FB2025_05 , released December 11, 2025
Gene: Dmel\HnRNP-K
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\HnRNP-K
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K
Annotation Symbol
CG13425
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0267791
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
49 publicly available
Gene Summary
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (HnRNP-K) encodes a member of the hnRNP family of DNA/RNA binding proteins. It localizes, along with other hnRNPs, in nucleoplasmic omega speckles. It is involved in gene regulation, post-transcriptional RNA processing and RNA transport. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-21] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

bl, Hrb57A, bancal, hnRNP K, Q18

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
57A6-57A7
Sequence location
Recombination map
2-91
RefSeq locus
NT_033778 REGION:20587551..20606854
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (11 terms)
Molecular Function (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables mRNA binding
traceable author statement
(Bomsztyk et al., 2004)
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000032600
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
enables nucleic acid binding
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR004087
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
enables RNA binding
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR004088, InterPro:IPR036612
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Biological Process (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in regulation of alternative mRNA splicing, via spliceosome
inferred from high throughput mutant phenotype
(Park et al., 2004)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in regulation of mRNA splicing, via spliceosome
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000815597
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000815597
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Cellular Component (5 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in chromatin
inferred from direct assay
(Prasanth et al., 2000)
located_in nucleus
inferred from high throughput direct assay
(Lye et al., 2014)
inferred from direct assay
(Prasanth et al., 2000)
located_in omega speckle
inferred from direct assay
(Prasanth et al., 2000)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in cytoplasm
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000032600
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
located_in cytoplasm
traceable author statement
(Bomsztyk et al., 2004)
is_active_in nucleus
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000032600
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
located_in nucleus
traceable author statement
(Bomsztyk et al., 2004)
inferred by curator from GO:0000381
(Park et al., 2004)
part_of ribonucleoprotein complex
inferred from sequence or structural similarity
(Buchenau et al., 1997, Fukami-Kobayashi et al., 1993)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (HnRNP-K) encodes a member of the hnRNP family of DNA/RNA binding proteins. It localizes, along with other hnRNPs, in nucleoplasmic omega speckles. It is involved in gene regulation, post-transcriptional RNA processing and RNA transport. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-21]
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
6
Number of Unique Polypeptides
5

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\HnRNP-K for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry A1ZBW0)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.48

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Annotated transcripts do not represent all possible combinations of alternative exons and/or alternative promoters.

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
HnRNP-K-RA
FBtr0086220
NM_206185
2076
496
HnRNP-K-RB
FBtr0086219
NM_145883
2032
413
HnRNP-K-RC
FBtr0086221
NM_206184
2127
502
HnRNP-K-RD
FBtr0086222
NM_206183
1342
315
HnRNP-K-RE
FBtr0301760
NM_001169745
2101
493
HnRNP-K-RF
FBtr0336730
NM_001274173
2078
496
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)

2.0 (northern blot)

(Gates and Thummel, 2000, Hovemann et al., 2000, Spradling et al., 1999)

2.1, 1.9 (northern blot)

(Charroux et al., 1999)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
HnRNP-K-PA
FBpp0089365
50.2
496
8.98
A1ZBW1
NP_995907
AAF57450
HnRNP-K-PB
FBpp0085537
41.0
413
9.59
A1ZBW3
NP_665890
AAM68390
HnRNP-K-PC
FBpp0089363
51.0
502
9.65
A1ZBW0
NP_995906
AAM68389
HnRNP-K-PD
FBpp0089364
29.8
315
9.48
A1ZBW4
NP_995905
AAS64908
HnRNP-K-PE
FBpp0290974
49.9
493
8.63
E1JGN7
NP_001163216
ACZ94488
HnRNP-K-PF
FBpp0307711
50.2
496
8.98
A1ZBW1
NP_001261102
AGB93634
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

496 aa isoforms: HnRNP-K-PA, HnRNP-K-PF
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)

508 (aa)

(Gates and Thummel, 2000, Spradling et al., 1999)

496 (aa); 55 (kD observed); 50 (kD predicted)

(Hovemann et al., 2000)

490 (aa); 54 (kD observed); 54 (kD predicted)

(Charroux et al., 1999)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\HnRNP-K using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.08

Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 10
organism | ubiquitous
(Aboobaker et al., 2005)
embryonic stage 11
cardiogenic mesoderm
(Ahmad et al., 2012)
wandering third instar larval stage
wing pouch | restricted
(Molnar et al., 2012)
wing hinge primordium | restricted
(Molnar et al., 2012)
northern blot
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage
(Charroux et al., 1999)
embryonic stage 1 -- 13

Comment: reference states <=10 hr AEL

(Charroux et al., 1999)
larval stage & pupal stage
(Gates and Thummel, 2000)
third instar larval stage
(Charroux et al., 1999)
adult stage | female
(Charroux et al., 1999)
Additional Descriptive Data

HnRNP-K transcript is expressed in cardiogenic mesoderm at embryonic stage 11, but not in the embryonic/larval heart at stage 16.

(Ahmad et al., 2012)

bl transcripts are detected in late third instar larvae. bl transcription is induced by ecdysone.

(Gates and Thummel, 2000)

the 2.1kb bl transcript is expressed at all stages tested.

(Charroux et al., 1999)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage
organism | ubiquitous
(Charroux et al., 1999)
embryonic stage 4 -- 12
somatic cell
• nucleus
(Hovemann et al., 2000)
embryonic cycle 10 -- embryonic cycle 12
embryonic cortex
(Charroux et al., 1999)
embryonic cycle 13
embryonic cortex
(Charroux et al., 1999)
primordial germ cell

Comment: NOT nucleus

(Charroux et al., 1999)
embryonic stage 5 -- 17
somatic cell
• nucleus

Comment: interphase nuclei

(Charroux et al., 1999)
embryonic cycle 14
somatic cell
• nucleus
(Charroux et al., 1999)
embryonic stage 9
amnioserosa
• nucleus
(Charroux et al., 1999)
third instar larval stage
imaginal disc
(Charroux et al., 1999)
imaginal disc
• nucleus

Comment: interphase nuclei

(Charroux et al., 1999)
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult head
(Aradska et al., 2015)
day 5 of adulthood | male -- day 7 of adulthood | male
spermatozoon
(Wasbrough et al., 2010)
western blot
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage
organism
(Charroux et al., 1999)
larval stage
imaginal disc
(Charroux et al., 1999)
adult stage | female
ovary
(Charroux et al., 1999)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in chromatin
inferred from direct assay
(Prasanth et al., 2000)
located_in nucleus
inferred from high throughput direct assay
(Lye et al., 2014)
inferred from direct assay
(Prasanth et al., 2000)
located_in omega speckle
inferred from direct assay
(Prasanth et al., 2000)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
Reporter: PBac{544.SVS-1}HnRNP-KCPTI002129
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult brain cell body rind
(Knowles-Barley, 2011.8.24)
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\HnRNP-K in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 31 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 8 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of HnRNP-K
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of HnRNP-K
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 3 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 3 )
Gene disrupted in
Df(2R)Exel6070
(Ryder, 2004.4.26)
Df(2R)Exel7164
(Ryder, 2004.4.26)
Gene partially disrupted in
Df(2R)mir-7-Δ1
(Li and Carthew, 2005)
Inferred from location ( 7 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
lethal (with HnRNP-Kv5)
lethal (with HnRNP-Kv6)
lethal | recessive
partially lethal (with HnRNP-Kv4)
partially lethal (with HnRNP-Kv6)
partially lethal | recessive
viable
viable, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
viable, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
viable, with Scer\GAL4tin.CΔ4
viable (with HnRNP-Kv1)
viable (with HnRNP-Kv2)
Sterility
Allele
fertile
Other Phenotypes
Allele
abnormal flight, with Scer\GAL4Act88F.PB
abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4elav.PU
abnormal size | adult stage
abnormal size | adult stage (with HnRNP-Kv4)
abnormal size | adult stage (with HnRNP-Kv6)
decreased occurrence of cell division | larval stage
increased cell death
visible
visible, with Scer\GAL4ptc-559.1
visible, with Scer\GAL4sca-537.4
visible (with HnRNP-Kk08305)
visible (with HnRNP-Kv1)
visible (with HnRNP-Kv2)
visible (with HnRNP-Kv5)
visible | pharate adult stage | recessive
wild-type
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
crossvein, with Scer\GAL4ptc-559.1
eye
eye (with HnRNP-Kv4)
eye (with HnRNP-Kv5)
eye (with HnRNP-Kv6)
first posterior wing cell, with Scer\GAL4ptc-559.1
interommatidial bristle
leg
leg (with HnRNP-Kk08305)
leg (with HnRNP-Kv1)
leg (with HnRNP-Kv2)
leg (with HnRNP-Kv4)
leg (with HnRNP-Kv5)
leg (with HnRNP-Kv6)
macrochaeta, with Scer\GAL4ptc-559.1
macrochaeta, with Scer\GAL4sca-537.4
metathoracic femur
metathoracic metatarsus
ommatidium
scutellar bristle | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4sca-537.4
trichogen cell, with Scer\GAL4sca-537.4
trichogen cell | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4sca-537.4
wing
wing, with Scer\GAL4ptc-559.1
wing (with HnRNP-Kv1)
wing (with HnRNP-Kv2)
wing (with HnRNP-Kv4)
wing (with HnRNP-Kv5)
wing (with HnRNP-Kv6)
wing disc
wing disc, with Scer\GAL4ptc-559.1
wing disc (with HnRNP-Kv4)
wing disc (with HnRNP-Kv6)
wing disc | posterior
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (15)
Hsap\HNRNPK
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
3  
Hsap\IGF2BP3
3 of 14
No
No
Hsap\IGF2BP1
2 of 14
No
No
3  
Hsap\IGF2BP2
2 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\FUBP1
1 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\FUBP3
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\HDLBP
1 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\KHSRP
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\NOVA1
1 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\NOVA2
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\PCBP1
1 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\PCBP2
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\PCBP3
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\PCBP4
1 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\TDRKH
1 of 14
No
No
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (12)
Rnor\Hnrnpk
12 of 14
Yes
Yes
Rnor\LOC100359916
10 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Igf2bp3
3 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Igf2bp1
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Igf2bp2
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Fubp1
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Fubp3
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Nova1
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Nova2
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Pcbp2
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Pcbp3
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Pcbp4
1 of 14
No
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (12)
Mmus\Hnrnpk
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Mmus\Igf2bp1
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Igf2bp2
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Igf2bp3
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Fubp1
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Fubp3
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Nova1
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Nova2
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Pcbp1
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Pcbp2
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Pcbp3
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Pcbp4
1 of 14
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (12)
Xtro\hnrnpk
5 of 13
Yes
Yes
Xtro\igf2bp3
2 of 13
No
No
Xtro\ccdc69
1 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\fubp1
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\h1-8
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\hdlbp
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\nova1
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\nova2
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\pcbp1
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\pcbp2
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\pcbp3
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\pitx2
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (15)
Drer\hnrnpk
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Drer\hnrpkl
13 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\igf2bp3
3 of 14
No
No
Drer\igf2bp1
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\igf2bp2a
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\igf2bp2b
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\fubp1
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\fubp3
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\khsrp
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\nova1
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\nova2
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\pcbp2
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\pcbp3
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\pcbp4
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\zgc:110045
1 of 14
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (8)
Cele\hrpk-1
12 of 14
Yes
Yes
Cele\fubl-1
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\fubl-2
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\fubl-3
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\fubl-4
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\imph-1
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\nova-1
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\pes-4
1 of 14
No
No
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (6)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP005015
11 of 12
Yes
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP012103
2 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP002896
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP004942
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP005467
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP011446
1 of 12
No
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (18)
Atha\AT1G51580
7 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\HEN4
7 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\AT1G14170
4 of 13
No
No
Atha\AT4G18375
4 of 13
No
No
Atha\AT5G15270
4 of 13
No
No
Atha\FLK
4 of 13
No
No
Atha\AT2G22600
3 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\AT5G09560
3 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\AT5G46190
3 of 13
No
No
Atha\RCF3
3 of 13
No
No
Atha\AT2G03110
2 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\PEP
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\AT1G33680
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\AT2G25970
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\AT3G12130
1 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\AT4G10070
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\AT5G06770
1 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\BTR1L
1 of 13
No
No
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (2)
Scer\PBP2
5 of 13
Yes
No
Scer\HEK2
4 of 13
No
No
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (1)
Spom\rnc1
3 of 12
Yes
No
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:HnRNP-K. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (6)
mub
7 of 13
Imp
5 of 13
ps
3 of 13
Psi
2 of 13
CG7878
1 of 13
Dp1
1 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    HnRNP-KKG02524
    exacerbates  tauopathy
    modeled by Hsap\MAPTGMR.Ex.PJ
    (Ambegaokar and Jackson, 2011)
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    HNRNPK; heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K
    13 of 14
    600712
       
      IGF2BP3; insulin like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 3
      3 of 14
      608259
          Functional Complementation Data
          Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
          Interactions
          Summary of Physical Interactions
          Summary of Genetic Interactions
          Interaction Browsers
          View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
          Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
          Starting gene(s)
          Interaction type
          Interacting gene(s)
          Reference
          HnRNP-K
          enhanceable
          N
          (Abdelilah-Seyfried et al., 2000)
          HnRNP-K
          enhanceable
          TBPH
          (Appocher et al., 2017)
          Starting gene(s)
          Interaction type
          Interacting gene(s)
          Reference
          N
          enhanceable
          HnRNP-K
          (Abdelilah-Seyfried et al., 2000)
          TBPH
          enhanceable
          HnRNP-K
          (Appocher et al., 2017)
          External Data
          Linkouts
          DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
          MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
          Pathways
          Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
          Metabolic Pathways
          FlyBase
          External Links
          External Data
          Linkouts
          KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
          Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
          Class of Gene
          Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
          Chromosome (arm)
          2R
          Recombination map
          2-91
          Cytogenetic map
          57A6-57A7
          Sequence location
          FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
          Cytogenetic map
          Evidence for location
          57A6-57A7
          Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}l(2)05510EP2587&P{lacW}rigk07917 and P{lacW}l(2)k02206k02206
          Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
          Cytogenetic map
          Notes
          References
          57A-57A
          (determined by in situ hybridisation)
          (Lukacsovich et al., 2001, Charroux et al., 1999, Buchenau et al., 1997)
          57A3-57A4
          (determined by in situ hybridisation)
          (Abdelilah-Seyfried et al., 2000)
          57A-57A
          (Charroux, 1999.4.13, Hovemann, 1999.5.7)
          Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
          Location

          2-91

          (FlyBase, 2016)

          2-97.4

          (Comeron et al., 2012)
          Left of (cM)
          Right of (cM)
          Notes
          Stocks and Reagents
          Stocks (49)
          Genomic Clones (28)
          cDNA Clones (99)
           

          Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

          cDNA clones, fully sequenced
          BDGP DGC clones
          Other clones
            Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

            For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

            cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
            BDGP DGC clones
            Other clones
            RNAi and Array Information
            Linkouts
            Antibody Information
            Laboratory Generated Antibodies
             

            polyclonal

            (Hovemann et al., 2000, Charroux et al., 1999)
            Commercially Available Antibodies
             
            Cell Line Information
            Publicly Available Cell Lines
             
              Other Stable Cell Lines
               
                Other Comments

                The levels of bl protein affect cell proliferation and apoptosis in imaginal disc cells.

                (Charroux et al., 1999)

                bl is dynamically distributed in the nuclei of developing embryos and redistributed from the nucleus to cytoplasm at each mitosis from blastoderm to hatching. The protein is recruited to the 93D locus upon heat shock.

                (Buchenau et al., 1997)

                HnRNP-K may be involved in embryogenesis and the development of the adult appendages.

                (Vola et al., 1995)
                Relationship to Other Genes
                Source for database merge of

                Source for merge of: bl CG13425

                (Misra, 2000.4.8)

                Source for merge of: bl l(2)k08305

                (Gates, 2000.3.3)

                Source for merge of: bl Hrb57A

                (Bayraktaroglu, 2000.5.26)

                Source for merge of: bl HnRNP-K

                (FlyBase, 1992-)
                Additional comments

                HnRNP-K confirmed to be the hnRNP-K otholog, bl, in correspondance with S.C. Lakhotia.

                (FlyBase, 1992-)
                Nomenclature History
                Source for database identify of

                Source for identity of: HnRNP-K bl

                (FlyBase, 2009-)
                Nomenclature comments

                Renamed from 'bl' to 'HnRNP-K' (a synonym, and similar to the symbol of the mammalian ortholog) to minimise confusion with the 'Bl' ('Bristle') gene symbol, from which it differed only by case.

                (FlyBase, 2009-)
                Etymology

                The gene is named "bancal" (meaning "wobbly" in French) as mutant flies with a strong phenotype cannot walk and fall over.

                (Charroux et al., 1999)
                Synonyms and Secondary IDs (18)
                Reported As
                Symbol Synonym
                BL
                (Sofola et al., 2007)
                Bancal
                (Dwivedi et al., 2015)
                Bl
                (Appocher et al., 2017)
                CG13425
                (National Institute of Genetics Fly Stocks, 2022-, Appocher et al., 2017, Çiçek et al., 2016, Brooks et al., 2015, Ahmad et al., 2012, O'Keefe et al., 2011, Ni et al., 2010.12.1, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Chen et al., 2008, Grieder et al., 2007, Quinones-Coello, 2007, McIntyre et al., 2006, Molnar et al., 2006)
                HnRNP-K
                (Choudhury et al., 2024, Ambegaokar, 2021.9.13, Appocher et al., 2017, Caygill and Brand, 2017, Clandinin and Owens, 2016-, Brooks et al., 2015)
                Hnrnp-k
                (Glineburg and Nguyen, 2025)
                Hrb57A
                (Ustaoglu et al., 2019, Mach et al., 2018, Singh and Lakhotia, 2012, Mallik and Lakhotia, 2010, Mallik and Lakhotia, 2009, Jolly and Lakhotia, 2006, Gortchakov et al., 2005, Lakhotia, 2003, Gasser, 2002, Marhold et al., 2002, Zimowska and Paddy, 2002, Rajendra et al., 2001, Bayraktaroglu, 2000.5.26, Prasanth et al., 2000, Hovemann, 1999.5.7, Buchenau et al., 1998, Zink and Cremer, 1998, Buchenau et al., 1997)
                Q18
                (Hovemann et al., 2000, Lakhotia et al., 1999)
                bl
                (Riemondy et al., 2023, Fernando et al., 2015, Oas et al., 2014, Kwon et al., 2013, He et al., 2012, Siddiqui et al., 2012, Ambegaokar and Jackson, 2011, Friedman et al., 2011, Buffin and Gho, 2010, Wasbrough et al., 2010, Pek et al., 2009, Chen et al., 2008, Grieder et al., 2007, Minidorff et al., 2007, Minidorff et al., 2007, Quinones-Coello, 2007, Sofola et al., 2007, McIntyre et al., 2006, Molnar et al., 2006, Li and Carthew, 2005)
                dhnRNP K
                (Gortchakov et al., 2005)
                hnRNP K
                (Ambegaokar and Jackson, 2011, Jolly and Lakhotia, 2006, Lakhotia, 2003)
                hnRNP-A1L
                (Fukami-Kobayashi et al., 1993)
                hrb57a
                (Ramesh et al., 2020)
                l(2)k08305
                (Gates and Thummel, 2000)
                Name Synonyms
                Bancal
                (Singh and Lakhotia, 2012, Garcia and Stathopoulos, 2011, O'Keefe et al., 2011)
                Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K
                (Vola et al., 1995)
                Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein at 57A
                (Buchenau et al., 1997)
                bancal
                (Dyson et al., 2025, Fernando et al., 2015, Shen et al., 2013, Ambegaokar and Jackson, 2011, Buffin and Gho, 2010, Ochoa-Espinosa et al., 2009, Pek et al., 2009, Robida et al., 2007, Venken, 2006, Venken et al., 2006, Charroux, 1999.4.13, Charroux et al., 1996)
                bancal hnRNP
                (Biehs et al., 2010)
                Secondary FlyBase IDs
                • FBgn0015238
                • FBgn0010589
                • FBgn0050153
                • FBgn0015907
                • FBgn0020651
                • FBgn0034524
                Datasets (0)
                Study focus (0)
                Experimental Role
                Project
                Project Type
                Title
                Study result (0)
                Result
                Result Type
                Title
                External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 81 )
                Sequence Crossreferences
                NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
                GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
                GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
                RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
                UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
                UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
                Other crossreferences
                AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
                BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
                DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
                EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
                FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
                InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
                KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
                MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
                Linkouts
                Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
                DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
                Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
                FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
                FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
                Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
                FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.
                iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
                KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
                MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
                Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
                References (132)