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Gene Dmel\htt

General Information
Symbol	Dmel\htt	Species	D. melanogaster
Name	huntingtin	Annotation symbol	CG9995
Feature type	protein_coding_gene	FlyBase ID	FBgn0027655
Gene Model Status	Current	Stock availability	11 publicly available
Also Known As	dhtt, Hsap\HD
Genomic Location
Chromosome (arm)	3R	Recombination map
Cytogenetic map	98E2-98E2	Sequence location	3R:24,521,964..24,560,073 [+]
Genomic Maps Select View:Gene Models/EvidenceExpression/RegulationMegaViewGene Disruptions, Stocks and Reagents modENCODE GBrowse	Decorated FastA GenBankGFF Gene region Extended Gene region CDSIntronsExonsTranslationsTranscripts3' UTR5' UTR
Summary Information
Automatically generated summary See sections below for more information	The gene huntingtin is referred to in FlyBase by the symbol Dmel\htt (CG9995, FBgn0027655). It is a protein_coding_gene from Drosophila melanogaster. An electronic pipeline based on InterPro domains suggests that it has the molecular function: binding. There is experimental evidence that it is involved in the biological process: establishment of mitotic spindle orientation. 14 alleles are reported. The phenotypes of these alleles are annotated with: eye; embryonic/larval brain; ommatidium. It has one annotated transcript and one annotated polypeptide. Protein features are: Armadillo-like helical; Armadillo-type fold; HEAT; Huntingtin; Huntingtin, middle-repeat. Summary of modENCODE Temporal Expression Profile: Temporal profile ranges from a peak of moderate expression to a trough of low expression. Peak expression observed within 00-18 hour embryonic stages, during late larval stages, at stages throughout the pupal period, in stages of adults of both sexes. Summary of FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data: Nearly all larval and adult tissues/organs expressed at moderate levels. Expression at moderate levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: adult head, adult eye, larval/adult central nervous system, adult crop, larval/adult midgut, larval/adult hindgut, larval/adult Malpighian tubules, adult heart, adult fat body, larval/adult salivary gland, larval trachea, adult spermathecae, adult male accessory gland. Comments on Affy2 ProbeSet: ProbeSet 1641422_at completely aligns to an exonic region of the only FlyBase-annotated transcript isoform of htt. Gene sequence location is 3R:24521964..24560073.
External Summaries
Recent Updates
Description	What does this section display? This section contains items that were added to this record for each release. It currently only tracks new links between this FlyBase report and other FlyBase data classes (e.g. genes, references, stocks) or controlled vocabulary terms (e.g. GO, anatomy terms). What does this section not display? This section does not currently display links that were removed or gene model changes.
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FB2011_10	Controlled Vocabulary Terms P-stage larval stage wandering third instar larval stage third instar - uncleared gut stage early third instar larval stage pharate adult stage P14 prepupal stage P3 imaginal disc pharate adult stage P15(ii) third instar - partially cleared gut stage ubiquitous pharate adult stage P13 pharate adult stage P11 third instar - cleared gut stage third instar larval stage L2 prepupal stage P4(i) pharate adult stage pharate adult stage P15(i) pupal stage P5(i) pharate adult stage P12(i) prepupal stage P2 prepupal stage P4 pharate adult stage P15 pharate adult stage P12(ii) prepupal stage P4(ii) organism pharate adult stage P9 third instar larval stage L1 embryonic/larval central nervous system pharate adult stage P10 second instar larval stage pupal stage P5 pupal stage pharate adult stage P8 embryonic stage adult stage prepupal stage P1 prepupal stage third instar larval stage pharate adult stage P12 embryonic stage 15 pupal stage P6 first instar larval stage pharate adult stage P11(i) pupal stage P7 pupal stage P5(ii) pharate adult stage P11(ii) Unknown in situ
FB2012_01	References Luthi-Carter et al., 2010, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107(17): 7927--7932 Underwood et al., 2010, Hum. Mol. Genet. 19(17): 3413--3429 Sequence features BKN20885 HFA16970
All updates	Click here to see a list of all updates to this record from FB2010_08 and on.
Detailed Mapping Data
FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map Evidence for location 98E2-98E2   Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}l(3)0648706487 and P{EP}EP3390EP3390
Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map Notes References 98E-98E     (Takano, 1999.8.12) 98E1-98E2     (Li, 1999.4.27)
Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
Location
Left of (cM)
Right of (cM)
Notes
Gene Model & Products
Please see the GBrowse view of Dmel\htt for information on other features To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form
Comments on Gene Model
Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name FlyBase ID RefSeq ID Length (nt) Associated CDS (aa) htt-RA FBtr0085310  NM_143372   11579   3583
Additional Transcript Data & Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name FlyBase ID Predicted MW (kDa) Length (aa) Theoretical pI RefSeq ID GenBank protein htt-PA   FBpp0084679   395.9   3583   6.01     NP_651629   AAF56808
Additional Polypeptide Data & Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Linkouts
Crossreferences	InterPro domains - A database of protein families, domains, and functional sites • HEAT (IPR000357) Huntingtin (IPR000091) Armadillo-type fold (IPR016024) Huntingtin, middle-repeat (IPR024613) Armadillo-like helical (IPR011989)
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank	DNA sequence Protein sequence Name AA817573   AE014297 AAF56808   AF146362 AAF03255   AF147779 AAF03256   AF177386 AAD51369   AW942678   AY069515 AAL39660   BG632473   BI607103   CO287510   CO294152   CO301448   CO302015   CO317867   CO324629   CO326864   CO337131   CZ466420   CZ469949   CZ487235   CZ487983   EC064145   EC064379   EC073033   EC074237   EC212195   EC227069   EC260152   EL880296   EL880297   EL880395   EL880396
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
UniProtKB/TrEMBL	Q8T069 Q9U999 Q9V3N4
Mapped Features
Mapped Features have been reorganized, please see this article for details. Additional mapped features and mutations can be found on GBrowse or related reports. Type Symbol & Location Additional Notes References
External Data
Linkouts
Crossreferences
Expression Data
Transcript Expression
in situ Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference embryonic stage 15   organism | ubiquitous   (Zhang et al., 2009) third instar larval stage   embryonic/larval central nervous system   (Zhang et al., 2009) imaginal disc   (Zhang et al., 2009) northern blot Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference embryonic stage -- adult stage   organism   (Li et al., 1999) Comment:Expression peaks 12-18 hr AEL RT-PCR Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference adult stage   organism   (Zhang et al., 2009)
Additional Descriptive Data
	htt transcript is ubiquitously expressed at all developmental stages and in all tissues examined. (Zhang et al., 2009)
Marker for
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Notes
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference third instar larval stage   imaginal disc   • cytoplasm (Zhang et al., 2009) Comment:ectopically expressed protein   S2 cell-line   • cytoplasm (Zhang et al., 2009) Comment:ectopically expressed protein
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Notes
High-Throughput Expression Data
or
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2010.10.13 for analysis details and data files for all genes. modENCODE Temporal Expression Data for FBgn0027655    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales max expr for FBgn0027655 Very low expression bin max Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max Summary of modENCODE Temporal Expression Profile: Temporal profile ranges from a peak of moderate expression to a trough of low expression. Peak expression observed within 00-18 hour embryonic stages, during late larval stages, at stages throughout the pupal period, in stages of adults of both sexes. [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No expression (0 - 0)   Extremely low expression (1 - 10)   Very low expression (11 - 100)   Low expression (101 - 400)   Moderate expression (401 - 1400)   Moderately high expression (1401 - 4000)   High expression (4001 - 10000)   Very high expression (10001 - 100000)   Extremely high expression (100001 - 2000000) Linear, scaled to maximum FBgn0027655 expression level Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    437 embryo 02-04hr    407 embryo 04-06hr    704 embryo 06-08hr    721 embryo 08-10hr    508 embryo 10-12hr    365 embryo 12-14hr    440 embryo 14-16hr    476 embryo 16-18hr    383 embryo 18-20hr    317 embryo 20-22hr    234 embryo 22-24hr    235 larva L1    288 larva L2    301 larva L3 12hr old    307 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    370 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    652 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    610 white prepupae new    611 white prepupae 12hr    545 white prepupae 24hr    839 pupae 2d postWPP    597 pupae 3d postWPP    422 pupae 4d postWPP    364 adult male 01day    589 adult male 05day    679 adult male 30day    681 adult female 01day    570 adult female 05day    525 adult female 30day    560 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low   Moderate  Linear, scaled to Very low expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr  (437) embryo 02-04hr  (407) embryo 04-06hr  (704) embryo 06-08hr  (721) embryo 08-10hr  (508) embryo 10-12hr  (365) embryo 12-14hr  (440) embryo 14-16hr  (476) embryo 16-18hr  (383) embryo 18-20hr  (317) embryo 20-22hr  (234) embryo 22-24hr  (235) larva L1  (288) larva L2  (301) larva L3 12hr old  (307) larva L3 puffstage 1-2  (370) larva L3 puffstage 3-6  (652) larva L3 puffstage 7-9  (610) white prepupae new  (611) white prepupae 12hr  (545) white prepupae 24hr  (839) pupae 2d postWPP  (597) pupae 3d postWPP  (422) pupae 4d postWPP  (364) adult male 01day  (589) adult male 05day  (679) adult male 30day  (681) adult female 01day  (570) adult female 05day  (525) adult female 30day  (560) Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    437 embryo 02-04hr    407 embryo 04-06hr    704 embryo 06-08hr    721 embryo 08-10hr    508 embryo 10-12hr    365 embryo 12-14hr    440 embryo 14-16hr    476 embryo 16-18hr    383 embryo 18-20hr    317 embryo 20-22hr    234 embryo 22-24hr    235 larva L1    288 larva L2    301 larva L3 12hr old    307 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    370 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    652 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    610 white prepupae new    611 white prepupae 12hr    545 white prepupae 24hr    839 pupae 2d postWPP    597 pupae 3d postWPP    422 pupae 4d postWPP    364 adult male 01day    589 adult male 05day    679 adult male 30day    681 adult female 01day    570 adult female 05day    525 adult female 30day    560 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    437 embryo 02-04hr    407 embryo 04-06hr    704 embryo 06-08hr    721 embryo 08-10hr    508 embryo 10-12hr    365 embryo 12-14hr    440 embryo 14-16hr    476 embryo 16-18hr    383 embryo 18-20hr    317 embryo 20-22hr    234 embryo 22-24hr    235 larva L1    288 larva L2    301 larva L3 12hr old    307 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    370 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    652 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    610 white prepupae new    611 white prepupae 12hr    545 white prepupae 24hr    839 pupae 2d postWPP    597 pupae 3d postWPP    422 pupae 4d postWPP    364 adult male 01day    589 adult male 05day    679 adult male 30day    681 adult female 01day    570 adult female 05day    525 adult female 30day    560 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    437 embryo 02-04hr    407 embryo 04-06hr    704 embryo 06-08hr    721 embryo 08-10hr    508 embryo 10-12hr    365 embryo 12-14hr    440 embryo 14-16hr    476 embryo 16-18hr    383 embryo 18-20hr    317 embryo 20-22hr    234 embryo 22-24hr    235 larva L1    288 larva L2    301 larva L3 12hr old    307 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    370 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    652 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    610 white prepupae new    611 white prepupae 12hr    545 white prepupae 24hr    839 pupae 2d postWPP    597 pupae 3d postWPP    422 pupae 4d postWPP    364 adult male 01day    589 adult male 05day    679 adult male 30day    681 adult female 01day    570 adult female 05day    525 adult female 30day    560 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum FBgn0027655 expression level Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    437 embryo 02-04hr    407 embryo 04-06hr    704 embryo 06-08hr    721 embryo 08-10hr    508 embryo 10-12hr    365 embryo 12-14hr    440 embryo 14-16hr    476 embryo 16-18hr    383 embryo 18-20hr    317 embryo 20-22hr    234 embryo 22-24hr    235 larva L1    288 larva L2    301 larva L3 12hr old    307 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    370 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    652 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    610 white prepupae new    611 white prepupae 12hr    545 white prepupae 24hr    839 pupae 2d postWPP    597 pupae 3d postWPP    422 pupae 4d postWPP    364 adult male 01day    589 adult male 05day    679 adult male 30day    681 adult female 01day    570 adult female 05day    525 adult female 30day    560 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to Very low expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr  (437) embryo 02-04hr  (407) embryo 04-06hr  (704) embryo 06-08hr  (721) embryo 08-10hr  (508) embryo 10-12hr  (365) embryo 12-14hr  (440) embryo 14-16hr  (476) embryo 16-18hr  (383) embryo 18-20hr  (317) embryo 20-22hr  (234) embryo 22-24hr  (235) larva L1  (288) larva L2  (301) larva L3 12hr old  (307) larva L3 puffstage 1-2  (370) larva L3 puffstage 3-6  (652) larva L3 puffstage 7-9  (610) white prepupae new  (611) white prepupae 12hr  (545) white prepupae 24hr  (839) pupae 2d postWPP  (597) pupae 3d postWPP  (422) pupae 4d postWPP  (364) adult male 01day  (589) adult male 05day  (679) adult male 30day  (681) adult female 01day  (570) adult female 05day  (525) adult female 30day  (560) Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low  log, scaled to Moderate expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    437 embryo 02-04hr    407 embryo 04-06hr    704 embryo 06-08hr    721 embryo 08-10hr    508 embryo 10-12hr    365 embryo 12-14hr    440 embryo 14-16hr    476 embryo 16-18hr    383 embryo 18-20hr    317 embryo 20-22hr    234 embryo 22-24hr    235 larva L1    288 larva L2    301 larva L3 12hr old    307 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    370 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    652 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    610 white prepupae new    611 white prepupae 12hr    545 white prepupae 24hr    839 pupae 2d postWPP    597 pupae 3d postWPP    422 pupae 4d postWPP    364 adult male 01day    589 adult male 05day    679 adult male 30day    681 adult female 01day    570 adult female 05day    525 adult female 30day    560 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    437 embryo 02-04hr    407 embryo 04-06hr    704 embryo 06-08hr    721 embryo 08-10hr    508 embryo 10-12hr    365 embryo 12-14hr    440 embryo 14-16hr    476 embryo 16-18hr    383 embryo 18-20hr    317 embryo 20-22hr    234 embryo 22-24hr    235 larva L1    288 larva L2    301 larva L3 12hr old    307 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    370 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    652 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    610 white prepupae new    611 white prepupae 12hr    545 white prepupae 24hr    839 pupae 2d postWPP    597 pupae 3d postWPP    422 pupae 4d postWPP    364 adult male 01day    589 adult male 05day    679 adult male 30day    681 adult female 01day    570 adult female 05day    525 adult female 30day    560 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    437 embryo 02-04hr    407 embryo 04-06hr    704 embryo 06-08hr    721 embryo 08-10hr    508 embryo 10-12hr    365 embryo 12-14hr    440 embryo 14-16hr    476 embryo 16-18hr    383 embryo 18-20hr    317 embryo 20-22hr    234 embryo 22-24hr    235 larva L1    288 larva L2    301 larva L3 12hr old    307 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    370 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    652 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    610 white prepupae new    611 white prepupae 12hr    545 white prepupae 24hr    839 pupae 2d postWPP    597 pupae 3d postWPP    422 pupae 4d postWPP    364 adult male 01day    589 adult male 05day    679 adult male 30day    681 adult female 01day    570 adult female 05day    525 adult female 30day    560 Expression Level Scale  None   Extremely low   Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr     embryo 02-04hr     embryo 04-06hr     embryo 06-08hr     embryo 08-10hr     embryo 10-12hr     embryo 12-14hr     embryo 14-16hr     embryo 16-18hr     embryo 18-20hr     embryo 20-22hr     embryo 22-24hr     larva L1     larva L2     larva L3 12hr old     larva L3 puffstage 1-2     larva L3 puffstage 3-6     larva L3 puffstage 7-9     white prepupae new     white prepupae 12hr     white prepupae 24hr     pupae 2d postWPP     pupae 3d postWPP     pupae 4d postWPP     adult male 01day     adult male 05day     adult male 30day     adult female 01day     adult female 05day     adult female 30day     FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data for FBgn0027655    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap Back-to-back    Scales max expr for FBgn0027655 Moderate expression bin max High level expression bin max Very high expression bin max Summary of FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data: Nearly all larval and adult tissues/organs expressed at moderate levels. Expression at moderate levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: adult head, adult eye, larval/adult central nervous system, adult crop, larval/adult midgut, larval/adult hindgut, larval/adult Malpighian tubules, adult heart, adult fat body, larval/adult salivary gland, larval trachea, adult spermathecae, adult male accessory gland. [download data (TSV)] Guide to FlyAtlas expression level colors   No expression (0 - 9.999)   Low expression (10 - 99.999)   Moderate expression (100 - 499.999)   High level expression (500 - 999.999)   Very high expression (1000 - 25000) Linear, scaled to maximum FBgn0027655 expression level Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    112.5 Larval Midgut    103.9 Larval Hindgut    122.3 Larval Malpighian Tubules    118.2 Larval Fat Body    97.3 Larval Salivary Gland    106.6 Larval Trachea    153.525 Larval Carcass    97.2 Adult Head    141.4 Adult Eye    139.3 Adult Brain    208.1 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    230.1 Adult Crop    115.3 Adult Midgut    112.9 Adult Hindgut    137.9 Adult Malpighian Tubules    124 Adult Fat Body    124.1 Adult Salivary Gland    227.3 Adult Heart    113.225 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    192.4 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    147.3 Adult Ovary    67.6 Adult Testis    36.1 Adult Male Accessory Gland    129.9 Adult Carcass    96.2 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    112.5 Larval Midgut    103.9 Larval Hindgut    122.3 Larval Malpighian Tubules    118.2 Larval Fat Body    97.3 Larval Salivary Gland    106.6 Larval Trachea    153.525 Larval Carcass    97.2 Adult Head    141.4 Adult Eye    139.3 Adult Brain    208.1 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    230.1 Adult Crop    115.3 Adult Midgut    112.9 Adult Hindgut    137.9 Adult Malpighian Tubules    124 Adult Fat Body    124.1 Adult Salivary Gland    227.3 Adult Heart    113.225 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    192.4 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    147.3 Adult Ovary    67.6 Adult Testis    36.1 Adult Male Accessory Gland    129.9 Adult Carcass    96.2 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High  Linear, scaled to High level expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    112.5 Larval Midgut    103.9 Larval Hindgut    122.3 Larval Malpighian Tubules    118.2 Larval Fat Body    97.3 Larval Salivary Gland    106.6 Larval Trachea    153.525 Larval Carcass    97.2 Adult Head    141.4 Adult Eye    139.3 Adult Brain    208.1 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    230.1 Adult Crop    115.3 Adult Midgut    112.9 Adult Hindgut    137.9 Adult Malpighian Tubules    124 Adult Fat Body    124.1 Adult Salivary Gland    227.3 Adult Heart    113.225 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    192.4 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    147.3 Adult Ovary    67.6 Adult Testis    36.1 Adult Male Accessory Gland    129.9 Adult Carcass    96.2 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Very high expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    112.5 Larval Midgut    103.9 Larval Hindgut    122.3 Larval Malpighian Tubules    118.2 Larval Fat Body    97.3 Larval Salivary Gland    106.6 Larval Trachea    153.525 Larval Carcass    97.2 Adult Head    141.4 Adult Eye    139.3 Adult Brain    208.1 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    230.1 Adult Crop    115.3 Adult Midgut    112.9 Adult Hindgut    137.9 Adult Malpighian Tubules    124 Adult Fat Body    124.1 Adult Salivary Gland    227.3 Adult Heart    113.225 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    192.4 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    147.3 Adult Ovary    67.6 Adult Testis    36.1 Adult Male Accessory Gland    129.9 Adult Carcass    96.2 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  log, scaled to maximum FBgn0027655 expression level Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    112.5 Larval Midgut    103.9 Larval Hindgut    122.3 Larval Malpighian Tubules    118.2 Larval Fat Body    97.3 Larval Salivary Gland    106.6 Larval Trachea    153.525 Larval Carcass    97.2 Adult Head    141.4 Adult Eye    139.3 Adult Brain    208.1 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    230.1 Adult Crop    115.3 Adult Midgut    112.9 Adult Hindgut    137.9 Adult Malpighian Tubules    124 Adult Fat Body    124.1 Adult Salivary Gland    227.3 Adult Heart    113.225 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    192.4 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    147.3 Adult Ovary    67.6 Adult Testis    36.1 Adult Male Accessory Gland    129.9 Adult Carcass    96.2 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate  log, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    112.5 Larval Midgut    103.9 Larval Hindgut    122.3 Larval Malpighian Tubules    118.2 Larval Fat Body    97.3 Larval Salivary Gland    106.6 Larval Trachea    153.525 Larval Carcass    97.2 Adult Head    141.4 Adult Eye    139.3 Adult Brain    208.1 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    230.1 Adult Crop    115.3 Adult Midgut    112.9 Adult Hindgut    137.9 Adult Malpighian Tubules    124 Adult Fat Body    124.1 Adult Salivary Gland    227.3 Adult Heart    113.225 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    192.4 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    147.3 Adult Ovary    67.6 Adult Testis    36.1 Adult Male Accessory Gland    129.9 Adult Carcass    96.2 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High  log, scaled to High level expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    112.5 Larval Midgut    103.9 Larval Hindgut    122.3 Larval Malpighian Tubules    118.2 Larval Fat Body    97.3 Larval Salivary Gland    106.6 Larval Trachea    153.525 Larval Carcass    97.2 Adult Head    141.4 Adult Eye    139.3 Adult Brain    208.1 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    230.1 Adult Crop    115.3 Adult Midgut    112.9 Adult Hindgut    137.9 Adult Malpighian Tubules    124 Adult Fat Body    124.1 Adult Salivary Gland    227.3 Adult Heart    113.225 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    192.4 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    147.3 Adult Ovary    67.6 Adult Testis    36.1 Adult Male Accessory Gland    129.9 Adult Carcass    96.2 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  log, scaled to Very high expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    112.5 Larval Midgut    103.9 Larval Hindgut    122.3 Larval Malpighian Tubules    118.2 Larval Fat Body    97.3 Larval Salivary Gland    106.6 Larval Trachea    153.525 Larval Carcass    97.2 Adult Head    141.4 Adult Eye    139.3 Adult Brain    208.1 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    230.1 Adult Crop    115.3 Adult Midgut    112.9 Adult Hindgut    137.9 Adult Malpighian Tubules    124 Adult Fat Body    124.1 Adult Salivary Gland    227.3 Adult Heart    113.225 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    192.4 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    147.3 Adult Ovary    67.6 Adult Testis    36.1 Adult Male Accessory Gland    129.9 Adult Carcass    96.2 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  Heatmap Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System     Larval Midgut     Larval Hindgut     Larval Malpighian Tubules     Larval Fat Body     Larval Salivary Gland     Larval Trachea     Larval Carcass     Adult Head     Adult Eye     Adult Brain     Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion     Adult Crop     Adult Midgut     Adult Hindgut     Adult Malpighian Tubules     Adult Fat Body     Adult Salivary Gland     Adult Heart     Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca     Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca     Adult Ovary     Adult Testis     Adult Male Accessory Gland     Adult Carcass     FlyAtlas Organ/Tissue Expression, larval vs. adult Larval Expression Level Tissue Adult Expression Level   NA  Head    141.4   NA  Eye    139.3   NA  Brain    208.1   112.5  Central Nervous System    NA   NA  Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    230.1   NA  Crop    115.3   103.9  Midgut    112.9   122.3  Hindgut    137.9   118.2  Malpighian Tubules    124   97.3  Fat Body    124.1   106.6  Salivary Gland    227.3   NA  Heart    113.225   153.525  Trachea    NA   NA  VirginFemale Spermatheca    192.4   NA  InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    147.3   NA  Ovary    67.6   NA  Testis    36.1   NA  Male Accessory Gland    129.9   97.2  Carcass    96.2 modENCODE Temporal Expression Data (Graveley et al., 2011) FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data (Chintapalli et al., 2007)
Expression Clusters
	A cluster of genes with similar mRNA expression dynamics across development. (The modENCODE Consortium, 2010) mE2_34_mRNA_expression_cluster_21
External Data & Images
Linkouts	FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies • FBgn0027655 FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array • CG9995-RA
Alleles & Phenotypes
Summary of Allele Phenotypes
Lethality Allele viable htt98E2 viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237 httGD14339 httGD14943 Sterility Allele fertile htt98E2 Other Phenotypes Allele short lived htt98E2 Phenotype manifest in Allele axon | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Appl.G1a httdsRNA.Scer\UAS embryonic/larval brain, with Scer\GAL4Appl.G1a httdsRNA.Scer\UAS eye, with Scer\GAL4GMR.PS httdsRNA.Scer\UAS ommatidium, with Scer\GAL4GMR.PS httdsRNA.Scer\UAS
Classical Alleles ( 7 )
For All Classical Alleles Show
Allele of htt Class Mutagen Stocks Known lesion httc00389 piggyBac transposase 1 -- httf04684 piggyBac transposase 1 -- httf05417 piggyBac transposase 1 -- httMB03997 1 -- httMI01636 1 -- htt98E2 FLPase 0 Yes httc05407 piggyBac transposase 0 --
Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs ( 7 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Allele of htt Class Mutagen Stocks Known lesion httGD14339 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 2 Yes httGD14943 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 2 Yes httJF01205 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 1 Yes httKK100789 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 1 Yes htt+m22.7 in vitro construct - minigene 0 Yes httdsRNA.Scer\UAS in vitro construct - regulatory fusion in vitro construct - RNAi 0 Yes httScer\UAS.P\T.cZa in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes
Aneuploid Aberrations
Disrupted in	Df(3R)Exel6210 (Ryder, 2004.4.26)
Partially disrupted in	Df(3R)98E2 (Zhang et al., 2009)
Transgenic Constructs & Insertions
Transgenic Constructs
	Type of construct Name Expression data UAS construct P{GD14339} NA P{GD14943} NA P{KK100789} NA P{TRiP.JF01205} NA P{UAS-htt.dsRNA} NA P{UASp-htt.Z} NA characterization construct P{htt+m22.7} NA
Insertions
	Type of insertions Name Expression data miscellaneous insertions Mi{MIC}httMI01636 NA PBac{PB}c07030 NA PBac{PB}httc00389 NA PBac{PB}httc05407 NA PBac{WH}httf04684 NA PBac{WH}httf05417 NA insertion of enhancer trap binary system Mi{ET1}httMB03997 No
Gene Ontology: Function, Process & Cellular Component ( 4 unique terms )
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence ( 2 terms )
Molecular Function ( 0 terms)
Biological Process
CV term Evidence References
establishment of mitotic spindle orientation inferred from mutant phenotype (Godin et al., 2010)
Cellular Component
CV term Evidence References
cytoplasm inferred from direct assay (Zhang et al., 2009)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions ( 2 terms )
Molecular Function
CV term Evidence References
binding inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR011989, InterPro:IPR016024 (FlyBase Curators et al., 2004-)
Biological Process ( 0 terms)
Cellular Component
CV term Evidence References
nucleus inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR000091 (FlyBase Curators et al., 2004-)
Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
	nuclear_gene   protein_coding_gene
Interactions & Pathways
Summary of Physical Interactions
Protein-protein
Interacting group Assay References
Summary of Genetic Interactions
Interacts with	Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions htt allele Gene References httdsRNA.Scer\UAS Klc (Gunawardena et al., 2003)
External Data
Linkouts	BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions • 68268 DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions. • FBgn0027655 InterologFinder Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets. • 43392
Orthologs
Genome-wide drosophilid orthologs	Dana\GF18586 Dere\GG11611 Dgri\GH14159 Dmoj\GI22240 Dper\GL13796 Dpse\GA26800 Dsec\GM12734 Dvir\GJ23045 Dwil\GK12103 Dyak\GE23798
Curated drosophilid orthologs	Dpse\GA22175
Linkouts	InParanoid A subset of ortholog calls from InParanoid. • XP_001122101.1 Apis mellifera (honey bee) 252341 Branchiostoma floridae (lancelet) ENSBTAP00000001972 Bos taurus (bovine) ENSCAFP00000021648 Canis familiaris (dog) ENSCINP00000022903 Ciona intestinalis (sea squirt) CPIJ004120 Culex pipens (mosquito) ENSCPOP00000006507 Cavia porcellus (guinea pig) ENSCSAVP00000019081 Ciona savignyi (sedentary tunicate) 220329 Capitella spl (polychaete worm) DDB0238473 Dictyostelium discoideum (amoeba) 106588 Daphnia pulex (daphnia) ENSDARP00000069263 Danio rerio (zebra fish) ENSECAP00000007891 Equus caballus (horse) ENSGACP00000024267 Gymnopilus aculeatus (mushroom) ENSGALP00000036407 Gallus gallus (chicken) 170769 Hypsipyla robusta (cedar shoot borer) ENSP00000347184 Homo sapiens (human) 160793 Lottia gigantea (owl limpet) 33791 Monocosta brevicollis (choanoflagellate) ENSMODP00000004422 Monodelphis domestica (gray opossum) ENSMMUP00000011008 Macaca mulatta (rhesus monkey) ENSMUSP00000078945 Mus musculus (house mouse) 196942 Nematostella vectensis (starlet anemone) XP_001603778.1 Nasonia vitripennis (wasp) ENSORLP00000018366 Oryzias latipes (japanese killifish) PHUM011081-PA Pediculus humanus (human body louse) ENSPPYP00000016260 Pongo pygmaeus (orangutan) ENSPTRP00000027313 Pan troglodytes (chimpanzee) ENSRNOP00000015506 Rattus norvegicus (norway rat) XP_968384.2 Tribolium castaneum (red flour beetle) ENSTNIP00000015012 Tetraodon nigroviridis (green spotted pufferfish) ENSTRUP00000012400 Takifugu rubripes (pufferfish Takifugu) OrthoDB (Arthropod subset) The hierarchical catalog of eukaryotic orthologs. • NV17803 LH18983 ISCW023521 ISCW023518 ISCW011918 FBgn0240953 FBgn0214114 FBgn0210147 FBgn0192815 FBgn0167670 JGI_V11_106588 FBgn0248173 FBgn0151401 FBgn0144968 FBgn0121635 FBgn0103908 FBgn0095604 CPIJ004120 BGIBMGA002251 BGIBMGA002250 ACYPI24257 ACYPI009678 GB18618 AGAP003681 AAEL005248 AAEL005242 PB22486 PHUM577330 GLEAN_12221 GLEAN_01407
Stocks & Reagents
Stocks Listed in FlyBase ( 11 )
Bloomington	24665 w1118; Mi{ET1}httMB03997 31264 y1 v1; P{TRiP.JF01205}attP2 35854 y1 w*; Mi{MIC}httMI01636/TM3, Sb1
Harvard	- PBac{PB}httc00389 - PBac{WH}httf04684 - PBac{WH}httf05417
VDRC	v107149 P{KK100789}VIE-260B v29532 w1118; P{GD14943}v29532 v36204 w1118; P{GD14339}v36204 v29531 w1118; P{GD14943}v29531/TM3 v36205 w1118; P{GD14339}v36205/TM3
Genomic Clones ( 1 )
	BACR10P23 Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete
cDNA Clones ( 20 )
	Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see GBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.
cDNA Clones, Fully Sequenced
BDGP DGC clones	LD23533
Other clones
cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
BDGP DGC clones	RH74096
Other clones	35500 58522 66686 78855 82157 164816 EC260152 EK066050 EK180963 EK182903 EK194414 EK206215 EK269541 EN13901 EP04756 GH09176 IP10129 IP10229
RNAi & Array Information
Linkouts	DRSC - Results from RNAi screens. • FBgn0027655 GenomeRNAi - GenomeRNAi – A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents • 43392
Antibody Information
	polyclonal (Zhang et al., 2009, Takano and Gusella, 2002)
Other Information
Discoverer
Etymology
Identification
Relationship to Other Genes
Source for database identity of
Source for database merge of
Additional comments
Other Comments
External Crossreferences & Linkouts
Sequence Crossreferences
	RefSeq (Transcripts) • NM_143372 RefSeq (Proteins) • NP_651629 DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank • AA817573 AAD51369 AAF03255 AAF03256 AAF56808 AAL39660 AF146362 AF147779 AF177386 AW942678 AY069515 CZ466420 CZ469949 CZ487235 CZ487983 Entrez Gene - A searchable database of RefSeq genes. • 43392 UniProtKB/TrEMBL • Q8T069 Q9U999 Q9V3N4
Other Crossreferences
	InterPro domains - A database of protein families, domains, and functional sites • HEAT (IPR000357) Huntingtin (IPR000091) Armadillo-type fold (IPR016024) Huntingtin, middle-repeat (IPR024613) Armadillo-like helical (IPR011989)
Linkouts
	BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions • 68268 DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions. • FBgn0027655 DRSC - Results from RNAi screens. • FBgn0027655 FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies • FBgn0027655 FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array • CG9995-RA FlyMine - Integrated genomics database for Drosophila, Anopheles, and C.elegans • FBgn0027655 GenomeRNAi - GenomeRNAi – A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents • 43392 InParanoid A subset of ortholog calls from InParanoid. • XP_001122101.1 Apis mellifera (honey bee) 252341 Branchiostoma floridae (lancelet) ENSBTAP00000001972 Bos taurus (bovine) ENSCAFP00000021648 Canis familiaris (dog) ENSCINP00000022903 Ciona intestinalis (sea squirt) CPIJ004120 Culex pipens (mosquito) ENSCPOP00000006507 Cavia porcellus (guinea pig) ENSCSAVP00000019081 Ciona savignyi (sedentary tunicate) 220329 Capitella spl (polychaete worm) DDB0238473 Dictyostelium discoideum (amoeba) 106588 Daphnia pulex (daphnia) ENSDARP00000069263 Danio rerio (zebra fish) ENSECAP00000007891 Equus caballus (horse) ENSGACP00000024267 Gymnopilus aculeatus (mushroom) ENSGALP00000036407 Gallus gallus (chicken) 170769 Hypsipyla robusta (cedar shoot borer) ENSP00000347184 Homo sapiens (human) 160793 Lottia gigantea (owl limpet) 33791 Monocosta brevicollis (choanoflagellate) ENSMODP00000004422 Monodelphis domestica (gray opossum) ENSMMUP00000011008 Macaca mulatta (rhesus monkey) ENSMUSP00000078945 Mus musculus (house mouse) 196942 Nematostella vectensis (starlet anemone) XP_001603778.1 Nasonia vitripennis (wasp) ENSORLP00000018366 Oryzias latipes (japanese killifish) PHUM011081-PA Pediculus humanus (human body louse) ENSPPYP00000016260 Pongo pygmaeus (orangutan) ENSPTRP00000027313 Pan troglodytes (chimpanzee) ENSRNOP00000015506 Rattus norvegicus (norway rat) XP_968384.2 Tribolium castaneum (red flour beetle) ENSTNIP00000015012 Tetraodon nigroviridis (green spotted pufferfish) ENSTRUP00000012400 Takifugu rubripes (pufferfish Takifugu) Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution • /hjmuller/huntingtin1.htm InterologFinder Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets. • 43392 modMine - Data generated by the modENCODE project. • FBgn0027655 OrthoDB (Arthropod subset) The hierarchical catalog of eukaryotic orthologs. • NV17803 LH18983 ISCW023521 ISCW023518 ISCW011918 FBgn0240953 FBgn0214114 FBgn0210147 FBgn0192815 FBgn0167670 JGI_V11_106588 FBgn0248173 FBgn0151401 FBgn0144968 FBgn0121635 FBgn0103908 FBgn0095604 CPIJ004120 BGIBMGA002251 BGIBMGA002250 ACYPI24257 ACYPI009678 GB18618 AGAP003681 AAEL005248 AAEL005242 PB22486 PHUM577330 GLEAN_12221 GLEAN_01407
Synonyms & Secondary IDs ( 10 )
Reported As
Symbol Synonym	CG9995 (Rehwinkel et al., 2006, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Ni et al., 2008) dhtt (Gunawardena et al., 2003, Zhang et al., 2009, Mugat et al., 2008) dHtt (Godin et al., 2010) HD (Li et al., 1999) Hsap\HD (Li, 1999.5.1, Li, 1999.4.27) Htt (Driscoll and Gerstbrein, 2003, Kaltenbach et al., 2007, Sepp et al., 2008, Lievens et al., 2005, Scappini et al., 2007, Miller et al., 2010, Fujikake et al., 2008) htt (Wendler et al., 2010, FlyBase Curators, 2008, Zhang et al., 2009, Kazemi-Esfarjani and Benzer, 2002, Berger et al., 2005, Godin et al., 2010, Godin et al., 2010, McLear et al., 2008, Menzies et al., 2010, Luthi-Carter et al., 2010, Underwood et al., 2010) HTT (Lin and Beal, 2006)
Name Synonym	huntingtin (Hill, 2006, Cha et al., 2008, Stark et al., 2007, Kaltenbach et al., 2007, Kazemi-Esfarjani and Benzer, 2002, Sang et al., 2005, Lievens et al., 2005, Berger et al., 2006, Mugat et al., 2008, Zhang et al., 2009, Takano and Gusella, 2002, Godin et al., 2010, Godin et al., 2010, McLear et al., 2008, Underwood et al., 2010) Huntingtin (Sepp et al., 2008)
Secondary FlyBase IDs
References ( 60 )
Generate a list of	All references relating to this gene ( 60 )
List References by type	Research paper  ( 28 ) Supplementary material  ( 4 ) Review  ( 8 ) Personal communication to FlyBase  ( 7 ) Abstract  ( 5 ) FlyBase analysis  ( 2 ) DNA/RNA sequence record  ( 3 ) Computer file  ( 3 )
Recent research papers ( 8 )
	Godin et al., 2010, EMBO J. 29(14): 2433--2445 Mutant huntingtin-impaired degradation of beta-catenin causes neurotoxicity in Huntington's disease. [FBrf0211344] Godin et al., 2010, Neuron 67(3): 392--406 Huntingtin Is Required for Mitotic Spindle Orientation and Mammalian Neurogenesis. [FBrf0211450] Luthi-Carter et al., 2010, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107(17): 7927--7932 SIRT2 inhibition achieves neuroprotection by decreasing sterol biosynthesis. [FBrf0214862] Menzies et al., 2010, Hum. Mol. Genet. 19(23): 4573--4586 Puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase protects against aggregation-prone proteins via autophagy. [FBrf0212250] Miller et al., 2010, Neuron 67(2): 199--212 Matrix Metalloproteinases Are Modifiers of Huntingtin Proteolysis and Toxicity in Huntington's Disease. [FBrf0211410] Underwood et al., 2010, Hum. Mol. Genet. 19(17): 3413--3429 Antioxidants can inhibit basal autophagy and enhance neurodegeneration in models of polyglutamine disease. [FBrf0214933] Wendler et al., 2010, EMBO J. 29(2): 304--314 A genome-wide RNA interference screen identifies two novel components of the metazoan secretory pathway. [FBrf0209739] Wu et al., 2010, Neuroinformatics 8(2): 83--100 Automatic robust neurite detection and morphological analysis of neuronal cell cultures in high-content screening. [FBrf0210886] Show all research papers ...
Recent reviews (0)
	All reviews listed in FlyBase were published before 2010 Show reviews ...