FB2021_02, released April 13, 2021

Gene: Dmel\PCB

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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\PCB
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Pyruvate carboxylase
Annotation Symbol
CG1516
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0027580
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
10 publicly available
Gene Summary
Pyruvate carboxylase (PCB) encodes an enzyme that regulates D-serine levels. [Date last reviewed: 2019-09-12] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

PC, BcDNA:GH06348

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
46B4-46B4
Sequence location
2R:9,850,703..9,861,543 [-]
Recombination map
2-61
RefSeq locus
NT_033778 REGION:9850703..9861543
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
GO Summary Ribbons
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (8 terms)
Molecular Function (4 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables pyruvate carboxylase activity
inferred from direct assay
(Yamazaki et al., 2014)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (4 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables ATP binding
(assigned by InterPro )
(FlyBase Curators et al., 2004-)
enables biotin binding
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR005930
(assigned by InterPro )
(FlyBase Curators et al., 2004-)
enables metal ion binding
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR011761
(assigned by InterPro )
(FlyBase Curators et al., 2004-)
enables pyruvate carboxylase activity
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001821692
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
Biological Process (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in gluconeogenesis
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001821692
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
involved_in pyruvate metabolic process
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001821692
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P52873
(FlyBase Curators, 2008--)
Cellular Component (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in mitochondrion
inferred from high throughput direct assay
(Tan et al., 2009)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in cytoplasm
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001821692
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
Pyruvate carboxylase (PCB) encodes an enzyme that regulates D-serine levels. [Date last reviewed: 2019-09-12]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
PYRUVATE CARBOXYLASES -
Pyruvate carboxylases catalyze the joining of a carboxyl group to pyruvate to form oxaloacetate, thereby replenishing oxaloacetate withdrawn from the tricarboxylic acid (TCA/Krebs) cycle for various pivotal biochemical pathways. (Adapted from PMID:18613815.)
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
10
Number of Unique Polypeptides
2

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\PCB for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Comments on Gene Model

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Gene model reviewed during 5.46

Gene model reviewed during 5.49

Tissue-specific extension of 3' UTRs observed during later stages (FBrf0218523, FBrf0219848); all variants may not be annotated

Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
nuclear_gene
protein_coding_gene
Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
PCB-RA
FBtr0088457
NM_165705
4398
1181
PCB-RB
FBtr0088459
NM_165706
4143
1181
PCB-RD
FBtr0088456
NM_165707
4276
1181
PCB-RE
FBtr0088455
NM_136683
4101
1181
PCB-RG
FBtr0088462
NM_165708
4208
1181
PCB-RI
FBtr0088454
NM_165709
4149
1197
PCB-RJ
FBtr0088458
NM_165710
4446
1197
PCB-RK
FBtr0088460
NM_165711
4191
1197
PCB-RL
FBtr0088461
NM_165712
4256
1197
PCB-RM
FBtr0300850
NM_001169632
4374
1197
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
RefSeq ID
GenBank
PCB-PA
FBpp0087542
130.9
1181
6.80
NP_724837
AAF58885
PCB-PB
FBpp0087544
130.9
1181
6.80
NP_724838
AAF58887
PCB-PD
FBpp0087541
130.9
1181
6.80
NP_724839
AAF58886
PCB-PE
FBpp0087540
130.9
1181
6.80
NP_610527
AAM71030
PCB-PG
FBpp0087547
130.9
1181
6.80
NP_724840
AAM71031
PCB-PI
FBpp0087539
132.7
1197
6.61
NP_724841
AAG22289
PCB-PJ
FBpp0087543
132.7
1197
6.61
NP_724842
AAM71032
PCB-PK
FBpp0087545
132.7
1197
6.61
NP_724843
AAM71033
PCB-PL
FBpp0087546
132.7
1197
6.61
NP_724844
AAM71034
PCB-PM
FBpp0290074
132.7
1197
6.61
NP_001163103
ACZ94380
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

1181 aa isoforms: PCB-PA, PCB-PB, PCB-PD, PCB-PE, PCB-PG
1197 aa isoforms: PCB-PI, PCB-PJ, PCB-PK, PCB-PL, PCB-PM
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Nucleotide / Polypeptide Records
 
UniProt
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\PCB using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Expression Summary Ribbons
Colored tiles in ribbon indicate that expression data has been curated by FlyBase for that anatomical location. Colorless tiles indicate that there is no curated data for that location.
For complete stage-specific expression data, view the modENCODE Development RNA-Seq section under High-Throughput Expression below.
Transcript Expression
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult head
(Aradska et al., 2015)
day 5 of adulthood & male -- day 7 of adulthood & male
spermatozoon
(Wasbrough et al., 2010, Dorus et al., 2006)
day 7 of adulthood -- day 49 of adulthood
adult heart
(Cammarato et al., 2011)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in mitochondrion
inferred from high throughput direct assay
(Tan et al., 2009)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

GBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\PCB in GBrowse 2
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 14 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 7 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of PCB
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of PCB
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 0 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 0 )
Inferred from location ( 0 )
Phenotypes
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Download All OrthoDB Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0)
Homo sapiens (Human) (3)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
Isobase
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
RoundUp
TreeFam
ZFIN
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Hsap\PC
14 of 15
Yes
Yes
1  
Hsap\MCCC1
2 of 15
No
No
1  
Hsap\PCCA
2 of 15
No
No
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0)
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (3)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
Isobase
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
RoundUp
TreeFam
ZFIN
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Mmus\Pcx
15 of 15
Yes
Yes
Mmus\Pcca
2 of 15
No
No
Mmus\Mccc1
1 of 15
No
No
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (3)
Rnor\Pc
13 of 13
Yes
Yes
Rnor\Mccc1
2 of 13
No
No
Rnor\Pcca
1 of 13
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (3)
Xtro\pc.2
5 of 12
Yes
Yes
Xtro\mccc1
1 of 12
No
No
Xtro\pcca
1 of 12
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (4)
Drer\pcxb
11 of 15
Yes
Yes
Drer\pcxa
7 of 15
No
Yes
Drer\mccc1
2 of 15
No
No
Drer\pcca
2 of 15
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (3)
Cele\pyc-1
13 of 15
Yes
Yes
Cele\mccc-1
2 of 15
No
No
Cele\pcca-1
2 of 15
No
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (3)
Atha\CAC2
2 of 9
Yes
Yes
Atha\MCCA
2 of 9
Yes
No
Atha\ACC2
1 of 9
No
No
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (3)
Scer\PYC1
14 of 15
Yes
Yes
Scer\PYC2
13 of 15
No
Yes
Scer\DUR1,2
1 of 15
No
No
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (1)
Spom\pyr1
11 of 12
Yes
Yes
Ortholog(s) in Drosophila Species (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG09190160 )
Organism
Common Name
Gene
AAA Syntenic Ortholog
Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
Drosophila suzukii
Spotted wing Drosophila
Dsuz\DS10_00003400
Drosophila simulans
Dsim\GD10044
Drosophila sechellia
Dsec\GM24372
Drosophila erecta
Dere\GG25254
Drosophila yakuba
Dyak\GE21984
Drosophila ananassae
Dana\GF13141
Drosophila pseudoobscura pseudoobscura
Dpse\GA13539
Drosophila persimilis
Dper\GL10237
Drosophila willistoni
Dwil\GK20962
Drosophila virilis
Dvir\GJ20478
Drosophila mojavensis
Dmoj\GI20741
Drosophila grimshawi
Dgri\GH20214
Orthologs in non-Drosophila Dipterans (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG091500M8 )
Organism
Common Name
Gene
Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
Musca domestica
House fly
Mdoa\17016020
Glossina morsitans
Tsetse fly
Gmor\GMOY009852
Glossina morsitans
Tsetse fly
Gmor\GMOY004732
Lucilia cuprina
Australian sheep blowfly
Lcup\FF38_10603
Mayetiola destructor
Hessian fly
Mdes\Mdes010574
Aedes aegypti
Yellow fever mosquito
Aaeg\AAEL009691
Anopheles darlingi
American malaria mosquito
Adar\ADAC002958
Anopheles darlingi
American malaria mosquito
Adar\ADAC002940
Anopheles gambiae
Malaria mosquito
Agam\AGAP004742
Culex quinquefasciatus
Southern house mosquito
Cqui\CPIJ002514
Orthologs in non-Dipteran Insects (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG090W00LW )
Organism
Common Name
Gene
Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
Bombyx mori
Silkmoth
Bmor\BGIBMGA008442
Danaus plexippus
Monarch butterfly
Dple\DPOGS205472-PA
Heliconius melpomene
Postman butterfly
Hmel\HMEL017524
Apis florea
Little honeybee
Aflo\2479996964
Apis mellifera
Western honey bee
Amel\GB40280
Bombus impatiens
Common eastern bumble bee
Bimp\BIMP23531
Bombus terrestris
Buff-tailed bumblebee
Bter\15210045
Linepithema humile
Argentine ant
Lhum\LH15397
Megachile rotundata
Alfalfa leafcutting bee
Mrot\MROTU:00187a
Nasonia vitripennis
Parasitic wasp
Nvit\Nasvi2EG029439
Dendroctonus ponderosae
Mountain pine beetle
Dpod\YQE_02618
Dendroctonus ponderosae
Mountain pine beetle
Dpod\YQE_00404
Tribolium castaneum
Red flour beetle
Tcas\TC032730
Pediculus humanus
Human body louse
Phum\PHUM621570
Pediculus humanus
Human body louse
Phum\PHUM604790
Rhodnius prolixus
Kissing bug
Rpro\RPRC008452
Cimex lectularius
Bed bug
Clec\CLEC008689
Cimex lectularius
Bed bug
Clec\CLEC013891
Cimex lectularius
Bed bug
Clec\CLEC008693
Cimex lectularius
Bed bug
Clec\CLEC002866
Acyrthosiphon pisum
Pea aphid
Apim\ACYPI003282
Zootermopsis nevadensis
Nevada dampwood termite
Znev\Znev_00045
Orthologs in non-Insect Arthropods (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG090X00KN )
Organism
Common Name
Gene
Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
Strigamia maritima
European centipede
Smar\SMAR007276
Stegodyphus mimosarum
African social velvet spider
Smim\KFM65987.1
Tetranychus urticae
Two-spotted spider mite
Turt\tetur05g04260
Daphnia pulex
Water flea
Dpux\DAPPUDRAFT_70042
Daphnia pulex
Water flea
Dpux\DAPPUDRAFT_299576
Orthologs in non-Arthropod Metazoa (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG091G00X2 )
Organism
Common Name
Gene
Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
Purple sea urchin
Spur\SPU_003588gn
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
Purple sea urchin
Spur\Sp-Pc
Ciona intestinalis
Vase tunicate
Cint\LOC100181512
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v8.0)
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (2)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
Isobase
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
orthoMCL
Panther
RoundUp
Alignment
Mccc1
3 of 10
ACC
1 of 10
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Model Summary Ribbon
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 1 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    PC; pyruvate carboxylase
    model of  pyruvate carboxylase deficiency disease
    IEA
    (FlyBase, 2019-)
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    PC; pyruvate carboxylase
    14 of 15
    608786
     
    Functional Complementation Data
    Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
    Interactions
    Summary of Physical Interactions
    esyN Network Diagram
    Show neighbor-neighbor interactions:
    Select Layout:
    Legend:
    Protein
    RNA
    Selected Interactor(s)
    Interactions Browser
    View in Interactions Browser
    Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
    protein-protein
    Physical Interaction
    Assay
    References
    PCB - Akt
    anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry
    (Vinayagam et al., 2016)
    PCB - CCT3
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    PCB - CCT6
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    PCB - CG33303
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    PCB - CG5854
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    PCB - Chc
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    PCB - Cnx99A
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    PCB - Cp1
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    PCB - Cyp12d1-p
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    PCB - FASN1
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    PCB - Gfat2
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    PCB - GluProRS
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    PCB - Idh3a
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    PCB - Mpcp2
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    PCB - Nfs1
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    PCB - OstΔ
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    PCB - S6k
    anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, Identification by mass spectrometry
    (Vinayagam et al., 2016)
    PCB - SERCA
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    PCB - ScsβG
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    PCB - UQCR-C2
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    PCB - r
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    PCB - βCOP
    experimental knowledge based
    (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
    Summary of Genetic Interactions
    esyN Network Diagram
    esyN Network Key:
    Suppression
    Enhancement
    View in Interactions Browser
    Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    Pka-C1
    suppressible
    PCB
    (Yamazaki et al., 2014)
    External Data
    Linkouts
    BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
    DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
    InterologFinder - Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets.
    MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
    Pathways
    Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
    Metabolic Pathways
    External Data
    Linkouts
    Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
    Chromosome (arm)
    2R
    Recombination map
    2-61
    Cytogenetic map
    46B4-46B4
    Sequence location
    2R:9,850,703..9,861,543 [-]
    FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Evidence for location
    46B4-46B4
    Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}l(2)k05420k05420 and P{lacW}l(2)k07803k07803&P{lacW}l(2)k08816k08816
    Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Notes
    References
    Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
    Location

    2-61

    (FlyBase, 2016)

    2-60.0

    (Comeron et al., 2012)
    Left of (cM)
    Right of (cM)
    Notes
    Stocks and Reagents
    Stocks (10)
    Genomic Clones (19)
    cDNA Clones (134)
     

    Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see GBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

    cDNA clones, fully sequenced
    BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
      Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

      For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

      cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
      BDGP DGC clones
      Other clones
      RNAi and Array Information
      Linkouts
      DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
      GenomeRNAi - A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents
      Antibody Information
      Laboratory Generated Antibodies
       

      polyclonal

      (Yamazaki et al., 2014)
      Commercially Available Antibodies
       
      Other Information
      Relationship to Other Genes
      Source for database identify of

      Source for identity of: PCB CG1516

      (Homem et al., 2014)
      Source for database merge of

      Source for merge of: BcDNA:GH06348 CG1516

      (Bayraktaroglu, 2000.4.12)
      Additional comments

      FlyBase curator comment: Used 'PCB' rather than the published 'PC' symbol for CG1516 as 'Pc' is an established symbol for the 'Polycomb' gene (FBgn0003042) in FlyBase.

      (Homem et al., 2014)
      Other Comments
      Origin and Etymology
      Discoverer
      Etymology
      Identification
      External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 96 )
      Sequence Crossreferences
      NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
      GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
      GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
      RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
      UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
      Other crossreferences
      BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
      Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
      Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
      Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
      Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
      GenomeRNAi - A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents
      iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
      InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
      KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
      modMine - A data warehouse for the modENCODE project
      Linkouts
      BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
      DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
      DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
      FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies
      FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
      FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
      FlyCyc Pathways - Pathways from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
      FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
      InterologFinder - Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets.
      KEGG Pathways - Wiring diagrams of molecular interactions, reactions and relations.
      MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
      Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
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