FB2025_05 , released December 11, 2025
Gene: Dmel\βGlu
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\βGlu
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
β glucuronidase
Annotation Symbol
CG2135
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0270927
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
6 publicly available
Enzyme Name (EC)
beta-glucuronidase (3.2.1.31)
Gene Summary
β glucuronidase (βGlu) encodes a lysosomal enzyme that hydrolyzes terminal D-glucuronic acid residues on the non-reducing end of the heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate chain. It is involved in heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan catabolism. [Date last reviewed: 2024-12-19] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

Glu

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
100D2-100D2
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-102
RefSeq locus
NT_033777 REGION:31769293..31771848
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (9 terms)
Molecular Function (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables beta-glucuronidase activity
inferred from direct assay
(Bar et al., 2018, Langley et al., 1983)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables beta-glucuronidase activity
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001600419
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
enables carbohydrate binding
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001600419
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
enables hydrolase activity, hydrolyzing O-glycosyl compounds
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Biological Process (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in carbohydrate metabolic process
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
involved_in chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan catabolic process
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P12265
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
involved_in heparan sulfate proteoglycan catabolic process
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P12265
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
Cellular Component (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in membrane
inferred from direct assay
(Langley et al., 1983)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in extracellular space
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000007258
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
located_in extracellular space
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P12265
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
is_active_in lysosome
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P12265
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Pathway (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Catalytic Activity (EC/Rhea)
beta-glucuronidase activity
a beta-D-glucuronoside + H2O = D-glucuronate + an alcohol (3.2.1.31)
RHEA 17633:
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
β glucuronidase (βGlu) encodes a lysosomal enzyme that hydrolyzes terminal D-glucuronic acid residues on the non-reducing end of the heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate chain. It is involved in heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan catabolism. [Date last reviewed: 2024-12-19]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
BETA-GLUCURONIDASES -
β-glucuronidases catalyze the hydrolysis of beta-D-glucuronoside into an alcohol and D-glucuronate.
Pathway (FlyBase)
HEPARAN SULFATE PROTEOGLYCAN CATABOLISM -
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are glycoconjugates that consist of a core protein linked to one or more linear heparan sulfate (HS) chains. The chains are composed of alternating N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and glucuronic acid or iduronic acid that can be variably N- and O-sulfated. The degradation of HSPGs occurs in the lysosome. The HS chain is initially fragmented into oligosaccharides by an endo-glucuronidase. These oligosaccharides are then degraded sequentially from the nonreducing end by exo-type glycosidases and sulfatases to release the monosaccharide units. (Adapted from PMID:28741461.)
CHONDROITIN SULFATE PROTEOGLYCAN CATABOLISM -
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are glycoconjugates that consist of a core protein linked to one or more linear chondroitin sulfate (CS) chains. The chains are composed of alternating glucuronic acid and N-acetylgalactosamine that can be variably O-sulfated. The degradation of CSPGs occurs in the lysosome. The CS chain is initially fragmented into oligosaccharides by an endo-N-acetyl-D-hexosaminidase. These oligosaccharides are then degraded sequentially from the nonreducing end by exo-type glycosidases and sulfatases to release the monosaccharide units. (Adapted from PMID:33425887.)
Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)
Glu: β-Glucuronidase
May or may not be a structural gene for β-D-Glucuronidase (EC 3.2.1.31). The enzyme is a glycoprotein and exists in two chromatographically separable forms. Form I is membrane bound, has a pI of 8.0 - 8.5, and can be irreversably inactivated by either incubation at 55 for 20 min or by incubation at 37 in the presence of 6M urea; form II exists in both membrane-bound and free states, has a pI of 4.5, and is resistant to inactivation by the above treatments. The two are kinetically similar, having similar Km and Vmax and are precipitated by antibody raised against form II.
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
1
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\βGlu for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q9V9T9)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.49

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Gene model reviewed during 5.40

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
βGlu-RA
FBtr0085858
NM_143636
2331
686
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)

3.6 (northern blot)

(Schuster et al., 1991)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
βGlu-PA
FBpp0085217
79.3
686
6.97
Q9V9T9
NP_651893
AAF57195
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

There is only one protein coding transcript and one polypeptide associated with this gene

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\βGlu using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

0.10

Transcript Expression
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult head
(Aradska et al., 2015)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in membrane
inferred from direct assay
(Langley et al., 1983)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\βGlu in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 7 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 4 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of βGlu
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of βGlu
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 2 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 2 )
Gene duplicated in
Ts(Y;3Rt)B152
(Langley et al., 1983)
Gene disrupted in
Df(3R)Exel6220
(Ryder, 2004.4.26)
Inferred from location ( 3 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
viable, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
viable, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
viable, with Scer\GAL4tin.CΔ4
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (3)
Hsap\GUSB
13 of 14
Yes
No
Hsap\GUSBP11
2 of 14
No
Yes
Hsap\MANBA
1 of 14
No
No
1  
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (1)
Rnor\Gusb
12 of 14
Yes
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (2)
Mmus\Gusb
12 of 14
Yes
No
Mmus\Manba
2 of 14
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (2)
Xtro\gusb
7 of 13
Yes
No
Xtro\grifin
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (2)
Drer\gusb
13 of 14
Yes
No
Drer\manba
2 of 14
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (2)
Cele\Y105E8B.9
13 of 14
Yes
No
Cele\C33G3.4
2 of 14
No
No
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (2)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP011859
7 of 12
Yes
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP000143
2 of 12
No
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (3)
Atha\AT3G54440
6 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\AT1G09010
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\AT3G30540
1 of 13
No
Yes
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (3)
Ecol\uidA
9 of 11
Yes
Yes
1  
Ecol\ebgA
3 of 11
No
Yes
Ecol\lacZ
3 of 11
No
Yes
13038  
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:βGlu. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (2)
CG15117
11 of 13
β-Man
2 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )
Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 1 )
Human Ortholog
Disease
Evidence
References
GUSB; glucuronidase beta
model of  mucopolysaccharidosis type VII
IEA
(FlyBase, 2019-)
Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
Allele
Disease
Interaction
References
Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
Homo sapiens (Human)
Gene name
Score
OMIM
OMIM Phenotype
DO term
Complementation?
Transgene?
GUSB; glucuronidase beta
13 of 14
611499
Functional Complementation Data
Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
Interactions
Summary of Physical Interactions
Interaction Browsers
Summary of Genetic Interactions
Interaction Browsers
Starting gene(s)
Interaction type
Interacting gene(s)
Reference
Starting gene(s)
Interaction type
Interacting gene(s)
Reference
External Data
Linkouts
Pathways
Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
Metabolic Pathways
External Data
Class of Gene
Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
Chromosome (arm)
3R
Recombination map
3-102
Cytogenetic map
100D2-100D2
Sequence location
FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map
Evidence for location
100D2-100D2
Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}pygoEP1076 and P{PZ}ttk02667&P{lacW}ttkj6C7
Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map
Notes
References
Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
Location

3-102

(FlyBase, 2016)

3-99.1

(Comeron et al., 2012)

3-

(Choudhary et al., 1992)

3-[99]

Left of (cM)
Right of (cM)
Notes
Stocks and Reagents
Stocks (6)
Genomic Clones (13)
 

Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

cDNA Clones (19)
 

Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

cDNA clones, fully sequenced
BDGP DGC clones
Other clones
    Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

    For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

    cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
    BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
    RNAi and Array Information
    Linkouts
    Antibody Information
    Laboratory Generated Antibodies
     
    Commercially Available Antibodies
     
    Cell Line Information
    Publicly Available Cell Lines
     
      Other Stable Cell Lines
       
        Other Comments

        May or may not be a structural gene for β-D-Glucuronidase. The enzyme is a glycoprotein and exists in two chromatographically separable forms. Form I is membrane bound, has a pI of 8.0 - 8.5 and can be irreversibly inactivated by either incubation at 55oC for 20 min or by incubation at 37oC in the presence of 6M urea; form II exists in both membrane-bound and free states, has a pI of 4.5 and is resistant to inactivation by the above treatments. The two are kinetically similar, having similar Km and Vmax and are precipitated by antibody raised against form II.

        Relationship to Other Genes
        Source for database merge of

        Source for merge of: Glu CG2135

        (FlyBase, 1992-)
        Additional comments

        'Glu' ('β glucuronidase') was a non-sequenced localized gene mapping to 98F1-100F5. Gene Ontology analysis and ortholog analysis agree there are two Dmel genes encoding β glucuronidases: 'CG2135' (100D2) and 'CG15117' (56B5). These data indicate that the 'Glu' gene is identical to the 'CG2135' annotation.

        (FlyBase, 1992-)
        Nomenclature History
        Source for database identify of

        Source for identity of: βGlu Glu

        (FlyBase, 1992-)
        Nomenclature comments

        The original 'Glu' symbol for 'β glucuronidase' has been changed to 'βGlu' to (i) better match the fullname, (ii) reflect the symbol used in the original paper characterizing the enzyme (FBrf0039685), and (iii) minimize confusion with the unrelated 'glu' gene.

        (FlyBase, 1992-)
        Etymology
        Synonyms and Secondary IDs (9)
        Reported As
        Symbol Synonym
        CG2135
        (Mandal et al., 2025, Basu et al., 2022, Bar et al., 2018, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Perkins et al., 2009)
        Glc
        Glu
        (Lindsley and Zimm, 1992)
        betaGlu
        (Gene Disruption Project members, 2018-)
        gus
        (Whyard et al., 2009)
        β-GUS
        (Choudhary et al., 1992)
        βGlu
        (Kanca et al., 2022, Rigon et al., 2021)
        Name Synonyms
        β glucuronidase
        β-Glucuronidase
        (Lindsley and Zimm, 1992)
        Secondary FlyBase IDs
        • FBgn0001111
        • FBgn0039874
        Datasets (0)
        Study focus (0)
        Experimental Role
        Project
        Project Type
        Title
        Study result (0)
        Result
        Result Type
        Title
        External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 48 )
        Sequence Crossreferences
        NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
        GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
        GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
        RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
        UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
        UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
        Other crossreferences
        AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
        BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
        DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
        EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
        FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
        InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
        KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
        MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
        Linkouts
        Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
        Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
        FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
        FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
        Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
        KEGG Metabolic Pathways - A collection of manually drawn metabolic pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
        KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
        References (36)