FB2025_05 , released December 11, 2025
Gene: Dmel\β4GalT7
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\β4GalT7
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
β-4-galactosyltransferase 7
Annotation Symbol
CG11780
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0039258
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
8 publicly available
Enzyme Name (EC)
xylosylprotein 4-beta-galactosyltransferase (2.4.1.133)
Gene Summary
β-4-galactosyltransferase 7 (β4GalT7) encodes an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of galactose to the acceptor xylose during the synthesis of the tetrasaccharide linker of the glycosaminoglycan side chain of proteoglycans. The tetrasaccharide linker is common to heparan sulfate and chondoritin sulfate proteoglycans. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-21] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

GalT

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
96B16-96B16
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-86
RefSeq locus
NT_033777 REGION:25023256..25024482
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (11 terms)
Molecular Function (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables xylosylprotein 4-beta-galactosyltransferase activity
inferred from direct assay
(Takemae et al., 2003, Nakamura et al., 2002)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables glycosyltransferase activity
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR003859
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
enables metal ion binding
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P15291
(Takemae et al., 2003)
enables xylosylprotein 4-beta-galactosyltransferase activity
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001061327
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Biological Process (6 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (4 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Nakamura et al., 2002)
involved_in glycosaminoglycan-protein linkage region biosynthetic process
inferred from direct assay
(Takemae et al., 2003)
involved_in heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Nakamura et al., 2002)
involved_in N-glycan processing
inferred from direct assay
(Kim et al., 2011)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in carbohydrate metabolic process
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR003859
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
involved_in proteoglycan biosynthetic process
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001061327
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Cellular Component (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in Golgi membrane
inferred from direct assay
(Vadaie et al., 2002)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in Golgi apparatus
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001061236
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Pathway (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 7 family. (Q9VBZ9)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Catalytic Activity (EC/Rhea)
xylosylprotein 4-beta-galactosyltransferase activity
3-O-(beta-D-xylosyl)-L-seryl-[protein] + UDP-alpha-D-galactose = 3-O- (beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-xylosyl)-L-seryl-[protein] + UDP + H(+) (2.4.1.133)
RHEA 15297:
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
β-4-galactosyltransferase 7 (β4GalT7) encodes an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of galactose to the acceptor xylose during the synthesis of the tetrasaccharide linker of the glycosaminoglycan side chain of proteoglycans. The tetrasaccharide linker is common to heparan sulfate and chondoritin sulfate proteoglycans. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-21]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
UNCLASSIFIED GALACTOSYLTRANSFERASES -
This group comprises galactosyltransferases that do not classify under other groups in FlyBase.
Pathway (FlyBase)
CHONDROITIN SULFATE PROTEOGLYCAN BIOSYNTHESIS -
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are glycoconjugates that consist of a core protein linked to one or more linear chondroitin sulfate (CS) chains. The chains are composed of alternating glucuronic acid and N-acetylgalactosamine that can be variably O-sulfated. CS synthesis occurs in the Golgi apparatus. It starts with the formation of a tetrasaccharide linker on the core protein followed by the alternating addition of glucuronic acid and N-acetylgalactosamine residues, the latter of which can be O-sulfated. CSPGs are then transported to the plasma membrane. D. melanogaster produces two types of CSPGs: one bearing 4-O-sulfated chondroitin and another with non-sulfated chondroitin. (Adapted from PMID:23774590 and FBrf0228609.)
HEPARAN SULFATE PROTEOGLYCAN BIOSYNTHESIS -
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are glycoconjugates that consist of a core protein linked to one or more linear heparan sulfate (HS) chains. The chains are composed of alternating N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and glucuronic acid or iduronic acid that can be variably N- and O-sulfated. HS synthesis occurs in the Golgi apparatus. It starts with the formation of a tetrasaccharide linker on the core protein followed by the alternating addition of glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine residues. Glucuronic acid can undergo epimerization into iduronic acid, which together with N-acetylglucosamine residues, can be sulfated. HSPGs are then transported to the plasma membrane where they can be processed further by endosulfatases such as Sulf1 that remove sulfate groups from specific sites. (Adapted from FBrf0232460 and FBrf0228609.)
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Transfers galactose from UDP-D-Galactose (UDP-Gal) to the acceptor xylose residue in the linkage tetrasaccharide region of the glycosaminoglycan side chain of proteoglycans (PubMed:12215432, PubMed:12244071, PubMed:12590131, PubMed:20236943). No activity towards beta-GlcNAc, beta-Glc, beta-Gal, and beta-GalNAc as acceptors (PubMed:12244071, PubMed:12590131).
(UniProt, Q9VBZ9)
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
1
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\β4GalT7 for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q9VBZ9)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.47

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
β4GalT7-RA
FBtr0084755
NM_143062
1099
322
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
β4GalT7-PA
FBpp0084130
36.5
322
8.05
Q9VBZ9
NP_651319
AAF56377
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

There is only one protein coding transcript and one polypeptide associated with this gene

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\β4GalT7 using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

3.43

Transcript Expression
RT-PCR
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage -- adult stage
(Nakamura et al., 2002)
Additional Descriptive Data

Expression of the beta4GalT7 transcript was detected during all stages of development but was enriched in adults compared to embryos.

(Nakamura et al., 2002)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult head
(Aradska et al., 2015)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in Golgi membrane
inferred from direct assay
(Vadaie et al., 2002)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\β4GalT7 in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 1 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 12 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of β4GalT7
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of β4GalT7
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 0 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 0 )
Inferred from location ( 7 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
lethal, with Scer\GAL4Act5C.PHb
lethal, with Scer\GAL4Act5C.PU
viable, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
viable, with Scer\GAL4tin.CΔ4
Other Phenotypes
Allele
visible, with Scer\GAL4A9
visible, with Scer\GAL4ap-md544
visible, with Scer\GAL4da.G32
visible, with Scer\GAL4Dll-md23
visible, with Scer\GAL4en-e16E
visible, with Scer\GAL4GMR.PS
visible, with Scer\GAL4ptc-559.1
visible, with Scer\GAL4sd-SG29.1
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
eye, with Scer\GAL4GMR.PS
interommatidial bristle, with Scer\GAL4GMR.PS
leg | distal, with Scer\GAL4da.G32
leg | distal, with Scer\GAL4Dll-md23
ommatidium, with Scer\GAL4GMR.PS
wing, with Scer\GAL4A9
wing, with Scer\GAL4ptc-559.1
wing, with Scer\GAL4sd-SG29.1
wing blade dorsal compartment, with Scer\GAL4ap-md544
wing blade posterior compartment, with Scer\GAL4en-e16E
wing vein | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4en-e16E
wing vein | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4sd-SG29.1
wing vein L2, with Scer\GAL4ap-md544
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (9)
Hsap\B4GALT7
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Hsap\B4GALT1
2 of 14
No
No
2  
Hsap\B4GALT2
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\B4GALT3
2 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\B4GALT4
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\B4GALT5
2 of 14
No
No
Hsap\B4GALT6
2 of 14
No
No
2  
Hsap\CHSY1
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\CHSY3
1 of 14
No
No
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (8)
Rnor\B4galt7
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Rnor\B4galt2
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\B4galt3
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\B4galt4
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\B4galt5
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\B4galt6
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\B4galt1
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Chsy3
1 of 14
No
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (8)
Mmus\B4galt7
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Mmus\B4galt1
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\B4galt2
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\B4galt4
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\B4galt5
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\B4galt6
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\B4galt3
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Chsy3
1 of 14
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (13)
Xtro\b4galt7
7 of 13
Yes
Yes
Xtro\b4galt1.2
2 of 13
No
No
Xtro\b4galt1l
2 of 13
No
No
Xtro\b4galt2
2 of 13
No
No
Xtro\b4galt3l1
2 of 13
No
No
Xtro\b4galt3l2
2 of 13
No
No
Xtro\b4galt4
2 of 13
No
No
Xtro\b4galt3
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\b4galt5
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\b4galt6
1 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\chsy1
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\LOC116406683
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\rnf25
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (10)
Drer\b4galt7
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Drer\b4galt1
2 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\b4galt1l
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\b4galt2
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\b4galt3
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\b4galt4
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\b4galt5
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\b4galt6
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\si:dkey-199f5.8
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\chsy3
1 of 14
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (3)
Cele\sqv-3
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Cele\bre-4
2 of 14
No
No
Cele\W02B12.11
2 of 14
No
No
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (2)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP004781
2 of 12
Yes
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP008285
2 of 12
Yes
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:β4GalT7. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
Allele
Disease
Evidence
References
Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 1 )
Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )
Allele
Disease
Interaction
References
β4GalT7GD12632
exacerbates  tauopathy
modeled by Hsap\MAPTUAS.wt
(Frenkel-Pinter et al., 2017)
ameliorates  tauopathy
modeled by Hsap\MAPTUAS.wt
(Frenkel-Pinter et al., 2017)
Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
Homo sapiens (Human)
Gene name
Score
OMIM
OMIM Phenotype
DO term
Complementation?
Transgene?
B4GALT7; beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 7
14 of 14
604327
Functional Complementation Data
Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
Interactions
Summary of Physical Interactions
Interaction Browsers
Summary of Genetic Interactions
Interaction Browsers
View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
Starting gene(s)
Interaction type
Interacting gene(s)
Reference
β4GalT7
enhanceable
β3GalTII
(Ueyama et al., 2008)
Starting gene(s)
Interaction type
Interacting gene(s)
Reference
β3GalTII
enhanceable
β4GalT7
(Ueyama et al., 2008)
External Data
Linkouts
DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
Pathways
Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
Metabolic Pathways
External Data
Linkouts
KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
Class of Gene
Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
Chromosome (arm)
3R
Recombination map
3-86
Cytogenetic map
96B16-96B16
Sequence location
FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map
Evidence for location
96B16-96B16
Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}ssh01207 and P{lacW}OstStt3j2D9
Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map
Notes
References
Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
Location

3-86

(FlyBase, 2016)

3-85.3

(Comeron et al., 2012)
Left of (cM)
Right of (cM)
Notes
Stocks and Reagents
Stocks (8)
Genomic Clones (13)
 

Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

cDNA Clones (22)
 

Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

cDNA clones, fully sequenced
BDGP DGC clones
Other clones
Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
BDGP DGC clones
Other clones
RNAi and Array Information
Linkouts
DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
Antibody Information
Laboratory Generated Antibodies
 
Commercially Available Antibodies
 
Cell Line Information
Publicly Available Cell Lines
 
    Other Stable Cell Lines
     
      Other Comments
      Relationship to Other Genes
      Source for database merge of
      Additional comments

      Source for identity of β4GalT7 CG11780 was sequence comparison ( date:021108 ).

      (FlyBase, 1996-)
      Nomenclature History
      Source for database identify of

      Source for identity of: β4GalT7 CG11780

      (Vadaie et al., 2002, FlyBase, 1996-)
      Nomenclature comments
      Etymology
      Synonyms and Secondary IDs (19)
      Datasets (0)
      Study focus (0)
      Experimental Role
      Project
      Project Type
      Title
      Study result (0)
      Result
      Result Type
      Title
      External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 49 )
      Sequence Crossreferences
      NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
      GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
      GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
      RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
      UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
      UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
      Other crossreferences
      AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
      DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
      EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
      FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
      FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
      InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
      KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
      MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
      PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
      Linkouts
      Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
      DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
      DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
      Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
      FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
      FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
      FlyCyc Pathways - Pathways from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
      Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
      Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
      FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.
      iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
      KEGG Metabolic Pathways - A collection of manually drawn metabolic pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
      KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
      Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
      Reactome Metabolic Pathways - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed metabolic pathway database.
      References (51)