• Home
• Tools
  • Tools Overview
  • Query Tools

    
    • QuickSearch
    • QueryBuilder
    • TermLink
    • CytoSearch
    • RNA-Seq Search
    • Interactions Browser
    • ImageBrowse
    • Find A Person
    • Google™ FlyBase
  • Genomic/Map Tools

    
    • BLAST
    • GBrowse
    • GBrowse 2 Beta
    • CytoSearch
    • Feature Mapper
    • Aberrations Maps
    • Chromosome Maps
    • Coordinates Converter
  • Retrieve/Convert

    
    • Batch Download
    • Coordinates Converter
    • ID Converter
  • Data Submission

    
    • Fast-Track Your Paper
    • Submit Personal Comm
    • Add A New Person
    • Update Person Info
  • People

    
    • Find A Person
    • Add A New Person
    • Update Person Info
• Files
  • Files Overview
  • Current release
  • Archived releases
  • Map Conversion
  • FTP site:
  • Releases (FTP)
  • Genomes (FTP)
• Species
  • Phylogeny
  • Sequenced Species
  • Synteny Table
  • Color Illustrations
  • Abbreviations
• Documents
  • About FlyBase
  • Reference Manual:
  • Sections
  • Contents
  • Nomenclature
  • Release Notes
• Resources
  • All Resources
  • Model Organisms
  • Stock Collections
  • Vectors & Constructs
  • Other links:
  • BDGP
  • DGRC
  • DIS by issue
  • FlyExpress
  • Interactive Fly
  • modENCODE
  • Textpresso for Fly
• News
  • News
  • FlyBase Forum
  • FlyBase Positions
  • Meetings
  • Courses
  • Fly Board
  • White papers
  • Funding
  • bionet.dros
• Help
  • Google™ FlyBase
  • Site Map
  • FAQs
  • FlyBase Guides
  • Video Tutorials
  • Report help
  • New to Flies
  • Pers. comm.
  • Author guidelines
  • Contact FlyBase
• Archives
  • Prior Release
  • Other Archives
  • Coordinate Converter

Gene Dmel\Cep135

General Information
Symbol	Dmel\Cep135	Species	D. melanogaster
Name		Annotation symbol	CG17081
Feature type	protein_coding_gene	FlyBase ID	FBgn0036480
Gene Model Status	Current	Stock availability	6 publicly available
Also Known As	bld10, DCep135, dbld10
Genomic Location
Chromosome (arm)	3L	Recombination map
Cytogenetic map	71B5-71B5	Sequence location	3L:15,109,837..15,121,129 [+]
Genomic Maps Select View:Gene Models/EvidenceExpression/RegulationMegaViewGene Disruptions, Stocks and Reagents Beta	Decorated FastA GenBankGFF Gene region Extended Gene region CDSIntronsExonsTranslationsTranscripts3' UTR5' UTR
Summary Information
Automatically generated summary See sections below for more information	This gene is referred to in FlyBase by the symbol Dmel\Cep135 (CG17081, FBgn0036480). It is a protein_coding_gene from Drosophila melanogaster. There is experimental evidence that it has the molecular function: microtubule binding. There is experimental evidence that it is involved in the biological process: negative regulation of microtubule depolymerization; centrosome organization; lateral inhibition; sperm axoneme assembly; centriole replication; microtubule basal body organization. 11 alleles are reported. The phenotypes of these alleles are annotated with: centriole; chaeta; spermatid axoneme; spermatozoon. It has 3 annotated transcripts and 3 annotated polypeptides. Summary of modENCODE Temporal Expression Profile: Temporal profile ranges from a peak of moderately high expression to a trough of low expression. Peak expression observed within 00-12 hour embryonic stages. Summary of FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data: Expression at moderate levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: adult testis. Comments on Affy2 ProbeSet: ProbeSet 1623375_at completely aligns to an exonic region common to each of the 2 FlyBase-annotated transcript isoforms of Cep135. Gene sequence location is 3L:15109837..15121129.
User Contributed Data
	Beta version, feedback welcome
Recent Updates
Description	What does this section display? This section contains items that were added to this record for each release. It currently only tracks new links between this FlyBase report and other FlyBase data classes (e.g. genes, references, stocks) or controlled vocabulary terms (e.g. GO, anatomy terms). What does this section not display? This section does not currently display links that were removed or gene model changes.
Update Feed	Click the icon below to subscribe to this FlyBase record and receive updates automatically through your feed reader.
FB2013_03
FB2013_02
All updates	Click here to see a list of all updates to this record from FB2010_08 and on.
Detailed Mapping Data
FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map Evidence for location 71B5-71B5   Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}cp309s2172&P{lacW}l(3)j2A2j2A2 and P{EP}Tfb2EP572
Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map Notes References
Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
Location
Left of (cM)
Right of (cM)
Notes
Gene Model & Products
Please see the GBrowse view of Dmel\Cep135 for information on other features To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form
Comments on Gene Model
	Gene model reviewed during 5.46 Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.
Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name FlyBase ID RefSeq ID Length (nt) Associated CDS (aa) Cep135-RA FBtr0075638  NM_140492   3427   1059 Cep135-RB FBtr0303375  NM_001202179   3445   1065 Cep135-RC FBtr0333853  NM_001274940   3552   960
Additional Transcript Data & Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name FlyBase ID Predicted MW (kDa) Length (aa) Theoretical pI RefSeq ID GenBank protein Cep135-PA   FBpp0075391   123.1   1059   6.33     NP_648749   AAF49663 Cep135-PB   FBpp0292437   123.8   1065   6.46     NP_001189108   ADV37544 Cep135-PC   FBpp0305986   110.9   960   6.37     NP_001261869   AGB94562
Additional Polypeptide Data & Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Linkouts
Crossreferences
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank	DNA sequence Protein sequence Name AA391100   AA391681   AA978922   AE014296 AAF49663   AE014296 ADV37544   AE014296 AGB94562   AI456135   AI533183   AW943312   AY051863 AAK93287   BF489011   BF492518   BF492519   BF502369   BF505653   BG631938   BI228137   BI239025   BI239698   BI240657   BI243303   BI374080   CO278711   CO298375   CZ469066   EC204046   EC222647   EC236987   GH951989
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
UniProtKB/TrEMBL	Q960T6
Mapped Features
Mapped Features have been reorganized, please see this article for details. Additional mapped features and mutations can be found on GBrowse or related reports. Type Symbol & Location Additional Notes References
External Data
Linkouts
Crossreferences
Expression Data
Transcript Expression
in situ Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference embryonic stage 1 -- 3   organism   (Fisher et al., 2012) Comment:maternally deposited embryonic stage 4 -- 6   organism   (Fisher et al., 2012) embryonic stage 7 -- 8   organism | ubiquitous   (Fisher et al., 2012) embryonic stage 9 -- 10   organism | ubiquitous   (Fisher et al., 2012) embryonic stage 11 -- 12   organism | ubiquitous   (Fisher et al., 2012) embryonic stage 13 -- 16   embryonic brain   (Fisher et al., 2012) ventral nerve cord   (Fisher et al., 2012)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
mass spectroscopy Stage Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization) Reference day 5 of adulthood & male -- day 7 of adulthood & male   spermatozoon   (Wasbrough et al., 2010)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
Subcellular Localization (GO Cellular Component)
CV term Evidence References
centriole inferred from direct assay (Mottier-Pavie and Megraw, 2009, Blachon et al., 2009, Dobbelaere et al., 2008) centrosome inferred from direct assay (Mottier-Pavie and Megraw, 2009, Carvalho-Santos et al., 2010) microtubule basal body inferred from direct assay (Mottier-Pavie and Megraw, 2009)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools
Reference	See Gelbart and Emmert, 2010.10.13 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
FlyAtlas Anatomy Microarray
FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data (FlyAtlas-RNA.adult) (FlyAtlas-RNA.larva)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap Back-to-back    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High level expression bin max Very high expression bin max Summary of FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data: Expression at moderate levels in the following post-embryonic organs or tissues: adult testis. [download data (TSV)] Guide to FlyAtlas expression level colors   No expression (0 - 9.999)   Low expression (10 - 99.999)   Moderate expression (100 - 499.999)   High level expression (500 - 999.999)   Very high expression (>999.999) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    89.675 Larval Midgut    8.9 Larval Hindgut    18.6 Larval Malpighian Tubules    18.8 Larval Fat Body    26.3 Larval Salivary Gland    4.3 Larval Trachea    29.375 Larval Carcass    25.25 Adult Head    14.1 Adult Eye    29.3 Adult Brain    15.8 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    20.9 Adult Crop    35.1 Adult Midgut    3.7 Adult Hindgut    17.4 Adult Malpighian Tubules    9.9 Adult Fat Body    8.7 Adult Salivary Gland    4.6 Adult Heart    6.275 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    3.5 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    2.2 Adult Ovary    61.9 Adult Testis    152.5 Adult Male Accessory Gland    0.7 Adult Carcass    5 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    89.675 Larval Midgut    8.9 Larval Hindgut    18.6 Larval Malpighian Tubules    18.8 Larval Fat Body    26.3 Larval Salivary Gland    4.3 Larval Trachea    29.375 Larval Carcass    25.25 Adult Head    14.1 Adult Eye    29.3 Adult Brain    15.8 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    20.9 Adult Crop    35.1 Adult Midgut    3.7 Adult Hindgut    17.4 Adult Malpighian Tubules    9.9 Adult Fat Body    8.7 Adult Salivary Gland    4.6 Adult Heart    6.275 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    3.5 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    2.2 Adult Ovary    61.9 Adult Testis    152.5 Adult Male Accessory Gland    0.7 Adult Carcass    5 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High  Linear, scaled to High level expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    89.675 Larval Midgut    8.9 Larval Hindgut    18.6 Larval Malpighian Tubules    18.8 Larval Fat Body    26.3 Larval Salivary Gland    4.3 Larval Trachea    29.375 Larval Carcass    25.25 Adult Head    14.1 Adult Eye    29.3 Adult Brain    15.8 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    20.9 Adult Crop    35.1 Adult Midgut    3.7 Adult Hindgut    17.4 Adult Malpighian Tubules    9.9 Adult Fat Body    8.7 Adult Salivary Gland    4.6 Adult Heart    6.275 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    3.5 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    2.2 Adult Ovary    61.9 Adult Testis    152.5 Adult Male Accessory Gland    0.7 Adult Carcass    5 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Very high expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    89.675 Larval Midgut    8.9 Larval Hindgut    18.6 Larval Malpighian Tubules    18.8 Larval Fat Body    26.3 Larval Salivary Gland    4.3 Larval Trachea    29.375 Larval Carcass    25.25 Adult Head    14.1 Adult Eye    29.3 Adult Brain    15.8 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    20.9 Adult Crop    35.1 Adult Midgut    3.7 Adult Hindgut    17.4 Adult Malpighian Tubules    9.9 Adult Fat Body    8.7 Adult Salivary Gland    4.6 Adult Heart    6.275 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    3.5 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    2.2 Adult Ovary    61.9 Adult Testis    152.5 Adult Male Accessory Gland    0.7 Adult Carcass    5 Expression Level Scale  Very high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    89.675 Larval Midgut    8.9 Larval Hindgut    18.6 Larval Malpighian Tubules    18.8 Larval Fat Body    26.3 Larval Salivary Gland    4.3 Larval Trachea    29.375 Larval Carcass    25.25 Adult Head    14.1 Adult Eye    29.3 Adult Brain    15.8 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    20.9 Adult Crop    35.1 Adult Midgut    3.7 Adult Hindgut    17.4 Adult Malpighian Tubules    9.9 Adult Fat Body    8.7 Adult Salivary Gland    4.6 Adult Heart    6.275 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    3.5 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    2.2 Adult Ovary    61.9 Adult Testis    152.5 Adult Male Accessory Gland    0.7 Adult Carcass    5 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate  log, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    89.675 Larval Midgut    8.9 Larval Hindgut    18.6 Larval Malpighian Tubules    18.8 Larval Fat Body    26.3 Larval Salivary Gland    4.3 Larval Trachea    29.375 Larval Carcass    25.25 Adult Head    14.1 Adult Eye    29.3 Adult Brain    15.8 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    20.9 Adult Crop    35.1 Adult Midgut    3.7 Adult Hindgut    17.4 Adult Malpighian Tubules    9.9 Adult Fat Body    8.7 Adult Salivary Gland    4.6 Adult Heart    6.275 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    3.5 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    2.2 Adult Ovary    61.9 Adult Testis    152.5 Adult Male Accessory Gland    0.7 Adult Carcass    5 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High  log, scaled to High level expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    89.675 Larval Midgut    8.9 Larval Hindgut    18.6 Larval Malpighian Tubules    18.8 Larval Fat Body    26.3 Larval Salivary Gland    4.3 Larval Trachea    29.375 Larval Carcass    25.25 Adult Head    14.1 Adult Eye    29.3 Adult Brain    15.8 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    20.9 Adult Crop    35.1 Adult Midgut    3.7 Adult Hindgut    17.4 Adult Malpighian Tubules    9.9 Adult Fat Body    8.7 Adult Salivary Gland    4.6 Adult Heart    6.275 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    3.5 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    2.2 Adult Ovary    61.9 Adult Testis    152.5 Adult Male Accessory Gland    0.7 Adult Carcass    5 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  log, scaled to Very high expression Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System    89.675 Larval Midgut    8.9 Larval Hindgut    18.6 Larval Malpighian Tubules    18.8 Larval Fat Body    26.3 Larval Salivary Gland    4.3 Larval Trachea    29.375 Larval Carcass    25.25 Adult Head    14.1 Adult Eye    29.3 Adult Brain    15.8 Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    20.9 Adult Crop    35.1 Adult Midgut    3.7 Adult Hindgut    17.4 Adult Malpighian Tubules    9.9 Adult Fat Body    8.7 Adult Salivary Gland    4.6 Adult Heart    6.275 Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca    3.5 Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    2.2 Adult Ovary    61.9 Adult Testis    152.5 Adult Male Accessory Gland    0.7 Adult Carcass    5 Expression Level Scale  None   Low   Moderate   High   Very high  Heatmap Tissue   Expression Level Larval Central Nervous System     Larval Midgut     Larval Hindgut     Larval Malpighian Tubules     Larval Fat Body     Larval Salivary Gland     Larval Trachea     Larval Carcass     Adult Head     Adult Eye     Adult Brain     Adult Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion     Adult Crop     Adult Midgut     Adult Hindgut     Adult Malpighian Tubules     Adult Fat Body     Adult Salivary Gland     Adult Heart     Adult VirginFemale Spermatheca     Adult InseminatedFemale Spermatheca     Adult Ovary     Adult Testis     Adult Male Accessory Gland     Adult Carcass     FlyAtlas Organ/Tissue Expression, larval vs. adult Larval Expression Level Tissue Adult Expression Level   NA  Head    14.1   NA  Eye    29.3   NA  Brain    15.8   89.675  Central Nervous System    NA   NA  Thoracic-Abdominal Ganglion    20.9   NA  Crop    35.1   8.9  Midgut    3.7   18.6  Hindgut    17.4   18.8  Malpighian Tubules    9.9   no informative data  Fat Body    8.7   4.3  Salivary Gland    4.6   NA  Heart    6.275   29.375  Trachea    NA   NA  VirginFemale Spermatheca    3.5   NA  InseminatedFemale Spermatheca    2.2   NA  Ovary    61.9   NA  Testis    152.5   NA  Male Accessory Gland    0.7   25.25  Carcass    5 FlyAtlas Anatomical Expression Data (Chintapalli et al., 2007)
modENCODE Anatomy RNA-Seq
modENCODE Tissue Expression Data (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_tissues)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No/Extremely low expression (0 - 0)   Very low expression (1 - 3)   Low expression (4 - 10)   Moderate expression (11 - 25)   Moderately high expression (26 - 50)   High expression (51 - 100)   Very high expression (101 - 1000)   Extremely high expression (>1000) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    30 central nervous system, larvae L3    14 central nervous system, pupae P8    4 head, virgin 1-day female    2 head, virgin 4-day female    3 head, virgin 20-day female    1 head, mated 1-day female    2 head, mated 4-day female    1 head, mated 20-day female    1 head, mated 1-day male    3 head, mated 4-day male    2 head, mated 20-day male    4 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    1 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    2 digestive system, 1-day adult    2 digestive system, 4-day adult    2 digestive system, 20-day adult    2 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    1 fat body, white prepupae    6 fat body, pupae P8    8 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    14 carcass, 1-day adult    1 carcass, 4-day adult    2 carcass, 20-day adult    2 ovary, virgin 4-day female    22 ovary, mated 4-day female    21 testis, mated 4-day male    21 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    4 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering  (30) central nervous system, larvae L3    14 central nervous system, pupae P8    4 head, virgin 1-day female    2 head, virgin 4-day female    3 head, virgin 20-day female    1 head, mated 1-day female    2 head, mated 4-day female    1 head, mated 20-day female    1 head, mated 1-day male    3 head, mated 4-day male    2 head, mated 20-day male    4 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    1 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    2 digestive system, 1-day adult    2 digestive system, 4-day adult    2 digestive system, 20-day adult    2 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    1 fat body, white prepupae    6 fat body, pupae P8    8 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    14 carcass, 1-day adult    1 carcass, 4-day adult    2 carcass, 20-day adult    2 ovary, virgin 4-day female    22 ovary, mated 4-day female    21 testis, mated 4-day male    21 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    4 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    30 central nervous system, larvae L3    14 central nervous system, pupae P8    4 head, virgin 1-day female    2 head, virgin 4-day female    3 head, virgin 20-day female    1 head, mated 1-day female    2 head, mated 4-day female    1 head, mated 20-day female    1 head, mated 1-day male    3 head, mated 4-day male    2 head, mated 20-day male    4 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    1 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    2 digestive system, 1-day adult    2 digestive system, 4-day adult    2 digestive system, 20-day adult    2 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    1 fat body, white prepupae    6 fat body, pupae P8    8 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    14 carcass, 1-day adult    1 carcass, 4-day adult    2 carcass, 20-day adult    2 ovary, virgin 4-day female    22 ovary, mated 4-day female    21 testis, mated 4-day male    21 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    4 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    30 central nervous system, larvae L3    14 central nervous system, pupae P8    4 head, virgin 1-day female    2 head, virgin 4-day female    3 head, virgin 20-day female    1 head, mated 1-day female    2 head, mated 4-day female    1 head, mated 20-day female    1 head, mated 1-day male    3 head, mated 4-day male    2 head, mated 20-day male    4 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    1 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    2 digestive system, 1-day adult    2 digestive system, 4-day adult    2 digestive system, 20-day adult    2 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    1 fat body, white prepupae    6 fat body, pupae P8    8 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    14 carcass, 1-day adult    1 carcass, 4-day adult    2 carcass, 20-day adult    2 ovary, virgin 4-day female    22 ovary, mated 4-day female    21 testis, mated 4-day male    21 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    4 Expression Level Scale  Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    30 central nervous system, larvae L3    14 central nervous system, pupae P8    4 head, virgin 1-day female    2 head, virgin 4-day female    3 head, virgin 20-day female    1 head, mated 1-day female    2 head, mated 4-day female    1 head, mated 20-day female    1 head, mated 1-day male    3 head, mated 4-day male    2 head, mated 20-day male    4 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    1 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    2 digestive system, 1-day adult    2 digestive system, 4-day adult    2 digestive system, 20-day adult    2 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    1 fat body, white prepupae    6 fat body, pupae P8    8 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    14 carcass, 1-day adult    1 carcass, 4-day adult    2 carcass, 20-day adult    2 ovary, virgin 4-day female    22 ovary, mated 4-day female    21 testis, mated 4-day male    21 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    4 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to Moderate expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering  30 central nervous system, larvae L3    14 central nervous system, pupae P8    4 head, virgin 1-day female    2 head, virgin 4-day female    3 head, virgin 20-day female    1 head, mated 1-day female    2 head, mated 4-day female    1 head, mated 20-day female    1 head, mated 1-day male    3 head, mated 4-day male    2 head, mated 20-day male    4 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    1 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    2 digestive system, 1-day adult    2 digestive system, 4-day adult    2 digestive system, 20-day adult    2 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    1 fat body, white prepupae    6 fat body, pupae P8    8 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    14 carcass, 1-day adult    1 carcass, 4-day adult    2 carcass, 20-day adult    2 ovary, virgin 4-day female    22 ovary, mated 4-day female    21 testis, mated 4-day male    21 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    4 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    30 central nervous system, larvae L3    14 central nervous system, pupae P8    4 head, virgin 1-day female    2 head, virgin 4-day female    3 head, virgin 20-day female    1 head, mated 1-day female    2 head, mated 4-day female    1 head, mated 20-day female    1 head, mated 1-day male    3 head, mated 4-day male    2 head, mated 20-day male    4 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    1 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    2 digestive system, 1-day adult    2 digestive system, 4-day adult    2 digestive system, 20-day adult    2 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    1 fat body, white prepupae    6 fat body, pupae P8    8 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    14 carcass, 1-day adult    1 carcass, 4-day adult    2 carcass, 20-day adult    2 ovary, virgin 4-day female    22 ovary, mated 4-day female    21 testis, mated 4-day male    21 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    4 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering    30 central nervous system, larvae L3    14 central nervous system, pupae P8    4 head, virgin 1-day female    2 head, virgin 4-day female    3 head, virgin 20-day female    1 head, mated 1-day female    2 head, mated 4-day female    1 head, mated 20-day female    1 head, mated 1-day male    3 head, mated 4-day male    2 head, mated 20-day male    4 salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering    0 salivary gland, white prepupae    1 digestive system, larvae L3 wandering    2 digestive system, 1-day adult    2 digestive system, 4-day adult    2 digestive system, 20-day adult    2 fat body, larvae L3 wandering    1 fat body, white prepupae    6 fat body, pupae P8    8 carcass, larvae L3 wandering    14 carcass, 1-day adult    1 carcass, 4-day adult    2 carcass, 20-day adult    2 ovary, virgin 4-day female    22 ovary, mated 4-day female    21 testis, mated 4-day male    21 accessory gland, mated 4-day male    4 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Tissue   Expression Level imaginal disc, larvae L3 wandering     central nervous system, larvae L3     central nervous system, pupae P8     head, virgin 1-day female     head, virgin 4-day female     head, virgin 20-day female     head, mated 1-day female     head, mated 4-day female     head, mated 20-day female     head, mated 1-day male     head, mated 4-day male     head, mated 20-day male     salivary gland, larvae L3 wandering     salivary gland, white prepupae     digestive system, larvae L3 wandering     digestive system, 1-day adult     digestive system, 4-day adult     digestive system, 20-day adult     fat body, larvae L3 wandering     fat body, white prepupae     fat body, pupae P8     carcass, larvae L3 wandering     carcass, 1-day adult     carcass, 4-day adult     carcass, 20-day adult     ovary, virgin 4-day female     ovary, mated 4-day female     testis, mated 4-day male     accessory gland, mated 4-day male
modENCODE Development RNA-Seq
modENCODE Temporal Expression Data (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_U)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max Summary of modENCODE Temporal Expression Profile: Temporal profile ranges from a peak of moderately high expression to a trough of low expression. Peak expression observed within 00-12 hour embryonic stages. [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No/Extremely low expression (0 - 0)   Very low expression (1 - 3)   Low expression (4 - 10)   Moderate expression (11 - 25)   Moderately high expression (26 - 50)   High expression (51 - 100)   Very high expression (101 - 1000)   Extremely high expression (>1000) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    20 embryo 02-04hr    33 embryo 04-06hr    45 embryo 06-08hr    29 embryo 08-10hr    22 embryo 10-12hr    9 embryo 12-14hr    9 embryo 14-16hr    7 embryo 16-18hr    6 embryo 18-20hr    5 embryo 20-22hr    11 embryo 22-24hr    10 larva L1    2 larva L2    2 larva L3 12hr old    2 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    5 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    8 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    9 white prepupae new    8 white prepupae 12hr    12 white prepupae 24hr    14 pupae 2d postWPP    10 pupae 3d postWPP    5 pupae 4d postWPP    4 adult male 01day    8 adult male 05day    11 adult male 30day    9 adult female 01day    5 adult female 05day    10 adult female 30day    10 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    20 embryo 02-04hr  (33) embryo 04-06hr  (45) embryo 06-08hr  (29) embryo 08-10hr    22 embryo 10-12hr    9 embryo 12-14hr    9 embryo 14-16hr    7 embryo 16-18hr    6 embryo 18-20hr    5 embryo 20-22hr    11 embryo 22-24hr    10 larva L1    2 larva L2    2 larva L3 12hr old    2 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    5 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    8 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    9 white prepupae new    8 white prepupae 12hr    12 white prepupae 24hr    14 pupae 2d postWPP    10 pupae 3d postWPP    5 pupae 4d postWPP    4 adult male 01day    8 adult male 05day    11 adult male 30day    9 adult female 01day    5 adult female 05day    10 adult female 30day    10 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    20 embryo 02-04hr    33 embryo 04-06hr    45 embryo 06-08hr    29 embryo 08-10hr    22 embryo 10-12hr    9 embryo 12-14hr    9 embryo 14-16hr    7 embryo 16-18hr    6 embryo 18-20hr    5 embryo 20-22hr    11 embryo 22-24hr    10 larva L1    2 larva L2    2 larva L3 12hr old    2 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    5 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    8 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    9 white prepupae new    8 white prepupae 12hr    12 white prepupae 24hr    14 pupae 2d postWPP    10 pupae 3d postWPP    5 pupae 4d postWPP    4 adult male 01day    8 adult male 05day    11 adult male 30day    9 adult female 01day    5 adult female 05day    10 adult female 30day    10 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    20 embryo 02-04hr    33 embryo 04-06hr    45 embryo 06-08hr    29 embryo 08-10hr    22 embryo 10-12hr    9 embryo 12-14hr    9 embryo 14-16hr    7 embryo 16-18hr    6 embryo 18-20hr    5 embryo 20-22hr    11 embryo 22-24hr    10 larva L1    2 larva L2    2 larva L3 12hr old    2 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    5 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    8 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    9 white prepupae new    8 white prepupae 12hr    12 white prepupae 24hr    14 pupae 2d postWPP    10 pupae 3d postWPP    5 pupae 4d postWPP    4 adult male 01day    8 adult male 05day    11 adult male 30day    9 adult female 01day    5 adult female 05day    10 adult female 30day    10 Expression Level Scale  Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    20 embryo 02-04hr    33 embryo 04-06hr    45 embryo 06-08hr    29 embryo 08-10hr    22 embryo 10-12hr    9 embryo 12-14hr    9 embryo 14-16hr    7 embryo 16-18hr    6 embryo 18-20hr    5 embryo 20-22hr    11 embryo 22-24hr    10 larva L1    2 larva L2    2 larva L3 12hr old    2 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    5 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    8 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    9 white prepupae new    8 white prepupae 12hr    12 white prepupae 24hr    14 pupae 2d postWPP    10 pupae 3d postWPP    5 pupae 4d postWPP    4 adult male 01day    8 adult male 05day    11 adult male 30day    9 adult female 01day    5 adult female 05day    10 adult female 30day    10 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High  log, scaled to Moderate expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    20 embryo 02-04hr  (33) embryo 04-06hr  (45) embryo 06-08hr  29 embryo 08-10hr    22 embryo 10-12hr    9 embryo 12-14hr    9 embryo 14-16hr    7 embryo 16-18hr    6 embryo 18-20hr    5 embryo 20-22hr    11 embryo 22-24hr    10 larva L1    2 larva L2    2 larva L3 12hr old    2 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    5 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    8 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    9 white prepupae new    8 white prepupae 12hr    12 white prepupae 24hr    14 pupae 2d postWPP    10 pupae 3d postWPP    5 pupae 4d postWPP    4 adult male 01day    8 adult male 05day    11 adult male 30day    9 adult female 01day    5 adult female 05day    10 adult female 30day    10 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    20 embryo 02-04hr    33 embryo 04-06hr    45 embryo 06-08hr    29 embryo 08-10hr    22 embryo 10-12hr    9 embryo 12-14hr    9 embryo 14-16hr    7 embryo 16-18hr    6 embryo 18-20hr    5 embryo 20-22hr    11 embryo 22-24hr    10 larva L1    2 larva L2    2 larva L3 12hr old    2 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    5 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    8 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    9 white prepupae new    8 white prepupae 12hr    12 white prepupae 24hr    14 pupae 2d postWPP    10 pupae 3d postWPP    5 pupae 4d postWPP    4 adult male 01day    8 adult male 05day    11 adult male 30day    9 adult female 01day    5 adult female 05day    10 adult female 30day    10 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr    20 embryo 02-04hr    33 embryo 04-06hr    45 embryo 06-08hr    29 embryo 08-10hr    22 embryo 10-12hr    9 embryo 12-14hr    9 embryo 14-16hr    7 embryo 16-18hr    6 embryo 18-20hr    5 embryo 20-22hr    11 embryo 22-24hr    10 larva L1    2 larva L2    2 larva L3 12hr old    2 larva L3 puffstage 1-2    5 larva L3 puffstage 3-6    8 larva L3 puffstage 7-9    9 white prepupae new    8 white prepupae 12hr    12 white prepupae 24hr    14 pupae 2d postWPP    10 pupae 3d postWPP    5 pupae 4d postWPP    4 adult male 01day    8 adult male 05day    11 adult male 30day    9 adult female 01day    5 adult female 05day    10 adult female 30day    10 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Developmental Stage   Expression Level embryo 00-02hr     embryo 02-04hr     embryo 04-06hr     embryo 06-08hr     embryo 08-10hr     embryo 10-12hr     embryo 12-14hr     embryo 14-16hr     embryo 16-18hr     embryo 18-20hr     embryo 20-22hr     embryo 22-24hr     larva L1     larva L2     larva L3 12hr old     larva L3 puffstage 1-2     larva L3 puffstage 3-6     larva L3 puffstage 7-9     white prepupae new     white prepupae 12hr     white prepupae 24hr     pupae 2d postWPP     pupae 3d postWPP     pupae 4d postWPP     adult male 01day     adult male 05day     adult male 30day     adult female 01day     adult female 05day     adult female 30day     modENCODE Temporal Expression Data (Graveley et al., 2011)
modENCODE Cell Lines RNA-Seq
modENCODE Cell Line Expression Data (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_cell.A) (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_cell.B)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No/Extremely low expression (0 - 0)   Very low expression (1 - 3)   Low expression (4 - 10)   Moderate expression (11 - 25)   Moderately high expression (26 - 50)   High expression (51 - 100)   Very high expression (101 - 1000)   Extremely high expression (>1000) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    16 Schneider line 2 Sg4    14 embryonic 1182-4H    19 embryonic GM2    15 embryonic Kc167    12 embryonic S1    20 embryonic S3    20 leg disc CME L1    15 wing disc CME-W2    21 wing disc ML-DmD8    16 wing disc ML-DmD9    22 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    22 wing disc ML-DmD21    20 wing disc ML-DmD32    18 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    48 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    21 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    14 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    21 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    17 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    18 tumorous blood cells mbn2    10 ovary fGS/OSS    35 ovary OSC    42 ovary OSS    17 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    16 Schneider line 2 Sg4    14 embryonic 1182-4H    19 embryonic GM2    15 embryonic Kc167    12 embryonic S1    20 embryonic S3    20 leg disc CME L1    15 wing disc CME-W2    21 wing disc ML-DmD8    16 wing disc ML-DmD9    22 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    22 wing disc ML-DmD21    20 wing disc ML-DmD32    18 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3  (48) eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    21 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    14 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    21 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    17 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    18 tumorous blood cells mbn2    10 ovary fGS/OSS  (35) ovary OSC  (42) ovary OSS    17 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    16 Schneider line 2 Sg4    14 embryonic 1182-4H    19 embryonic GM2    15 embryonic Kc167    12 embryonic S1    20 embryonic S3    20 leg disc CME L1    15 wing disc CME-W2    21 wing disc ML-DmD8    16 wing disc ML-DmD9    22 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    22 wing disc ML-DmD21    20 wing disc ML-DmD32    18 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    48 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    21 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    14 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    21 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    17 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    18 tumorous blood cells mbn2    10 ovary fGS/OSS    35 ovary OSC    42 ovary OSS    17 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    16 Schneider line 2 Sg4    14 embryonic 1182-4H    19 embryonic GM2    15 embryonic Kc167    12 embryonic S1    20 embryonic S3    20 leg disc CME L1    15 wing disc CME-W2    21 wing disc ML-DmD8    16 wing disc ML-DmD9    22 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    22 wing disc ML-DmD21    20 wing disc ML-DmD32    18 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    48 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    21 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    14 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    21 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    17 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    18 tumorous blood cells mbn2    10 ovary fGS/OSS    35 ovary OSC    42 ovary OSS    17 Expression Level Scale  Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    16 Schneider line 2 Sg4    14 embryonic 1182-4H    19 embryonic GM2    15 embryonic Kc167    12 embryonic S1    20 embryonic S3    20 leg disc CME L1    15 wing disc CME-W2    21 wing disc ML-DmD8    16 wing disc ML-DmD9    22 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    22 wing disc ML-DmD21    20 wing disc ML-DmD32    18 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    48 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    21 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    14 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    21 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    17 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    18 tumorous blood cells mbn2    10 ovary fGS/OSS    35 ovary OSC    42 ovary OSS    17 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High  log, scaled to Moderate expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    16 Schneider line 2 Sg4    14 embryonic 1182-4H    19 embryonic GM2    15 embryonic Kc167    12 embryonic S1    20 embryonic S3    20 leg disc CME L1    15 wing disc CME-W2    21 wing disc ML-DmD8    16 wing disc ML-DmD9    22 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    22 wing disc ML-DmD21    20 wing disc ML-DmD32    18 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3  (48) eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    21 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    14 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    21 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    17 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    18 tumorous blood cells mbn2    10 ovary fGS/OSS  (35) ovary OSC  (42) ovary OSS    17 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    16 Schneider line 2 Sg4    14 embryonic 1182-4H    19 embryonic GM2    15 embryonic Kc167    12 embryonic S1    20 embryonic S3    20 leg disc CME L1    15 wing disc CME-W2    21 wing disc ML-DmD8    16 wing disc ML-DmD9    22 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    22 wing disc ML-DmD21    20 wing disc ML-DmD32    18 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    48 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    21 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    14 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    21 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    17 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    18 tumorous blood cells mbn2    10 ovary fGS/OSS    35 ovary OSC    42 ovary OSS    17 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+    16 Schneider line 2 Sg4    14 embryonic 1182-4H    19 embryonic GM2    15 embryonic Kc167    12 embryonic S1    20 embryonic S3    20 leg disc CME L1    15 wing disc CME-W2    21 wing disc ML-DmD8    16 wing disc ML-DmD9    22 wing disc ML-DmD16-c3    22 wing disc ML-DmD21    20 wing disc ML-DmD32    18 haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3    48 eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11    21 antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5    14 mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1    21 CNS ML-DmBG1-c1    17 CNS ML-DmBG2-c2    18 tumorous blood cells mbn2    10 ovary fGS/OSS    35 ovary OSC    42 ovary OSS    17 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Cell Line   Expression Level Schneider line 2 S2R+     Schneider line 2 Sg4     embryonic 1182-4H     embryonic GM2     embryonic Kc167     embryonic S1     embryonic S3     leg disc CME L1     wing disc CME-W2     wing disc ML-DmD8     wing disc ML-DmD9     wing disc ML-DmD16-c3     wing disc ML-DmD21     wing disc ML-DmD32     haltere disc ML-DmD17-c3     eye-antennal disc ML-DmD11     antennal disc ML-DmD20-c5     mixed discs ML-DmD4-c1     CNS ML-DmBG1-c1     CNS ML-DmBG2-c2     tumorous blood cells mbn2     ovary fGS/OSS     ovary OSC     ovary OSS
modENCODE Treatments RNA-Seq
modENCODE Treatment Expression Data (modENCODE_mRNA-Seq_treatments)    Styles Linear Logarithmic Heatmap    Scales gene max expression Moderate expression bin max High expression bin max Extremely high expression bin max [download data (TSV)] Guide to modENCODE expression level colors   No/Extremely low expression (0 - 0)   Very low expression (1 - 3)   Low expression (4 - 10)   Moderate expression (11 - 25)   Moderately high expression (26 - 50)   High expression (51 - 100)   Very high expression (101 - 1000)   Extremely high expression (>1000) Linear, scaled to maximum expression level Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    5 cold shock, 4-day adult    5 heat shock, 4-day adult    6 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    3 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    5 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    7 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    17 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    6 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    15 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    5 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    10 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    13 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    5 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    2 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    5 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    13 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    4 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    11 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    11 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    3 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate  Linear, scaled to Moderate expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    5 cold shock, 4-day adult    5 heat shock, 4-day adult    6 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    3 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    5 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    7 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    17 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    6 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    15 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    5 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    10 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    13 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    5 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    2 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    5 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    13 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    4 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    11 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    11 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    3 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  Linear, scaled to High expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    5 cold shock, 4-day adult    5 heat shock, 4-day adult    6 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    3 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    5 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    7 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    17 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    6 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    15 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    5 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    10 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    13 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    5 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    2 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    5 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    13 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    4 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    11 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    11 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    3 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  Linear, scaled to Extremely high expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    5 cold shock, 4-day adult    5 heat shock, 4-day adult    6 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    3 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    5 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    7 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    17 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    6 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    15 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    5 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    10 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    13 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    5 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    2 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    5 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    13 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    4 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    11 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    11 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    3 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Expression Level Scale  Extremely high  log, scaled to maximum expression level Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    5 cold shock, 4-day adult    5 heat shock, 4-day adult    6 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    3 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    5 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    7 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    17 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    6 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    15 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    5 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    10 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    13 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    5 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    2 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    5 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    13 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    4 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    11 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    11 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    3 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate  log, scaled to Moderate expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    5 cold shock, 4-day adult    5 heat shock, 4-day adult    6 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    3 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    5 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    7 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    17 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    6 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    15 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    5 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    10 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    13 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    5 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    2 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    5 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    13 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    4 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    11 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    11 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    3 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high  log, scaled to High expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    5 cold shock, 4-day adult    5 heat shock, 4-day adult    6 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    3 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    5 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    7 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    17 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    6 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    15 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    5 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    10 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    13 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    5 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    2 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    5 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    13 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    4 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    11 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    11 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    3 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high  log, scaled to Extremely high expression Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult    5 cold shock, 4-day adult    5 heat shock, 4-day adult    6 Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3    3 Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    5 Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    7 Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    17 Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    6 Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    15 Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3    5 Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    10 Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    13 Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3    5 Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3    2 Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3    5 Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    13 Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult    4 Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    11 Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult    11 Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    3 Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3    1 Expression Level Scale  Very low   Low   Moderate   Moderately high   High   Very high   Extremely high  Heatmap Treatment   Expression Level extended cold, 4-day adult     cold shock, 4-day adult     heat shock, 4-day adult     Cadmium 50 mM 6 hrs, larvae L3     Cadmium 50 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3     Cadmium 50 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Cadmium 100 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Copper 0.5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3     Copper 15 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Zinc 5 mM 12 hrs, larvae L3     Zinc 4.5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Ethanol 2.5% 3 hrs, larvae L3     Ethanol 5% 3 hrs, larvae L3     Ethanol 10% 3 hrs, larvae L3     Caffeine 1.5 mg/ml 4 hrs, larvae L3     Caffeine 2.5 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Caffeine 25 mg/ml 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Paraquat 5 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Paraquat 10 mM 48 hrs, 4-day adult     Rotenone 2 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3     Rotenone 8 μg 12 hrs, larvae L3
Expression Clusters
	A cluster of genes with similar mRNA expression dynamics across development. (The modENCODE Consortium, 2010, Graveley et al., 2011) mE2_34_mRNA_expression_cluster_30 mE1_20_mRNA_expression_cluster_05
External Data & Images
Linkouts	BDGP expression data • LD35990 FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies • FBgn0036480 FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array • CG17081-RA
Alleles & Phenotypes
Summary of Allele Phenotypes
Lethality Allele viable Cep135c04199 viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237 Cep135GD6121 viable (with Df(3L)Brd15) Cep135c04199 Sterility Allele female fertile Cep135c04199 Cep135f01951 female fertile (with Cep135c04199) Cep135f01951 female fertile (with Cep135f01951) Cep135c04199 male sterile Cep135c04199 male sterile (with Cep135c04199) Cep135f01951 male sterile (with Cep135f01951) Cep135c04199 male sterile (with Df(3L)Brd15) Cep135c04199 male sterile (with Df(3L)ED218) Cep135c04199 male sterile | recessive Cep135c04199 Cep135f01951 Other Phenotypes Allele meiotic cell cycle defective | male (with Df(3L)Brd15) Cep135c04199 visible, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237 Cep135GD6121 Phenotype manifest in Allele centriole (with Df(3L)Brd15) Cep135c04199 centriole (with Df(3L)ED218) Cep135c04199 chaeta, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237 Cep135GD6121 spermatid axoneme Cep135c04199 spermatid axoneme (with Df(3L)Brd15) Cep135c04199 spermatozoon Cep135c04199 Cep135f01951 spermatozoon (with Cep135c04199) Cep135f01951 spermatozoon (with Cep135f01951) Cep135c04199
Classical Alleles ( 4 )
For All Classical Alleles Show
Allele of Cep135 Class Mutagen Stocks Known lesion Cep135c04199 piggyBac transposase 1 Yes Cep135f01951 1 Yes Cep135MB04996 1 Yes Cep135MI02509 1 --
Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs ( 7 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Allele of Cep135 Class Mutagen Stocks Known lesion Cep135GD6121 in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 2 Yes Cep135NIG.17081R in vitro construct - RNAi in vitro construct - regulatory fusion 0 Yes Cep135Scer\UAS.P\T.T:Avic\GFP-EGFP in vitro construct - regulatory fusion in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes Cep135Scer\UAS.P\T.T:Avic\GFP in vitro construct - regulatory fusion in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes Cep135T:Avic\GFP in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes Cep135Ubi-p63E.T:Avic\GFP in vitro construct - regulatory fusion in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes Cep135ΔN.Ubi-p63E.T:Avic\GFP in vitro construct - regulatory fusion in vitro construct - coding region fusion 0 Yes
Aneuploid Aberrations
Disrupted in	Df(3L)Exel6262 (Ryder, 2004.4.26)
Transgenic Constructs & Insertions
Transgenic Constructs
	Type of construct Name Expression data UAS construct P{NIG.17081R} NA P{UASp-bld10.GFP} NA P{UASp-GFP-Cep135} NA characterization construct P{Cep135-GFP.B} NA P{Ubi-p63E-GFP-Cep135.ΔN} NA P{Ubi-p63E-GFP-Cep135} NA
Insertions
	Type of insertions Name Expression data miscellaneous insertions Mi{MIC}Cep135MI02509 NA PBac{PB}Cep135c04199 NA PBac{WH}CG16959f01951 NA insertion of enhancer trap binary system Mi{ET1}Cep135MB04996 No
Gene Ontology: Function, Process & Cellular Component ( 10 unique terms )
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence ( 10 terms )
Molecular Function
CV term Evidence References
microtubule binding inferred from direct assay (Carvalho-Santos et al., 2012)
Biological Process
CV term Evidence References
centriole replication inferred from mutant phenotype (Dobbelaere et al., 2008) centrosome organization inferred from mutant phenotype (Blachon et al., 2009) lateral inhibition inferred from mutant phenotype (Mummery-Widmer et al., 2009) microtubule basal body organization inferred from mutant phenotype (Mottier-Pavie and Megraw, 2009) negative regulation of microtubule depolymerization inferred from mutant phenotype (Carvalho-Santos et al., 2012) sperm axoneme assembly inferred from mutant phenotype (Mottier-Pavie and Megraw, 2009, Carvalho-Santos et al., 2012, Carvalho-Santos et al., 2010)
Cellular Component
CV term Evidence References
centriole inferred from direct assay (Mottier-Pavie and Megraw, 2009, Blachon et al., 2009, Dobbelaere et al., 2008) centrosome inferred from direct assay (Mottier-Pavie and Megraw, 2009, Carvalho-Santos et al., 2010) microtubule basal body inferred from direct assay (Mottier-Pavie and Megraw, 2009)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions ( 0 terms )
Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
	nuclear_gene   protein_coding_gene
Interactions & Pathways
Summary of Physical Interactions
Summary of Genetic Interactions
Interacts with	Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions Cep135 allele Gene References
External Data
Linkouts	BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions • 64969 DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions. • FBgn0036480 InterologFinder Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets. • 39647
Orthologs
OrthoDB Orthologs (30) - based on analysis using Dmel annotation version 5.41
OrthoDB Ortholog Groups
	OrthoDB orthology group searches (Waterhouse et al., 2011, Nucleic Acids Res. 39(Database issue): D283--D288) Drosophila inclusive ortholog search EOG64BBMM Dipteran inclusive ortholog search EOG6BK5BX Insect inclusive ortholog search EOG6P2NXB Arthropod inclusive ortholog search No orthologs identified Metazoa inclusive ortholog search No orthologs identified
Orthologs in Drosophila Species (EOG64BBMM)
Organism Common Name Gene AAA Syntenic Ortholog Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Drosophila melanogaster fruit fly  Dmel\Cep135     Drosophila simulans   Dsim\GD14526 Y   Drosophila sechellia   Dsec\GM25508 Y   Drosophila erecta   Dere\GG15721 Y   Drosophila yakuba   Dyak\GE22052 Y   Drosophila ananassae   Dana\GF23686 Y   Drosophila pseudoobscura pseudoobscura   Dpse\GA14315 Y   Drosophila persimilis   Dper\GL24729 Y   Drosophila willistoni   Dwil\GK20399 Y   Drosophila virilis   Dvir\GJ13725 Y   Drosophila mojavensis   Dmoj\GI13936 Y   Drosophila grimshawi   Dgri\GH14831 Y
Orthologs in non-Drosophila Dipterans (EOG6BK5BX)
Organism Common Name Gene Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Aedes aegypti Yellow fever mosquito  Aaeg\AAEL006340   Anopheles gambiae Malaria mosquito  Agam\AGAP010985   Culex quinquefasciatus Southern house mosquito  Cqui\CPIJ011006   Culex quinquefasciatus Southern house mosquito  Cqui\CPIJ017858   Culex quinquefasciatus Southern house mosquito  Cqui\CPIJ011004
Orthologs in non-Dipteran Insects (EOG6P2NXB)
Organism Common Name Gene Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group Apis mellifera Western honey bee  Amel\GB45479   Nasonia vitripennis Parasitic wasp  Nvit\Nasvi2EG007287   Acromyrmex echinatior Panamanian leafcutter ant  Aech\AECH24984   Atta cephalotes Leafcutter ant  Acep\ACEP25964   Camponotus floridanus Florida carpenter ant  Cflo\CFLO18946   Harpegnathos saltator Jerdons jumping ant  Hsal\HSAL17807   Linepithema humile Argentine ant  Lhum\LH21738   Pogonomyrmex barbatus Red harvester ant  Pbar\PB12554   Solenopsis invicta Red fire ant  Sinv\SINV17476   Acyrthosiphon pisum Pea aphid  Apim\ACYPI004861   Bombyx mori Silkmoth  Bmor\BGIBMGA011821   Pediculus humanus Human body louse  Phum\PHUM055770   Tribolium castaneum Red flour beetle  Tcas\GLEAN_08178
Orthologs in non-Insect Arthropods (None identified)
No non-Insect Arthropod orthologies identified
Orthologs in non-Arthropod Metazoa (None identified)
No non-Arthropod Metazoa orthologies identified
Human Orthologs (0)
Gene OMIM HGNC
AAA Orthologs (11) based on analysis using Dmel annotation version 4.3
Organism Gene Drosophila simulans Dsim\GD14526 Drosophila sechellia Dsec\GM25508 Drosophila erecta Dere\GG15721 Drosophila yakuba Dyak\GE22052 Drosophila ananassae Dana\GF23686 Drosophila pseudoobscura pseudoobscura Dpse\GA14315 Drosophila persimilis Dper\GL24729 Drosophila willistoni Dwil\GK20399 Drosophila virilis Dvir\GJ13725 Drosophila mojavensis Dmoj\GI13936 Drosophila grimshawi Dgri\GH14831
Stocks & Reagents
Stocks Listed in FlyBase ( 6 )
Bloomington	24738 w1118; Mi{ET1}Cep135MB04996 CG16959MB04996/TM6C, cu1 Sb1 35993 y1 w*; Mi{MIC}Cep135MI02509 CG16959MI02509/TM3, Sb1 Ser1
Harvard	- PBac{PB}Cep135c04199 - PBac{WH}CG16959f01951
VDRC	v14194 w1118; P{GD6121}v14194 v14195 w1118; P{GD6121}v14195
Genomic Clones ( 2 )
	BACR03G06 BACR18G16 Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete
cDNA Clones ( 22 )
	Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see GBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.
cDNA Clones, Fully Sequenced
BDGP DGC clones	LD35990
Other clones
cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
BDGP DGC clones	AT07924 AT18070 AT24695 AT26734 LD10063 LD11614 LD33127 RE25582 RE35409 RE36267 RE37554 RE40888 RE61593 SD04924
Other clones	48510 104570 161893 AT01034 EK131307 EK172854 RP004150525
RNAi & Array Information
Linkouts	DRSC - Results from RNAi screens. • FBgn0036480 GenomeRNAi - GenomeRNAi – A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents • 39647
Antibody Information
	polyclonal (Roque et al., 2012, Carvalho-Santos et al., 2012, Mottier-Pavie and Megraw, 2009)
Other Information
Discoverer
Etymology
Identification
Relationship to Other Genes
Source for database identity of	Source for identity of: Cep135 CG17081 (Dobbelaere et al., 2008)
Source for database merge of
Additional comments
Other Comments
	Cep135 is required for the early steps of central microtubule pair formation in the flagellar axoneme during spermatogenesis. (Carvalho-Santos et al., 2012) Cep135 regulates centriole, basal body and motile cilium assembly. (Mottier-Pavie and Megraw, 2009) Cep135 is involved in centriole duplication and is required for efficient recruitment of pericentriolar material. (Dobbelaere et al., 2008)
External Crossreferences & Linkouts
Sequence Crossreferences
	RefSeq (Transcripts) • NM_140492 NM_001202179 NM_001274940 RefSeq (Proteins) • NP_648749 NP_001189108 NP_001261869 DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank • AAF49663 AAK93287 ADV37544 AGB94562 AI456135 AW943312 AY051863 CZ469066 Entrez Gene - A searchable database of RefSeq genes. • 39647 UniProtKB/TrEMBL • Q960T6
Other Crossreferences
	BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis • LD35990
Linkouts
	BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions • 64969 DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions. • FBgn0036480 DRSC - Results from RNAi screens. • FBgn0036480 FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies • FBgn0036480 FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array • CG17081-RA FlyMine - Integrated genomics database for Drosophila, Anopheles, and C.elegans • FBgn0036480 GenomeRNAi - GenomeRNAi – A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents • 39647 InterologFinder Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets. • 39647 modMine - Data generated by the modENCODE project. • FBgn0036480
Synonyms & Secondary IDs ( 10 )
Reported As
Symbol Synonym	bld10 (Mottier-Pavie and Megraw, 2009, Blachon et al., 2009) Bld10 (Nguyen et al., 2011, Dzhindzhev et al., 2010, Carvalho-Santos et al., 2012) Bld10p (Blachon et al., 2009) Cep135 (Blachon et al., 2008, Wasbrough et al., 2010, Wasbrough et al., 2010) CEP135 (Carvalho-Santos et al., 2010) CG17081 (Dobbelaere et al., 2008, Mottier-Pavie and Megraw, 2009, Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21) dbld10 (Blachon et al., 2008, Blachon et al., 2009) DCep135 (Dobbelaere et al., 2008, Stevens et al., 2010) DCep135/Bld10 (Stevens et al., 2010) DmBLD10 (Carvalho-Santos et al., 2010)
Name Synonym	Cep135 (Wasbrough et al., 2010) CG17081
Secondary FlyBase IDs
References ( 29 )
Generate a list of	All references relating to this gene ( 29 )
List References by type	Research paper  ( 12 ) Supplementary material  ( 5 ) Personal communication to FlyBase  ( 7 ) FlyBase analysis  ( 1 ) Stock list  ( 1 ) Website  ( 1 ) Curated genome annotation  ( 1 ) DNA/RNA sequence record  ( 1 )
Recent research papers ( 4 )
	Carvalho-Santos et al., 2012, Dev. Cell 23(2): 412--424 BLD10/CEP135 Is a Microtubule-Associated Protein that Controls the Formation of the Flagellum Central Microtubule Pair. [FBrf0219225] Fu and Glover, 2012, Open Biol. 2(8): 120104 Structured illumination of the interface between centriole and peri-centriolar material. [FBrf0219444] Roque et al., 2012, J. Cell Sci. 125(23): 5881--5886 Drosophila Cep135/Bld10 maintains proper centriole structure but is dispensable for cartwheel formation. [FBrf0220865] Nguyen et al., 2011, Neural Dev. 6: 38 Microtubules are organized independently of the centrosome in Drosophila neurons. [FBrf0217384] Show all research papers ...