FB2025_05 , released December 11, 2025
Gene: Dmel\AttC
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\AttC
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Attacin-C
Annotation Symbol
CG4740
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0041579
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
5 publicly available
Gene Summary
Attacin-C (AttC) encodes an immune inducible peptide that shows homology to antibacterial peptides having activity against Gram-negative bacteria. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

Attacin, Att, DIM 16

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
50A3-50A3
Sequence location
Recombination map
2-68
RefSeq locus
NT_033778 REGION:13393705..13394667
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (7 terms)
Molecular Function (0 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Biological Process (5 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (4 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in antibacterial humoral response
inferred from direct assay
(Uttenweiler-Joseph et al., 1998)
involved_in defense response to Gram-positive bacterium
inferred from expression pattern
(Gordon et al., 2008)
involved_in humoral immune response
inferred from expression pattern
(Verleyen et al., 2006)
involved_in response to bacterium
inferred from high throughput expression pattern
(Levy et al., 2004)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in defense response to bacterium
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR005521
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Cellular Component (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in extracellular space
inferred from direct assay
(Uttenweiler-Joseph et al., 1998)
located_in extracellular space
inferred from direct assay
(Liu et al., 2006, Verleyen et al., 2006)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in extracellular region
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR005520, InterPro:IPR005521
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the attacin/sarcotoxin-2 family. (Q95NH6)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
Attacin-C (AttC) encodes an immune inducible peptide that shows homology to antibacterial peptides having activity against Gram-negative bacteria. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
ATTACINS -
Attacins are small (~180-220aa), glycine-rich proteins with antimicrobial activity. Attacins are predicted to form a β-barrel structure. All, with the exception of AttD, are secreted. (Adapted from FBrf0241672 and FBrf0261536.)
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Has antimicrobial activity in synergy with other peptides. Strongest activity observed against E.cloacae.
(UniProt, Q95NH6)
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
1
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\AttC for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q95NH6)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Mutation in sequenced strain: deletion; 8-bp deletion within coding region.

Gene model reviewed during 5.49

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
AttC-RB
FBtr0305795
NM_079005
900
241
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
AttC-PB
FBpp0297062
25.5
241
10.45
Q95NH6
NP_523729
AAM68570
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

There is only one protein coding transcript and one polypeptide associated with this gene

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments

Small AttC-derived peptides identified by nano LC-MS/MS: pQVLGGSLTSNPSGGADA, pQVLGGSLTSNPSGGADAR, WTSGPFKGQTDLGANLGLSH, pQVLGGSLTSNPSGGADARLDLS.

(Verleyen et al., 2006)
External Data
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\AttC using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.42

Transcript Expression
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
third instar larval stage
embryonic/larval hemolymph

Comment: infected with M. luteus and E. coli

peptides: QVLGGSLTSNPSGGADAR

(Liu et al., 2006, Verleyen et al., 2006)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in extracellular space
inferred from direct assay
(Uttenweiler-Joseph et al., 1998)
located_in extracellular space
inferred from direct assay
(Liu et al., 2006, Verleyen et al., 2006)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\AttC in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 3 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 5 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of AttC
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of AttC
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 0 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 0 )
Inferred from location ( 4 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (0)
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (0)
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (0)
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (0)
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (0)
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (0)
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (0)
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:AttC. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (3)
AttA
3 of 13
AttB
3 of 13
AttD
1 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    AttCUAS.cUa
    model of  neurodegenerative disease
    CEA
    (Cao et al., 2013)
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Functional Complementation Data
    Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
    Interactions
    Summary of Physical Interactions
    Interaction Browsers
    Summary of Genetic Interactions
    Interaction Browsers
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    External Data
    Linkouts
    BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
    DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
    Pathways
    Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
    Metabolic Pathways
    FlyBase
    External Links
    External Data
    Linkouts
    Class of Gene
    Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
    Chromosome (arm)
    2R
    Recombination map
    2-68
    Cytogenetic map
    50A3-50A3
    Sequence location
    FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Evidence for location
    50A3-50A3
    Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}DpEP358 and P{lacW}drkk13809&P{EP}mip120EP606
    Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Notes
    References
    50A-50A
    (Hedengren, 2000.11.20)
    50A-51A
    (Lazzaro, 2000.3.9)
    Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
    Location

    2-68

    (FlyBase, 2016)

    2-72.1

    (Comeron et al., 2012)
    Left of (cM)
    Right of (cM)
    Notes
    Stocks and Reagents
    Stocks (5)
    Genomic Clones (16)
     

    Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

    cDNA Clones (1)
     

    Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

    cDNA clones, fully sequenced
    BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
      Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

      For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

      cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
      BDGP DGC clones
        Other clones
          RNAi and Array Information
          Linkouts
          DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
          Antibody Information
          Laboratory Generated Antibodies
           

          polyclonal

          (Kim et al., 2006)
          Commercially Available Antibodies
           
          Cell Line Information
          Publicly Available Cell Lines
           
            Other Stable Cell Lines
             
              Other Comments

              Identified as a gene with significant level of mRNA cycling as assessed by expression analysis using high density oligonucleotide arrays with probe generated from adult heads harvested over six time points over the course of a day. Shows alteration in expression in a Clk mutant background.

              (McDonald and Rosbash, 2001)

              Identification: Encodes a protein that is induced by immune challenge.

              (Uttenweiler-Joseph et al., 1998)
              Relationship to Other Genes
              Source for database merge of

              Source for merge of: AttC CG4740

              (FlyBase, 1996-)
              Additional comments

              Source for merge of AttC CG4740 was sequence comparison ( date:010102 ).

              (FlyBase, 1996-)

              Source for identity of AttC DIM-16 was sequence comparison ( date:031215 ).

              (FlyBase, 1996-)
              Nomenclature History
              Source for database identify of

              Source for identity of: AttC DIM-16

              (FlyBase, 1996-)
              Nomenclature comments
              Etymology
              Synonyms and Secondary IDs (22)
              Reported As
              Symbol Synonym
              Att
              (Lin et al., 2020, Shen et al., 2016, Bergeret et al., 2008, Gottar et al., 2002, Naitza et al., 2002, Takehana et al., 2002)
              AttC
              (Akagi et al., 2025, Kang et al., 2025, Rommelaere et al., 2025, Sheng et al., 2025, Shih et al., 2025, Candib et al., 2024, Fioriti et al., 2024, Isaacson et al., 2024, Liang et al., 2024, Li et al., 2024, Meyer et al., 2024, Prakash et al., 2024, Rommelaere et al., 2024, Salminen et al., 2024, Vesala et al., 2024, Wang et al., 2024, Bossen et al., 2023, Chen et al., 2023, Hsieh and Chiang, 2023, Kasuya et al., 2023, Kuyateh and Obbard, 2023, Lee et al., 2023, Odnokoz et al., 2023, Touré et al., 2023, Deshpande et al., 2022, Hodge et al., 2022, Shit et al., 2022, Vaibhvi et al., 2022, Wang et al., 2022, Wu and Yan, 2022, Wu et al., 2022, Cabasso et al., 2021, Higareda Alvear et al., 2021, Schoberleitner et al., 2021, Yamashita et al., 2021, Sanuki, 2020, Seong et al., 2020, Swanson et al., 2020, Swanson et al., 2020, Wang et al., 2020, Cabasso et al., 2019, Chen et al., 2019, Hall et al., 2019, Hanson et al., 2019, He et al., 2019, Houtz et al., 2019, Maitra et al., 2019, Moskalev et al., 2019, Sanuki et al., 2019, Si et al., 2019, Troha et al., 2019, Badinloo et al., 2018, Barajas-Azpeleta et al., 2018, Gene Disruption Project members, 2018-, Li et al., 2018, Lin et al., 2018, Ueda et al., 2018, Yuan et al., 2018, Liu and Jin, 2017, Odnokoz et al., 2017, Barekat et al., 2016, Katzenberger et al., 2016, Piegholdt et al., 2016, Katzenberger et al., 2015, Kavi et al., 2015, Lin et al., 2015, Sudmeier et al., 2015, Chen et al., 2014, Salazar-Jaramillo et al., 2014, Taylor et al., 2014, Cao et al., 2013, Dantoft et al., 2013, Durdevic et al., 2013, Gendrin et al., 2013, Huang et al., 2013, Katzenberger et al., 2013, Petersen et al., 2013, Short and Lazzaro, 2013, Stefanatos et al., 2013, Telonis-Scott et al., 2013, Doroszuk et al., 2012, Kalajdzic et al., 2012, Petersen et al., 2012, Rynes et al., 2012, Vanha-Aho et al., 2012, Karpac et al., 2011, Marcu et al., 2011, Napoletano et al., 2011, Blanco et al., 2010, Chen et al., 2010, Jumbo-Lucioni et al., 2010, Buchon et al., 2009, Feng et al., 2009, Sackton and Clark, 2009, Allen and Spradling, 2008, Domanitskaya et al., 2007, Waterhouse et al., 2007, Kim et al., 2006, Lazzaro et al., 2004)
              Attacin
              (Wang et al., 2024)
              Attacin C
              (Zhan et al., 2015, Longworth et al., 2012)
              Attacin-C
              (Gao et al., 2021, Yadav et al., 2017)
              C
              (Kemp et al., 2013)
              CG4740
              (National Institute of Genetics Fly Stocks, 2022-, Dantoft et al., 2013, Petersen et al., 2012, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Winterhalter and Fedorka, 2009, Hernandez-Romano et al., 2008, Pal et al., 2007, Liu et al., 2006, Verleyen et al., 2006, Sano et al., 2005, Levy et al., 2004, De Gregorio et al., 2001, Hultmark, 2001.1.10, Irving et al., 2001, McDonald and Rosbash, 2001, Mount, 2001.8.14, Borge, 2000.11.20, Lemaitre, 2000.12.20)
              DIM 16
              (Levy et al., 2004, Uttenweiler-Joseph et al., 1998)
              DIM-16
              (Rabel et al., 2004)
              MPAC
              (Rabel et al., 2004)
              att
              (Georgel et al., 2001)
              att C
              (Zsindely et al., 2009)
              attC
              (Wu and Yan, 2022, Wei et al., 2018, Xu and Cherry, 2014, Huang et al., 2013, Kingsolver et al., 2013, Sharma et al., 2011, Marshall and Sinclair, 2010, Winterhalter and Fedorka, 2009)
              attacin
              (Bjedov et al., 2020)
              attacin c
              (Benoit et al., 2020)
              Name Synonyms
              Attacin
              (Eleftherianos and Heryanto, 2021, Marra et al., 2021, Iwashita et al., 2020, Vonkavaara et al., 2013, Zhao et al., 2010, Costa et al., 2009, Bergeret et al., 2008, Jin et al., 2008, Huh et al., 2007, Pal et al., 2007, Wu et al., 2007, Zhou et al., 2005, Brennan and Anderson, 2004, Kurz and Ewbank, 2003, Naitza et al., 2002, Ooi et al., 2002, Kimbrell and Beutler, 2001, Barillas-Mury et al., 2000, Martin-Blanco, 2000, Rutschmann et al., 2000, Govind, 1999)
              Attacin C
              (Shaposhnikov et al., 2020, Kiss et al., 2016, Unckless and Lazzaro, 2016, Castillo et al., 2015, Vanha-Aho et al., 2012, Zhang et al., 2011, Radyuk et al., 2010, Gordon et al., 2008, Xi et al., 2008, Lai et al., 2007, Valanne et al., 2007, Lazzaro et al., 2006, Verleyen et al., 2006, Lazzaro et al., 2004, Boutros et al., 2002, Lazzaro and Clark, 2001)
              Attacin-C
              (Schneider and Imler, 2021, Schoberleitner et al., 2021, Deng et al., 2020, Lee et al., 2020, Ozakman and Eleftherianos, 2020, Vasudevan et al., 2017, Bonnay et al., 2014, Taylor et al., 2014, Paré et al., 2012, Petersen et al., 2012, Marcu et al., 2011, Johansson et al., 2005, Lazzaro and Clark, 2000)
              Attacin-C precursor
              (Hernandez-Romano et al., 2008)
              AttacinC
              (Garschall and Flatt, 2018, Cao et al., 2013, Ligoxygakis et al., 2002)
              Attackin
              (Pletcher et al., 2002)
              Drosophila Immune induced molecule 16
              (Uttenweiler-Joseph et al., 1998)
              attacin
              (Bjedov et al., 2020, Chowdhury et al., 2019, Shen et al., 2016, Marshall and Sinclair, 2010, Moule et al., 2010, Okado et al., 2009, Persson et al., 2007, Zelinger and Heifetz, 2006, Avet-Rochex et al., 2005, Delaney et al., 2005, Leclerc and Reichhart, 2004, Steiner, 2004, Mellroth et al., 2003, Bhattacharya and Steward, 2002, Delaney and Anderson, 2002, Delaney and Anderson, 2001, Georgel et al., 2001, Aderem and Ulevitch, 2000)
              attacin C
              (Badinloo et al., 2018, Overend et al., 2012, Feng et al., 2009, Lazzaro and Clark, 2000)
              attacin-C
              (Domanitskaya et al., 2007)
              attacinC
              (Koltun et al., 2017, Kounatidis et al., 2017)
              Secondary FlyBase IDs
              • FBgn0033833
              Datasets (0)
              Study focus (0)
              Experimental Role
              Project
              Project Type
              Title
              Study result (0)
              Result
              Result Type
              Title
              External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 63 )
              Sequence Crossreferences
              NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
              GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
              GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
              RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
              UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
              UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
              Other crossreferences
              AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
              DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
              EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
              FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
              FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
              InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
              KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
              MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
              Linkouts
              BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
              Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
              DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
              DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
              Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
              FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
              FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
              Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
              References (255)