metch (Georgel et al., 2001, Wagner et al., 2009, Abdelsadik and Roeder, 2010) metk (Leulier et al., 2000) Mtk (Sackton and Clark, 2009, Shin et al., 2005, Chen et al., 2010, Blanco et al., 2010, Tsuzuki et al., 2012, Lazzaro et al., 2004, Leulier et al., 2006, Zhang and Palli, 2009, Busse et al., 2007, Ranade et al., 2008, Kwon et al., 2008, Reed et al., 2008, Kim et al., 2007, McGraw et al., 2008, Buchon et al., 2009, Leulier et al., 2003, Seugnet et al., 2009, Linder et al., 2008, Chamilos et al., 2008, Spresser et al., 2008, Helenius et al., 2009, Hill-Burns and Clark, 2009, Tauszig-Delamasure et al., 2002, Clark et al., 2011, Wertheim et al., 2005, Becker et al., 2010, Domanitskaya et al., 2007, Gerbasi et al., 2011, Kim et al., 2010, Yagi et al., 2010, Marcu et al., 2011, Marek and Kagan, 2012, Wang et al., 2012, Park et al., 2005, Ladoukakis et al., 2011, Chakrabarti et al., 2012) mtk (McDonald and Rosbash, 2001, Wu et al., 2001, Khush and Lemaitre, 2000, Winterhalter and Fedorka, 2009, Gesellchen et al., 2005, Marshall and Sinclair, 2010)
Name Synonym	Actin 5C (Carpenter et al., 2009) Drosophila Immune induced molecule 17 (Uttenweiler-Joseph et al., 1998) metchikowin (Copley et al., 2007) metchinkowin (Moule et al., 2010) Metchnikowin (Waterhouse et al., 2007, Sackton and Clark, 2009, Pal et al., 2007, Carlson et al., 2007, Delaney et al., 2006, Lazzaro et al., 2006, Senger et al., 2006, Chintapalli et al., 2012, Tsuzuki et al., 2012, Kleino et al., 2008, Rutschmann et al., 2000, Lazzaro et al., 2004, Taylor and Kimbrell, 2007, Leulier et al., 2006, Gendrin et al., 2009, Ragab et al., 2011, Zhang et al., 2011, Tang et al., 2008, Kim et al., 2007, Reed et al., 2008, McGraw et al., 2008, Wu et al., 2007, Lai et al., 2007, Ligoxygakis et al., 2002, Leulier et al., 2003, Roxstrom-Lindquist et al., 2004, Gesellchen et al., 2005, Flatt et al., 2008, Spresser et al., 2008, Helenius et al., 2009, Hill-Burns and Clark, 2009, Costa et al., 2009, Tauszig-Delamasure et al., 2002, Morozova et al., 2007, Clark et al., 2011, Becker et al., 2010, Zhao et al., 2010, Fellous and Lazzaro, 2010, Longworth et al., 2012, Kim et al., 2010, Tsai et al., 2008, Yagi et al., 2010, Marcu et al., 2011, Marek and Kagan, 2012, Paré et al., 2012, Radyuk et al., 2012) metchnikowin (Delaney et al., 2005, Leclerc and Reichhart, 2004, Leulier et al., 2002, Lemaitre, 2000.12.20, Uttenweiler-Joseph et al., 1998, Brennan et al., 2007, Fedorka et al., 2007, Anbutsu and Fukatsu, 2010, Avadhanula et al., 2009, Rahnamaeian et al., 2009, Wagner et al., 2009, Zhang and Palli, 2009, Shieh and Bonini, 2011, Overend et al., 2012, Busse et al., 2007, Hallem et al., 2007, Lauwers et al., 2009, Winterhalter and Fedorka, 2009, Luo et al., 2001, Kapelnikov et al., 2008, Stergiopoulos et al., 2009, Marshall and Sinclair, 2010, Zsindely et al., 2009, Radyuk et al., 2010, Domanitskaya et al., 2007, Wang et al., 2012) metchnikowin-1 (Hetru, 1995.8.28) metchnikowin-2 (Hetru, 1995.8.28) Metchnikowin A (Meister et al., 2000) Metchnikowin B (Meister et al., 2000) Metchnikowin precursor (Hernandez-Romano et al., 2008)
Secondary FlyBase IDs
	FBgn0061385
References ( 169 )
Generate a list of	All references relating to this gene ( 169 )
List References by type	Research paper  ( 130 ) Supplementary material  ( 3 ) Review  ( 14 ) Personal communication to FlyBase  ( 6 ) Abstract  ( 8 ) FlyBase analysis  ( 2 ) DNA/RNA sequence record  ( 3 ) Protein sequence record  ( 1 ) Curated genome annotation  ( 2 )
Recent research papers ( 23 )
	Castillo et al., 2013, J. Insect Physiol. 59(2): 179--185 Immune gene transcription in Drosophila adult flies infected by entomopathogenic nematodes and their mutualistic bacteria. [FBrf0220790] Chakrabarti et al., 2012, Cell Host Microbe 12(1): 60--70 Infection-induced host translational blockage inhibits immune responses and epithelial renewal in the Drosophila gut. [FBrf0218984] Chintapalli et al., 2012, PLoS ONE 7(3): e32577 Functional correlates of positional and gender-specific renal asymmetry in Drosophila. [FBrf0218070] Gilchrist et al., 2012, Genes Dev. 26(9): 933--944 Regulating the regulators: the pervasive effects of Pol II pausing on stimulus-responsive gene networks. [FBrf0218258] Longworth et al., 2012, PLoS Genet. 8(4): e1002618 A Shared Role for RBF1 and dCAP-D3 in the Regulation of Transcription with Consequences for Innate Immunity. [FBrf0218058] Marek and Kagan, 2012, Immunity 36(4): 612--622 Phosphoinositide Binding by the Toll Adaptor dMyD88 Controls Antibacterial Responses in Drosophila. [FBrf0218122] Overend et al., 2012, Peptides 34(1): 209--218 The receptor guanylate cyclase Gyc76C and a peptide ligand, NPLP1-VQQ, modulate the innate immune IMD pathway in response to salt stress. [FBrf0217783] Paré et al., 2012, PLoS ONE 7(5): e36254 The functions of grainy head-like proteins in animals and fungi and the evolution of apical extracellular barriers. [FBrf0218280] Pilátová and Dionne, 2012, PLoS ONE 7(11): e49745 Burkholderia thailandensis Is Virulent in Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0220122] Radyuk et al., 2012, Mech. Ageing Dev. 133(6): 401--413 Age-dependent changes in the transcription profile of long-lived Drosophila over-expressing glutamate cysteine ligase. [FBrf0218740] Sebald et al., 2012, PLoS ONE 7(8): e43144 CHD1 Contributes to Intestinal Resistance against Infection by P. aeruginosa in Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0219215] Seong et al., 2012, J. Radiat. Res. 53(2): 242--249 Low-dose Radiation Induces Drosophila Innate Immunity through Toll Pathway Activation. [FBrf0218044] Short et al., 2012, J. Insect Physiol. 58(9): 1192--1201 Female Drosophila melanogaster suffer reduced defense against infection due to seminal fluid components. [FBrf0219246] Tsuzuki et al., 2012, Sci. Rep. 2: 210 Drosophila growth-blocking peptide-like factor mediates acute immune reactions during infectious and non-infectious stress. [FBrf0217467] Wang et al., 2012, J. Immunol. 188(8): 3993--4000 The Drosophila protein mustard tailors the innate immune response activated by the immune deficiency pathway. [FBrf0217978] Clark et al., 2011, Curr. Biol. 21(19): 1672--1677 Multiple TGF-β Superfamily Signals Modulate the Adult Drosophila Immune Response. [FBrf0216429] Gerbasi et al., 2011, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108(8): 3204--3209 Blanks, a nuclear siRNA/dsRNA-binding complex component, is required for Drosophila spermiogenesis. [FBrf0213185] Ladoukakis et al., 2011, Genome Biol. 12(11): R118 Hundreds of putatively functional small open reading frames in Drosophila. [FBrf0218190] Marcu et al., 2011, PLoS ONE 6(1): e15361 Innate Immune Responses of Drosophila melanogaster Are Altered by Spaceflight. [FBrf0212851] Ragab et al., 2011, EMBO J. 30(6): 1123--1136 Drosophila Ras/MAPK signalling regulates innate immune responses in immune and intestinal stem cells. [FBrf0213275] Rao et al., 2011, Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 41(12): 982--992 Manduca sexta moricin promoter elements can increase promoter activities of Drosophila melanogaster antimicrobial peptide genes. [FBrf0216595] Shieh and Bonini, 2011, Hum. Mol. Genet. 20(24): 4810--4821 Genes and pathways affected by CAG-repeat RNA-based toxicity in Drosophila. [FBrf0216738] Zhang et al., 2011, J. Exp. Biol. 214(23): 4021--4029 Divergent transcriptomic responses to repeated and single cold exposures in Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0216629] Show all research papers ...
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	All reviews listed in FlyBase were published before 2011 Show reviews ...