FB2025_05 , released December 11, 2025
Gene: Dmel\Sarm
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Sarm
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Sterile alpha and Armadillo motif
Annotation Symbol
CG43119
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0262579
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
24 publicly available
Enzyme Name (EC)
NAD(+) glycohydrolase (3.2.2.5)
ADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase (3.2.2.6)
Gene Summary
Sterile alpha and Armadillo motif (Sarm) encodes a NAD(+) glycohydrolase that catalyzes the cleavage of NAD(+) into cyclic ADP-D-ribose (cADPR) and, to a lesser extent, into ADP-D-ribose (ADPR) and 1''-3' glycocyclic ADP-D-ribose (3'cADRP). The reaction produces also nicotinamide which is recycled by the NAD(+) salvage pathway. The NAD(+) depletion caused by Sarm activates an axon pro-degenerative pathway following axotomy. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

Ect4, dsarm, SARM1, Edis, Ectoderm-expressed 4

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
66B4-66B6
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-22
RefSeq locus
NT_037436 REGION:8063874..8108897
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (15 terms)
Molecular Function (4 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables NAD+ nucleosidase activity, cyclic ADP-ribose generating
inferred from direct assay
(Brace et al., 2022, Llobet Rosell et al., 2022)
enables NAD+ nucleosidase activity
inferred from direct assay
(Horsefield et al., 2019, Essuman et al., 2017)
enables STAT family protein binding
inferred from direct assay
(Huang et al., 2023)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables NAD+ nucleosidase activity
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR039184
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
enables signaling adaptor activity
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR039184
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Biological Process (6 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (5 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in antiviral innate immune response
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Huang et al., 2023)
involved_in defense response to virus
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Monsanto-Hearne et al., 2017)
involved_in NAD+ catabolic process
inferred from direct assay
(Horsefield et al., 2019, Essuman et al., 2017)
inferred from direct assay
(Brace et al., 2022, Llobet Rosell et al., 2022)
involved_in positive regulation of receptor signaling pathway via STAT
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Huang et al., 2023)
involved_in response to axon injury
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Neukomm et al., 2014, Osterloh et al., 2012)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in response to axon injury
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR039184
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
involved_in signal transduction
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR000157
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Cellular Component (5 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in cytosol
inferred from direct assay
(Huang et al., 2023)
located_in neuron projection
inferred from direct assay
(Osterloh et al., 2012)
located_in neuronal cell body
inferred from direct assay
(Osterloh et al., 2012)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in dendrite
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000543268
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
is_active_in mitochondrion
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:Q6SZW1
(Sarkar et al., 2023)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Pathway (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the SARM1 family. (Q6IDD9)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Catalytic Activity (EC/Rhea)
NAD+ nucleosidase activity
NAD(+) + H2O = ADP-D-ribose + nicotinamide + H(+) (3.2.2.5)
RHEA 16301: NAD+ nucleosidase activity, cyclic ADP-ribose generating
NAD(+) + H2O = ADP-D-ribose + nicotinamide + H(+) (3.2.2.6)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
Sterile alpha and Armadillo motif (Sarm) encodes a NAD(+) glycohydrolase that catalyzes the cleavage of NAD(+) into cyclic ADP-D-ribose (cADPR) and, to a lesser extent, into ADP-D-ribose (ADPR) and 1''-3' glycocyclic ADP-D-ribose (3'cADRP). The reaction produces also nicotinamide which is recycled by the NAD(+) salvage pathway. The NAD(+) depletion caused by Sarm activates an axon pro-degenerative pathway following axotomy. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07]
Pathway (FlyBase)
JAK-STAT SIGNALING PATHWAY CORE COMPONENTS -
The JAK-STAT signaling pathway is initiated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a cell surface receptor leading to receptor dimerization and the intracellular activation of a Janus kinase (JAK) family member. JAK phosphorylates cytoplasmic STAT family members which dimerize, translocate into the nucleus and regulate target gene expression. In Drosophila, the core pathway is limited to three ligands (the Unpaired family of cytokines), a single receptor (dome), JAK kinase (hop) and STAT (Stat92E). (Adapted from FBrf0225259).
Gene Group (FlyBase)
UNCLASSIFIED N-GLYCOSYL HYDROLASES -
This group comprises N-glycosyl hydrolases that do not classify under other groups in FlyBase.
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
NAD(+) hydrolase, which plays a key role in axonal degeneration following injury by regulating NAD(+) metabolism (PubMed:22678360, PubMed:28334607). Acts as a negative regulator of MYD88- and TRIF-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway by promoting Wallerian degeneration, an injury-induced form of programmed subcellular death which involves degeneration of an axon distal to the injury site (PubMed:22678360). Wallerian degeneration is triggered by NAD(+) depletion: in response to injury, it is activated and catalyzes cleavage of NAD(+) into ADP-D-ribose (ADPR), cyclic ADPR (cADPR) and nicotinamide; NAD(+) cleavage promoting axon destruction (PubMed:22678360, PubMed:28334607, PubMed:31439792). Involved in the down-regulation of the tracheal immune response to Gram-negative bacteria (PubMed:22022271). This is likely by mediating Tollo signaling in the tracheal epithelium (PubMed:22022271).
(UniProt, Q6IDD9)
Summary (Interactive Fly)

NAD(+) hydrolase activity - required for activation of an injury-induced axon death pathway - Axundead is a mediator of axon death downstream of Sarm - required cell autonomously for these changes in neuronal cell biology in bystander neurons following axotomy

Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
10
Number of Unique Polypeptides
10

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Sarm for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q6IDD9)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model includes transcripts encoding non-overlapping portions of the full CDS.

Annotated transcripts do not represent all possible combinations of alternative exons and/or alternative promoters.

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Annotated transcripts do not represent all supported alternative splices within 5' UTR.

Gene model reviewed during 5.46

Gene model reviewed during 5.56

Gene model reviewed during 6.32

A subset of the transcripts annotated for this gene are postulated to be circular mRNAs (FBrf0254850).

Gene model reviewed during 6.53

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
Sarm-RD
FBtr0304993
NM_001104071
5196
1637
Sarm-RE
FBtr0304994
NM_168254
4907
1052
Sarm-RF
FBtr0304995
NM_001043129
5071
1360
Sarm-RG
FBtr0304996
NM_001104074
5191
1562
Sarm-RH
FBtr0304997
NM_001104075
4954
1386
Sarm-RI
FBtr0304998
NM_001259733
6741
1730
Sarm-RJ
FBtr0304999
NM_001259734
3837
1059
Sarm-RK
FBtr0333948
NM_001274627
6177
1704
Sarm-RL
FBtr0479895
NM_001382096
3963
1178
Sarm-RM
FBtr0482314
NM_001426711
934
254
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
Sarm-PD
FBpp0293530
177.8
1637
8.10
A8JNN1
NP_001097541
ABW08490
Sarm-PE
FBpp0293531
114.0
1052
6.69
NP_729327
AAN12011
Sarm-PF
FBpp0293532
147.9
1360
7.25
Q6IDD9
NP_001036594
ABI31243
Sarm-PG
FBpp0293533
169.1
1562
7.39
A8JNN2
NP_001097544
ABW08491
Sarm-PH
FBpp0293534
150.8
1386
7.02
A8JNN3
NP_001097545
ABW08492
Sarm-PI
FBpp0293535
186.4
1730
7.75
M9NE45
NP_001246662
AFH04333
Sarm-PJ
FBpp0293536
115.8
1059
6.29
M9NFP2
NP_001246663
AFH04334
Sarm-PK
FBpp0306073
183.5
1704
8.02
M9PHR5
NP_001261556
AGB94251
Sarm-PL
FBpp0428228
128.7
1178
7.95
QJC18610
Sarm-PM
FBpp0428504
27.1
254
10.35
WPW59305
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

None of the polypeptides share 100% sequence identity.

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Domain

The TIR domain mediates NAD(+) hydrolase (NADase) activity. Self-association of TIR domains is required for NADase activity.

(UniProt, Q6IDD9)
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Sarm using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-1.17

Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 1 -- 3
organism | intense | ubiquitous

Comment: maternally deposited

(Fisher et al., 2012)
pole plasm

Comment: maternally deposited

(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 4 -- 6
anlage in statu nascendi
(Fisher et al., 2012)
dorsal ectoderm anlage

Comment: anlage in statu nascendi

(Fisher et al., 2012)
organism

Comment: rapidly degraded

(Fisher et al., 2012)
organism | ubiquitous
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 5
dorsal ectoderm anlage | restricted
(Stathopoulos et al., 2002)
embryonic stage 5 -- 7
amnioserosa anlage
(Dominguez et al., 2016)
dorsal ectoderm
(Dominguez et al., 2016)
embryonic stage 7 -- 8
amnioserosa anlage
(Fisher et al., 2012)
dorsal ectoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
organism | faint | ubiquitous
(Fisher et al., 2012)
hindgut anlage
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 9 -- 10
hindgut proper primordium

Comment: reported as hindgut proper anlage

(Fisher et al., 2012)
organism | faint | ubiquitous
(Fisher et al., 2012)
amnioserosa
(Fisher et al., 2012)
amnioserosa primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
inclusive hindgut primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 11 -- 12
anterior midgut primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
esophagus primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
foregut primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
hindgut proper primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
organism | ubiquitous
(Fisher et al., 2012)
posterior midgut primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
proventriculus primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
amnioserosa
(Fisher et al., 2012)
dorsal epidermis primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
dorsal head epidermis primordium

Comment: reported as head epidermis primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
lateral head epidermis primordium

Comment: reported as head epidermis primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral head epidermis primordium

Comment: reported as head epidermis primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic leading edge cell primordium

Comment: reported as embryonic leading edge cell specific anlage

(Fisher et al., 2012)
organism | faint | ubiquitous
(Fisher et al., 2012)
posterior spiracle primordium

Comment: reported as posterior spiracle specific anlage

(Fisher et al., 2012)
tracheal primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
ventral epidermis primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 13 -- 16
embryonic esophagus
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic foregut
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic hindgut
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic proventriculus
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic/larval midgut
(Fisher et al., 2012)
organism | ubiquitous
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic dorsal epidermis
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic epipharynx
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic head epidermis
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic leading edge cell
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic rectum
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stomatogastric nervous system
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic ventral epidermis
(Fisher et al., 2012)
larval muscle system
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic/larval posterior spiracle
(Fisher et al., 2012)
organism | faint | ubiquitous
(Fisher et al., 2012)
Additional Descriptive Data

Sarm is expressed in a restricted pattern in the presumptive dorsal ectoderm.

(Stathopoulos et al., 2002)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult head
(Aradska et al., 2015)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in cytosol
inferred from direct assay
(Huang et al., 2023)
located_in neuron projection
inferred from direct assay
(Osterloh et al., 2012)
located_in neuronal cell body
inferred from direct assay
(Osterloh et al., 2012)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Sarm in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 30 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 46 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Sarm
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Sarm
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 10 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
lethal (with Df(3L)BSC795)
lethal (with Sarm896)
lethal (with Sarm4621)
lethal | recessive
viable, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
viable, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
viable, with Scer\GAL4tin.CΔ4
Other Phenotypes
Allele
abnormal adult locomotory behavior, with Scer\GAL4da.G32
abnormal adult locomotory behavior, with Scer\GAL4nSyb.PS
abnormal adult locomotory behavior | progressive, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
abnormal body color, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
abnormal immune response | adult stage
abnormal immune response | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4da.G32
abnormal immune response | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4NP6394
abnormal neuroanatomy | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
abnormal neuroanatomy | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4GMR58E02
abnormal neuroanatomy | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4P2.4.Pdf
abnormal neuroanatomy | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
abnormal neuroanatomy | adult stage | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4VGlut1-OK371
abnormal neuroanatomy | larval stage
abnormal neuroanatomy | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
abnormal neuroanatomy | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4tey-5053A, Spyo\Cas9UAS.P2
abnormal neuroanatomy | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Toll-6-D42
abnormal neuroanatomy | larval stage, with Spyo\Cas9SOP.scE1x8
abnormal neuroanatomy | larval stage | progressive, with Scer\GAL4ppk.PH
abnormal neuroanatomy | somatic clone | conditional
abnormal neuroanatomy | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4ppk.PG
abnormal stress response | adult stage | somatic clone
abnormal stress response | larval stage, with Spyo\Cas9SOP.scE1x8
abnormal touch response | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4nan.PK
abnormal wound healing | adult stage | somatic clone
decreased cell number | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4GMR58E02
decreased cell number | embryonic stage, with Scer\GAL4elav.PU
decreased cell number | pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4elav.PU
increased cell death | pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4elav.PU
increased cell number | adult stage | conditional, with Scer\GAL4NP6394
increased cell number | embryonic stage (with Sarm4621)
increased cell number | embryonic stage (with Sarm4705)
increased mortality | conditional
short lived, with Scer\GAL4da.G32
short lived, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
short lived, with Scer\GAL4nSyb.PS
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
adult brain | conditional, with Scer\GAL4NP6394
adult CNS glial cell | conditional, with Scer\GAL4NP6394
adult dopaminergic PAM neuron | decreased number, with Scer\GAL4GMR58E02
adult mechanosensory neuron, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
adult Pdf neuron, with Scer\GAL4P2.4.Pdf
axon | adult stage
axon | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
axon | adult stage | somatic clone
axon | adult stage | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4VGlut1-OK371
axon | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4ppk.PG
dendrite | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4shot-OK307
dendrite | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4ppk.PH
dendrite | larval stage, with Spyo\Cas9SOP.scE1x8
distal axon | larval stage
distal axon | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4tey-5053A, Spyo\Cas9UAS.P2
dopaminergic PPM3 neuron | conditional, with Scer\GAL4NP6394
embryonic/larval motor neuron | larval stage
embryonic/larval motor neuron | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4tey-5053A, Spyo\Cas9UAS.P2
embryonic/larval motor neuron | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Toll-6-D42
embryonic/larval neuromuscular junction | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Toll-6-D42
giant fiber neuron, with Scer\GAL4shot-OK307
larval central nervous system | embryonic stage, with Scer\GAL4elav.PU
larval central nervous system | embryonic stage (with Sarm4621)
larval central nervous system | embryonic stage (with Sarm4705)
larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaC, with Scer\GAL4ppk.PH
larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaC, with Spyo\Cas9SOP.scE1x8
larval multidendritic class IV neuron | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4ppk.PG
larval ventral nerve cord | pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4elav.PU
lobe system of adult mushroom body, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
mesonotum, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
neurite | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4P2.4.Pdf
neuromuscular junction | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4elav-C155
neuron | embryonic stage, with Scer\GAL4elav.PU
neuron | embryonic stage | increased number (with Sarm4621)
neuron | embryonic stage | increased number (with Sarm4705)
neuron | pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4elav.PU
ommatidium | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4GMR.PF
sensory neuron | adult stage | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4VGlut1-OK371
wing nerve | somatic clone
wing vein L1 | somatic clone | conditional
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (10)
Hsap\SARM1
12 of 14
Yes
Yes
4  
Hsap\L3MBTL3
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\L3MBTL4
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\SAMD1
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\SAMD13
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\SCMH1
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\SCML2
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\SCML4
1 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\SFMBT1
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\SFMBT2
1 of 14
No
No
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (2)
Rnor\Sarm1
12 of 14
Yes
Yes
Rnor\Ppp1r9a
1 of 14
No
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (2)
Mmus\Sarm1
11 of 14
Yes
Yes
Mmus\Ppp1r9a
1 of 14
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (6)
Xtro\sarm1
9 of 13
Yes
Yes
Xtro\l3mbtl3
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\rasl12
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\scmh1
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\scml2
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\sfmbt1
1 of 13
No
Yes
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (3)
Drer\sarm1
12 of 14
Yes
Yes
Drer\LOC100334707
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\shank2a
1 of 14
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (1)
Cele\tir-1
11 of 14
Yes
Yes
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (5)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP005901
11 of 12
Yes
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP003268
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP007137
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP010081
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP010202
1 of 12
No
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Sarm. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (6)
CG13996
1 of 13
CG15625
1 of 13
l(3)mbt
1 of 13
Lint-O
1 of 13
Scm
1 of 13
Sfmbt
1 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 2 )
Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
Human Ortholog
Disease
Evidence
References
Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
Allele
Disease
Interaction
References
Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
Homo sapiens (Human)
Gene name
Score
OMIM
OMIM Phenotype
DO term
Complementation?
Transgene?
SARM1; sterile alpha and TIR motif containing 1
12 of 14
607732
       
      Functional Complementation Data
      Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
      Interactions
      Summary of Physical Interactions
      Summary of Genetic Interactions
      Interaction Browsers
      View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
      Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
      Starting gene(s)
      Interaction type
      Interacting gene(s)
      Reference
      Sarm
      suppressible
      axed
      (Neukomm et al., 2017)
      Sarm
      suppressible
      bsk
      (Foldi et al., 2017)
      Sarm
      suppressible
      Cdc50
      (Ji et al., 2022)
      Sarm
      suppressible
      drpr
      (Ji et al., 2022)
      Sarm
      suppressible
      kay
      (Waller and Collins, 2023)
      Sarm
      enhanceable
      Myd88
      (Foldi et al., 2017)
      Sarm
      suppressible
      Wnk
      (Izadifar et al., 2021)
      Starting gene(s)
      Interaction type
      Interacting gene(s)
      Reference
      Nmnat
      suppressible
      Sarm
      (Ji et al., 2022, Neukomm et al., 2017)
      Nmnat
      suppressible
      Sarm|axed
      (Neukomm et al., 2017)
      Pyk
      suppressible
      Sarm
      (Waller et al., 2025)
      raw
      suppressible
      Sarm
      (Waller and Collins, 2023)
      wek
      suppressible
      Sarm
      (Foldi et al., 2017)
      Wnk
      suppressible
      Sarm
      (Izadifar et al., 2021)
      External Data
      Linkouts
      DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
      MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
      Pathways
      Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
      Metabolic Pathways
      FlyBase
      External Links
      External Data
      Linkouts
      Class of Gene
      Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
      Chromosome (arm)
      3L
      Recombination map
      3-22
      Cytogenetic map
      66B4-66B6
      Sequence location
      FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
      Cytogenetic map
      Evidence for location
      66B4-66B6
      Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}l(3)0721708223&P{EP}Rac2EP3118 and P{lacW}Nmtj1C7
      Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
      Cytogenetic map
      Notes
      References
      Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
      Location

      3-22

      (FlyBase, 2016)

      3-19.0

      (Comeron et al., 2012)
      Left of (cM)
      Right of (cM)
      Notes
      Stocks and Reagents
      Stocks (24)
      Genomic Clones (35)
      cDNA Clones (66)
       

      Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

      cDNA clones, fully sequenced
      BDGP DGC clones
      Other clones
      Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

      For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

      cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
      BDGP DGC clones
      Other clones
      RNAi and Array Information
      Linkouts
      DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
      Antibody Information
      Laboratory Generated Antibodies
       
      Commercially Available Antibodies
       
      Cell Line Information
      Publicly Available Cell Lines
       
        Other Stable Cell Lines
         
        Other Comments

        'Edis' is a circular RNA derived from a single exon of the Sarm transcript, and which encodes a functional protein.

        (Xiong et al., 2022)

        Area matching Drosophila EST AI134670.

        (Davies, 2001.3.15)
        Relationship to Other Genes
        Source for database merge of

        Source for merge of: Ect4 CG13680

        (FlyBase Genome Annotators, 2007)

        Source for merge of: Ect4 anon-WO0118547.272

        (FlyBase Genome Annotators, 2004, FlyBase, 1996-)

        Source for merge of: Ect-4 CG13681

        (FlyBase Genome Annotators, 2010)
        Additional comments

        Annotations CG34373 and CG13681 merged as CG43119 in release 5.32 of the genome annotation.

        (FlyBase Genome Annotators, 2010)

        Annotations CG7915 and CG13680 merged as CG34373 in release 5.2 of the genome annotation.

        (FlyBase Genome Annotators, 2007)

        Source for merge of Ect4 anon-WO0118547.272 was sequence comparison ( date:051113 ).

        (FlyBase Genome Annotators, 2004, FlyBase, 1996-)
        Nomenclature History
        Source for database identify of

        Source for identity of: Ect4 CG7915

        (Stathopoulos et al., 2002)

        Source for identity of: Sarm Ect4

        (Osterloh et al., 2012)
        Nomenclature comments

        FlyBase curator comment: Renamed from the placeholder symbol 'Ect4' to 'Sarm', as used in this paper and several subsequent papers, consistent with nomenclature used for vertebrate orthologs.

        (Osterloh et al., 2012)
        Etymology
        Synonyms and Secondary IDs (29)
        Reported As
        Symbol Synonym
        CG13680
        CG13681
        (Ashwal-Fluss et al., 2014, Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Molnar et al., 2006)
        CG34373
        (Heinrichsen et al., 2014, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Ni et al., 2008, FlyBase Genome Annotators, 2007)
        CG43119
        (Hosono et al., 2015, Molnar et al., 2012, FlyBase Genome Annotators, 2010, Ni et al., 2010.12.1, Perkins et al., 2009)
        CG7905
        CG7915
        (Schertel et al., 2013, Christis and Munro, 2012, Kim et al., 2010, Giot et al., 2003, Stathopoulos et al., 2002)
        ECT4
        (Riahi et al., 2021)
        Ect4
        (Li et al., 2025, Huang et al., 2023, Liu et al., 2022, Xiong et al., 2022, Bush et al., 2021, Pang et al., 2021, Aboukilila et al., 2020, Highfill et al., 2019, Meltzer et al., 2019, Lopez et al., 2018, Early et al., 2017, Monsanto-Hearne et al., 2017, David-Morrison et al., 2016, Dominguez et al., 2016, Kavi et al., 2015, Ashwal-Fluss et al., 2014, Taylor et al., 2014, Toshima et al., 2014, Kwon et al., 2013, Saunders et al., 2013, Schertel et al., 2013, Sen et al., 2013, Sen et al., 2013, Friedman et al., 2011, Marcu et al., 2011, Kim et al., 2010, Wang et al., 2008)
        Ect4/SARM
        (Akhouayri et al., 2011)
        Edis
        (Chan et al., 2023, Liu et al., 2022, Xiong et al., 2022)
        SARM
        (Carty and Bowie, 2019, Ferrandon, 2013)
        SARM1
        (Garb et al., 2024, Gu et al., 2021, Loreto et al., 2021, Coleman and Höke, 2020)
        Sarm
        (Singh et al., 2025, Albright et al., 2022, Boulanger and Dura, 2022, Ji et al., 2022, Kong et al., 2022, Li and Hidalgo, 2021, Li et al., 2020, FlyBase Genome Annotators, 2019-, Anthoney et al., 2018, Foldi et al., 2017)
        anon-WO0118547.272
        circRNA Edis
        (Xiong et al., 2022)
        circ_1705
        (Xiong et al., 2022)
        circ_Ect4
        (Xiong et al., 2022)
        dSARM
        (McLaughlin et al., 2016)
        dSARM1
        (Horsefield et al., 2019)
        dSarm
        (Guss et al., 2023, Herrmann et al., 2022, Izadifar et al., 2021, Sapar and Han, 2019, Farley et al., 2018, Foldi et al., 2017, Dorn and Dorn, 2015, Sreedharan et al., 2015)
        dSarm1
        (Brace et al., 2022)
        dsarm
        (Llobet Rosell et al., 2022, Bush et al., 2021, Hsu et al., 2021, Rosell and Neukomm, 2019, Neukomm et al., 2017, Neukomm et al., 2014, Sen et al., 2013, Osterloh et al., 2012)
        ect4
        (Gonzalez et al., 2012, Osterloh et al., 2012)
        sarm
        (Brace et al., 2022)
        Name Synonyms
        CG13680
        Drosophila sterile alpha and Armadillo motif
        (Osterloh et al., 2012)
        Ect4
        (Marcu et al., 2011)
        Ect4-derived immune suppressor
        (Xiong et al., 2022)
        Ectoderm-expressed 4
        (Toshima et al., 2014)
        SARM1
        (Coleman, 2020)
        Sterile alpha and Armadillo motif
        sterile α, ARM, and TIR domain protein
        (Farley et al., 2018)
        Secondary FlyBase IDs
        • FBgn0035832
        • FBgn0085402
        • FBgn0062127
        • FBgn0035834
        • FBgn0035835
        • FBgn0040834
        Datasets (0)
        Study focus (0)
        Experimental Role
        Project
        Project Type
        Title
        Study result (0)
        Result
        Result Type
        Title
        External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 81 )
        Sequence Crossreferences
        NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
        GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
        GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
        RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
        UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
        UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
        UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
        Other crossreferences
        AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
        BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
        DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
        EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
        FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
        InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
        KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
        MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
        PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
        Linkouts
        Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
        DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
        DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
        Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
        FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
        FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
        Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
        iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
        Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
        MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        References (138)