FB2025_02 , released April 17, 2025
Gene: Dmel\spas
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\spas
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
spastin
Annotation Symbol
CG5977
Feature Type
FlyBase ID
FBgn0039141
Gene Model Status
Stock Availability
Enzyme Name (EC)
microtubule-severing ATPase (5.6.1.1)
Gene Summary
spastin (spas) encodes a member of the AAA ATPase family that assembles into hexamers and severs microtubules along their lengths. The microtubule binding and severing activities of the product of spas are dependent upon tubulin glutamylation levels. Its proposed roles include mitosis, axon transport, synapse formation, dendrite arborization, organelle tubulation, and lipid droplet metabolism. [Date last reviewed: 2018-11-08] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
Also Known As

Dspastin, D-spastin

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-82
RefSeq locus
NT_033777 REGION:24038215..24042982
Sequence
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (28 terms)
Molecular Function (6 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from direct assay
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from direct assay
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:Q9VC57
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (4 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
non-traceable author statement
enables ATP binding
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR003959, InterPro:IPR003960
Biological Process (15 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (15 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in hemocyte migration
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from direct assay
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from direct assay
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from direct assay
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Cellular Component (7 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (7 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in centrosome
inferred from direct assay
located_in chromosome
inferred from direct assay
inferred from direct assay
inferred from direct assay
colocalizes_with synaptic vesicle
inferred from direct assay
located_in terminal bouton
inferred from direct assay
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000553602
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the AAA ATPase family. Spastin subfamily. (Q8I0P1)
Catalytic Activity (EC/Rhea)
microtubule severing ATPase activity
n ATP + n H2O + a microtubule = n ADP + n phosphate + (n+1) alpha/beta tubulin heterodimers (5.6.1.1)
ATP hydrolysis activity
RHEA 13065:
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
spastin (spas) encodes a member of the AAA ATPase family that assembles into hexamers and severs microtubules along their lengths. The microtubule binding and severing activities of the product of spas are dependent upon tubulin glutamylation levels. Its proposed roles include mitosis, axon transport, synapse formation, dendrite arborization, organelle tubulation, and lipid droplet metabolism. [Date last reviewed: 2018-11-08]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
MICROTUBULE SEVERING ATPASES -
Microtubule-severing ATPases generate internal breaks in microtubules. They are conserved in eukaryotes, and all three known microtubule-severing enzymes, katanin, spastin, and fidgetin, are members of the meiotic subfamily of AAA ATPases. If the newly generated microtubules are stable and regrow, then severing enzymes can act as microtubule amplifiers; if the newly severed microtubules are unstable, severing enzymes can act as depolymerases. Therefore, severing enzymes have the potential to be both positive and negative regulators of microtubule mass, and thus are implicated in regulating microtubule dynamics in a wide range of basic cellular processes ranging from ciliogenesis to cell division, neurogenesis, and phototropism. (Adapted from PMID:30373906.)
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
ATP-dependent microtubule severing protein. Stimulates microtubule minus-end depolymerization and poleward microtubule flux in the mitotic spindle (PubMed:15242610, PubMed:15562320, PubMed:15823537, PubMed:16276413, PubMed:17452528, PubMed:18202664, PubMed:19341724, PubMed:25875445). Regulates microtubule stability in the neuromuscular junction synapse (PubMed:15242610, PubMed:15562320, PubMed:19341724). Involved in lipid metabolism by regulating the size and distribution of lipid droplets (PubMed:25875445). Involved in axon regeneration by regulating microtubule severing (PubMed:23122959).
(UniProt, Q8I0P1)
Summary (Interactive Fly)

AAA (ATPase Associated with diverse cellular Activities) family member - regulates microtubule stability - mutants show defects in synaptic growth and neurotransmission

Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
6
Number of Unique Polypeptides
4

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\spas for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q8I0P1)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.56

Gene model reviewed during 5.43

Gene model reviewed during 5.46

Gene model reviewed during 6.07

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
FBtr0084533
3601
758
FBtr0084534
2791
758
FBtr0321260
3147
696
FBtr0346099
3743
696
FBtr0445310
2810
551
FBtr0445311
3147
489
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
FBpp0083918
82.7
758
10.06
FBpp0083919
82.7
758
10.06
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

758 aa isoforms: spas-PA, spas-PB
696 aa isoforms: spas-PC, spas-PD
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Homohexamer. The homohexamer is stabilized by ATP-binding. The homohexamer may adopt a ring conformation through which microtubules pass prior to being severed (PubMed:18202664). Interacts with microtubules (PubMed:15823537, PubMed:18202664). Interacts with atl; may be involved in microtubule dynamics (PubMed:19341724).

(UniProt, Q8I0P1)
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\spas using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

2.10

Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Additional Descriptive Data

High levels of maternally supplied spas transcript is ubiquitously distributed in embryos through embryonic stage 4. At cellularization, expression is strongest near the basal side of the forming cell layer. During germband extension, spas is expressed in the ventral head and trunk ectoderm, in cells near the cephalic furrow, and in the invaginating midgut and hindgut primordia. At embryonic stage 13, spas transcript is expressed cells of all CNS neuromeres, including the subesophageal and supraesophageal ganglia. At embryonic stages 16-17, expression is pronounced in cell clusters throughout the supraesophageal ganglion, in the subesophageal ganglion, in two broad longitudial stripes in the ventral nerve cord, as well as weaker expression in some midline cells of the ventral nerve cord. Expression is also observed in the peripheral sense organs of the head, including Bolwig's organ and the dorsal organs.

Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
muscle cell

Comment: not in nucleus; wandering third instar

motor neuron

Comment: not in nucleus; wandering third instar

Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in centrosome
inferred from direct assay
located_in chromosome
inferred from direct assay
inferred from direct assay
inferred from direct assay
colocalizes_with synaptic vesicle
inferred from direct assay
located_in terminal bouton
inferred from direct assay
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\spas in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 8 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 18 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of spas
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of spas
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 2 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 2 )
Gene partially disrupted in
Inferred from location ( 7 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
Sterility
Allele
Other Phenotypes
Allele
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
somatic muscle & microtubule, with Scer\GAL4G14
Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (26)
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
 
7  
4 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
10  
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
8  
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
2  
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1  
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1  
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (17)
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
5 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (19)
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
5 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (19)
11 of 13
Yes
Yes
3 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (22)
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
5 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (19)
10 of 14
Yes
Yes
6 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (24)
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (48)
11 of 13
Yes
Yes
6 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (14)
10 of 13
Yes
Yes
9 of 13
No
Yes
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
2 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (11)
8 of 12
Yes
Yes
7 of 12
No
No
2 of 12
No
No
2 of 12
No
No
1 of 12
No
No
1 of 12
No
No
1 of 12
No
No
1 of 12
No
No
1 of 12
No
No
1 of 12
No
No
1 of 12
No
No
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:spas. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (24)
8 of 13
4 of 13
3 of 13
3 of 13
3 of 13
3 of 13
3 of 13
2 of 13
2 of 13
2 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
1 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 6 )
Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 1 )
Human Ortholog
Disease
Evidence
References
Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 4 )
Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
Functional Complementation Data
Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
Dmel gene
Ortholog showing functional complementation
Supporting References
Interactions
Summary of Physical Interactions
Summary of Genetic Interactions
Interaction Browsers

Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
Starting gene(s)
Interaction type
Interacting gene(s)
Reference
Starting gene(s)
Interaction type
Interacting gene(s)
Reference
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
Homohexamer. The homohexamer is stabilized by ATP-binding. The homohexamer may adopt a ring conformation through which microtubules pass prior to being severed (PubMed:18202664). Interacts with microtubules (PubMed:15823537, PubMed:18202664). Interacts with atl; may be involved in microtubule dynamics (PubMed:19341724).
(UniProt, Q8I0P1 )
Linkouts
BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
Pathways
Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
Metabolic Pathways
FlyBase
External Links
External Data
Linkouts
Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
Class of Gene
Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
Chromosome (arm)
3R
Recombination map
3-82
Cytogenetic map
Sequence location
FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map
Evidence for location
95D9-95D9
Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}l(3)0468404684 and P{PZ}Atg600096
Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map
Notes
References
Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
Location
Left of (cM)
Right of (cM)
Notes
Stocks and Reagents
Stocks (10)
Genomic Clones (21)
cDNA Clones (33)
 

Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

cDNA clones, fully sequenced
BDGP DGC clones
Other clones
Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
RNAi and Array Information
Linkouts
DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
Antibody Information
Laboratory Generated Antibodies
Commercially Available Antibodies
 
Cell Line Information
Publicly Available Cell Lines
 
    Other Stable Cell Lines
     
      Other Comments

      spas loss causes neuronal defects that cannot be overcome by bypassing normal nociceptive transduction mechanisms.

      High levels of spas disrupt microtubule organization within dendritic arbors.

      The microtubule interacting and ATPase domains are sufficient for the ATP hydrolysis-dependent microtubule disassembly activity of spas.

      spas appears to have a role in destabilising the microtubule cytoskeleton in neurons.

      Targeted removal of spas from neurons result in loss of synaptic area but, paradoxically, strengthened neurotransmission. Overexpression of spas in neurons reduced synaptic efficiency. Loss of spas function leads to a dramatic increase in stabilised microtubules, which, in the synaptic terminal, inappropriately ramify beyond their normal axonal compartments into the synaptic boutons. Overexpression of spas causes an erosion of the stabilised microtubule network.

      Relationship to Other Genes
      Source for database merge of
      Additional comments
      Nomenclature History
      Source for database identify of

      Source for identity of: spas CG5977

      Nomenclature comments
      Etymology
      Synonyms and Secondary IDs (12)
      Reported As
      Secondary FlyBase IDs
        Datasets (0)
        Study focus (0)
        Experimental Role
        Project
        Project Type
        Title
        Study result (0)
        Result
        Result Type
        Title
        External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 78 )
        Sequence Crossreferences
        NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
        GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
        GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
        RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
        UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
        UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
        UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
        Other crossreferences
        AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
        BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
        DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
        EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
        FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
        FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
        KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
        MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
        PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
        Linkouts
        BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
        Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
        DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
        DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
        Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
        FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
        FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
        Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
        Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
        FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.
        iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
        Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
        MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
        References (138)