FB2025_01 , released February 20, 2025
Gene: Dmel\Proc
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Proc
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Proctolin
Annotation Symbol
CG7105
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0045038
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
34 publicly available
Gene Summary
Proctolin (Proc) encodes a neuropeptide precursor protein that binds the product of Proc-R and is involved in heart rate regulation. [Date last reviewed: 2019-07-11] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

Proct

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
28D2-28D2
Sequence location
Recombination map
2-29
RefSeq locus
NT_033779 REGION:7864642..7871432
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (6 terms)
Molecular Function (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables neuropeptide hormone activity
inferred from direct assay
(Ui-Tei et al., 1995, Anderson et al., 1988)
enables proctolin receptor binding
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:Proc-R; FB:FBgn0029723
(Egerod et al., 2003)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Biological Process (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in locomotion
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Hsu et al., 2020)
involved_in neuropeptide signaling pathway
inferred from direct assay
(Egerod et al., 2003)
involved_in positive regulation of heart rate
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Taylor et al., 2004)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Cellular Component (1 term)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in extracellular space
inferred from sequence model
(Taylor et al., 2004)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
    -
    Summaries
    Gene Snapshot
    Proctolin (Proc) encodes a neuropeptide precursor protein that binds the product of Proc-R and is involved in heart rate regulation. [Date last reviewed: 2019-07-11]
    Gene Group (FlyBase)
    NEUROPEPTIDES -
    Neuropeptides are secreted into the extracellular space where they interact with cell surface receptors (usually G protein coupled receptors). They are extremely diverse, acting as neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, hormones or growth factors. (Adapted from FBrf0211443 and PMID:27813667).
    Gene Model and Products
    Number of Transcripts
    2
    Number of Unique Polypeptides
    1

    Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Proc for information on other features

    To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

    Protein Domains (via Pfam)
    Isoform displayed:
    Pfam protein domains
    InterPro name
    classification
    start
    end
    Protein Domains (via SMART)
    Isoform displayed:
    SMART protein domains
    InterPro name
    classification
    start
    end
    Structure
    Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q9VLV9)

    If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
    Model Confidence:
    • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
    • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
    • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
    • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

    AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

    Experimentally Determined Structures
    Crossreferences
    Comments on Gene Model

    Annotated transcripts do not represent all supported alternative splices within 5' UTR.

    Gene model reviewed during 5.52

    Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

    Transcript Data
    Annotated Transcripts
    Name
    FlyBase ID
    RefSeq ID
    Length (nt)
    Assoc. CDS (aa)
    Proc-RA
    FBtr0079562
    NM_135314
    1977
    140
    Proc-RB
    FBtr0343420
    NM_001298799
    1886
    140
    Additional Transcript Data and Comments
    Reported size (kB)
    Comments
    External Data
    Crossreferences
    Polypeptide Data
    Annotated Polypeptides
    Name
    FlyBase ID
    Predicted MW (kDa)
    Length (aa)
    Theoretical pI
    UniProt
    RefSeq ID
    GenBank
    Proc-PA
    FBpp0079184
    15.4
    140
    7.16
    Q9VLV9
    NP_609158
    AAF52572
    Proc-PB
    FBpp0310066
    15.4
    140
    7.16
    Q9VLV9
    NP_001285728
    AHN54243
    Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

    The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

    140 aa isoforms: Proc-PA, Proc-PB
    Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
    Reported size (kDa)
    Comments
    External Data
    Crossreferences
    Linkouts
    Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
    Nucleotide / Polypeptide Records
     
    UniProt
    Mapped Features

    Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Proc using the Feature Mapper tool.

    External Data
    Crossreferences
    Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
    Linkouts
    Expression Data
    Testis-specificity index

    The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

    -0.85

    Transcript Expression
    in situ
    Stage
    Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
    Reference
    embryonic stage
    ventral midline of embryo
    (Wheeler et al., 2009)
    embryonic stage 13 -- 16
    embryonic brain
    (Fisher et al., 2012)
    embryonic central brain neuron
    (Fisher et al., 2012)
    lateral cord neuron
    (Fisher et al., 2012)
    ventral midline of embryo
    (Fisher et al., 2012)
    larval ventral nerve cord
    (Fisher et al., 2012)
    larval midline neuron
    (Fisher et al., 2012)
    third instar larval stage
    larval ventral nerve cord | lateral | restricted
    (Taylor et al., 2004)
    larval ventral nerve cord | medial | restricted
    (Taylor et al., 2004)
    larval brain | restricted
    (Taylor et al., 2004)
    larval protocerebrum | restricted
    (Taylor et al., 2004)
    Additional Descriptive Data

    Proc is expressed more strongly in clusters of cells in the abdominal neuromeres than the thoracic. Expression is in clusters located medially and laterally. In the abdominal neuromeres the median clusters contain at least six cells dorsally and four cells ventrally. Each of the lateral clusters contains about 4 cells. In the most posterior portion of the abdominal neuromeres four to six cells are strongly labelled. In each brain hemisphere weak expression is present in two or three lateral cells in the protocerebrum. Ventrally, near to the esophageal foramen, a set of three cell bodies express Proc.

    (Taylor et al., 2004)
    Marker for
     
    Subcellular Localization
    CV Term
    Polypeptide Expression
    immunolocalization
    Stage
    Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
    Reference
    third instar larval stage
    larval ventral nerve cord | lateral | restricted
    (Taylor et al., 2004)
    larval ventral nerve cord | medial | restricted
    (Taylor et al., 2004)
    larval brain | restricted
    (Taylor et al., 2004)
    larval protocerebrum | restricted
    (Taylor et al., 2004)
    PM neuron
    (Taylor et al., 2004)
    embryonic/larval corpus cardiacum | restricted
    (Taylor et al., 2004)
    larval protocerebrum | dorsal | restricted
    (Taylor et al., 2004)
    larval tritocerebrum | medial | restricted
    (Taylor et al., 2004)
    adult stage
    adult brain | restricted
    (Kahsai and Winther, 2011)
    fan-shaped body | dorsal | faint
    (Kahsai and Winther, 2011)
    Additional Descriptive Data

    Proc protein is faintly detected in layer 5 of the fan-shaped body.

    (Kahsai and Winther, 2011)

    Proc is expressed more strongly in clusters of cells in the abdominal neuromeres than the thoracic. Expression is in clusters located medially and laterally. In the abdominal neuromeres the median clusters contain at least six cells dorsally and four cells ventrally. Each of the lateral clusters contains about 4 cells. In the most posterior portion of the abdominal neuromeres four to six cells are strongly labelled. In each brain hemisphere weak expression is present in two or three lateral cells in the protocerebrum. Ventrally, near to the esophageal foramen, a set of three cell bodies express Proc.

    (Taylor et al., 2004)
    Marker for
     
    Subcellular Localization
    CV Term
    Evidence
    References
    Expression Deduced from Reporters
    High-Throughput Expression Data
    Associated Tools

    JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

    View Dmel\Proc in JBrowse
    RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
    Bulk Downloads
    RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
    Reference
    See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
    Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
    Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
    External Data and Images
    Linkouts
    BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
    DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
    EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
    FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
    FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
    Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
    Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
    Images
    FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)
    • Stages(s) 13-16
    FlyBase Wiki
    Image Based Resources
    Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
    Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 8 )
    For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
     
    Other relevant insertions
    Transgenic Constructs ( 8 )
    For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
    Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Proc
    Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Proc
    Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 1 )
    Inferred from experimentation ( 1 )
    Gene disrupted in
    Df(2L)Exel7032
    (Ryder, 2004.4.26)
    Inferred from location ( 9 )
    Variants
    Variant Molecular Consequences
    Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
    Phenotypes
    For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
    Lethality
    Allele
    viable
    Sterility
    Allele
    fertile
    Other Phenotypes
    Allele
    abnormal locomotor behavior | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Proc
    Phenotype manifest in
    Allele
    embryonic/larval heart, with Scer\GAL4Act5C.PI
    Orthologs
    Downloads
    Download All DIOPT Orthologs
    Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
    Species\Gene Symbol
    Score
    Best Score
    Best Reverse Score
    Source
    Compara
    Domainoid
    eggNOG
    Hieranoid
    Homologene
    Inparanoid
    OMA
    OrthoDB
    OrthoFinder
    OrthoInspector
    orthoMCL
    Panther
    Phylome
    SonicParanoid
    Alignment
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Homo sapiens (Human) (0)
    Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
    Species\Gene Symbol
    Score
    Best Score
    Best Reverse Score
    Source
    Compara
    Domainoid
    eggNOG
    Hieranoid
    Homologene
    Inparanoid
    OMA
    OrthoDB
    OrthoFinder
    OrthoInspector
    orthoMCL
    Panther
    Phylome
    SonicParanoid
    Alignment
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (0)
    Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (0)
    Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (0)
    Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (0)
    Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (0)
    Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (0)
    Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
    Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
    Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
    Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
    Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
    Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Proc. Refer to their site for version information.
    Paralogs
    Downloads
    Download All DIOPT Paralogs
    Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
    Human Disease Associations
    FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
      Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
      Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
      Allele
      Disease
      Evidence
      References
      Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
      Human Ortholog
      Disease
      Evidence
      References
      Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
      Allele
      Disease
      Interaction
      References
      Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
      Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
      Homo sapiens (Human)
      Gene name
      Score
      OMIM
      OMIM Phenotype
      DO term
      Complementation?
      Transgene?
      Functional Complementation Data
      Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
      Interactions
      Summary of Physical Interactions
      esyN Network Diagram
      Show neighbor-neighbor interactions:
      Show/hide secondary interactors 
      (data from AllianceMine provided by esyN)
      Select Layout:
      Legend:
      Protein
      RNA
      Selected Interactor(s)
      Other Interaction Browsers
      View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
      Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
      protein-protein
      Physical Interaction
      Assay
      References
      Proc - Proc-R
      phenotype-based detection assay, fluorescence microscopy, inferred by author
      (Johnson et al., 2003)
      Summary of Genetic Interactions
      esyN Network Diagram
      Other Interaction Browsers
      Starting gene(s)
      Interaction type
      Interacting gene(s)
      Reference
      Starting gene(s)
      Interaction type
      Interacting gene(s)
      Reference
      External Data
      Linkouts
      DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
      Pathways
      Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
      Metabolic Pathways
      FlyBase
      External Links
      External Data
      Linkouts
      Class of Gene
      Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
      Chromosome (arm)
      2L
      Recombination map
      2-29
      Cytogenetic map
      28D2-28D2
      Sequence location
      FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
      Cytogenetic map
      Evidence for location
      28D2-28D2
      Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}mts02496 and P{EP}CG7231EP2510
      Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
      Cytogenetic map
      Notes
      References
      Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
      Location

      2-29

      (FlyBase, 2016)

      2-25.1

      (Comeron et al., 2012)
      Left of (cM)
      Right of (cM)
      Notes
      Stocks and Reagents
      Stocks (34)
      Genomic Clones (12)
       

      Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

      cDNA Clones (211)
       

      Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

      cDNA clones, fully sequenced
      BDGP DGC clones
      Other clones
      Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

      For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

      cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
      BDGP DGC clones
      Other clones
      RNAi and Array Information
      Linkouts
      DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
      Antibody Information
      Laboratory Generated Antibodies
       

      polyclonal

      (Taylor et al., 2004)
      Commercially Available Antibodies
       
      Cell Line Information
      Publicly Available Cell Lines
       
        Other Stable Cell Lines
         
          Other Comments

          RNAi generated by PCR using primers directed to this gene causes a cell growth and viability phenotype when assayed in Kc167 and S2R+ cells.

          (Boutros et al., 2004)

          Proct peptide is expressed by a small population of central neurons, several of which may be motoneurons. Purified Proct peptide evokes motor responses in a grasshopper extensor tibia bioassay.

          (Anderson et al., 1988)
          Relationship to Other Genes
          Source for database merge of

          Source for merge of: proctolin CG7105

          (FlyBase, 1996-)
          Additional comments

          Source for merge of proctolin CG7105 was sequence comparison ( date:020814 ).

          (FlyBase, 1996-)
          Nomenclature History
          Source for database identify of

          Source for identity of: Proc Proct

          (FlyBase, 2009-)
          Nomenclature comments

          Changed from 'Proct' to 'Proc' to match nomenclature of the receptor ('Proc-R').

          (FlyBase, 2009-)
          Etymology
          Synonyms and Secondary IDs (10)
          Reported As
          Symbol Synonym
          CG7105
          (Mao et al., 2024, National Institute of Genetics Fly Stocks, 2022-, Meadows, 2017.1.11, Asahina and Anderson, 2013.9.23, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Perkins et al., 2009, Wegener and Gorbashov, 2008, Metaxakis et al., 2005, Boutros et al., 2004, Taylor et al., 2004, Isaac, 2002.7.9)
          PROC
          (Johnson et al., 2005, Johnson et al., 2003)
          PROCT
          (Park et al., 2008)
          Prct
          (Miguel-Aliaga and Thor, 2004)
          Proc
          (Chen et al., 2023, Dvořáček et al., 2022, Kubrak et al., 2022, National Institute of Genetics Fly Stocks, 2022-, Rahman et al., 2022, Lee et al., 2021, Rao and Deng, 2019.10.23, Donlea et al., 2018, Schiemann et al., 2018, Transgenic RNAi Project members, 2017-, Lee et al., 2015, Asahina and Anderson, 2013.9.23, Hector et al., 2009, Birse et al., 2006)
          Proct
          (Crocker et al., 2016, Nässel et al., 2013, Wheeler et al., 2009, Wegener and Gorbashov, 2008, Reiter et al., 2007, Taylor et al., 2004, Nassel, 2002)
          proc
          (Deshpande et al., 2022, Croset et al., 2018)
          proct
          (Salmand et al., 2011)
          Name Synonyms
          Proctolin
          (Nässel and Zandawala, 2020, Nässel et al., 2019, Nässel, 2018, Chen et al., 2016, Asahina and Anderson, 2013.9.23, Caers et al., 2012, Kahsai and Winther, 2011, Nässel and Winther, 2010, Hector et al., 2009, Johnson et al., 2008, Veenstra et al., 2008, Johnson et al., 2005, Taylor et al., 2004, Nassel, 2002, Anderson et al., 1988)
          proctolin
          (Deshpande et al., 2022, Hsu et al., 2020, Nässel et al., 2013, Kahsai and Winther, 2011, Salmand et al., 2011, Veenstra, 2009, Park et al., 2008, Ritsick et al., 2007, Birse et al., 2006, Jorgensen et al., 2006, Han et al., 2004)
          Secondary FlyBase IDs
          • FBgn0031958
          Datasets (0)
          Study focus (0)
          Experimental Role
          Project
          Project Type
          Title
          Study result (0)
          Result
          Result Type
          Title
          External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 35 )
          Sequence Crossreferences
          NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
          GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
          GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
          RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
          UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
          UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
          Other crossreferences
          AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
          BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
          DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
          EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
          FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
          FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
          KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
          MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
          Linkouts
          Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
          DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
          DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
          Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
          FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
          FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
          Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
          Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
          iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
          References (86)