FB2025_01 , released February 20, 2025
Gene: Dmel\Ak2
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Ak2
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Adenylate kinase 2
Annotation Symbol
CG3140
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0283494
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
11 publicly available
Enzyme Name (EC)
adenylate kinase (2.7.4.3)
Gene Summary
Catalyzes the reversible transfer of the terminal phosphate group between ATP and AMP (By similarity) (PubMed:19416704). Plays an important role in cellular energy homeostasis and in adenine nucleotide metabolism. Adenylate kinase activity is critical for regulation of the phosphate utilization and the AMP de novo biosynthesis pathways (By similarity). Essential for viability (PubMed:19416704). (UniProt, Q9U915)
Contribute a Gene Snapshot for this gene.
All Summaries
Also Known As

Adk2, Dak2, l(2)k04201, l(2)k16120, Adk2-60B

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
60B4-60B4
Sequence location
Recombination map
2-106
RefSeq locus
NT_033778 REGION:24024207..24025877
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (5 terms)
Molecular Function (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables adenylate kinase activity
inferred from direct assay
(Fujisawa et al., 2009)
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Fujisawa et al., 2009)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables adenylate kinase activity
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR006259, InterPro:IPR007862, InterPro:IPR028587
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000599576
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
enables ATP binding
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR000850, InterPro:IPR006259
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Biological Process (1 term)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in ADP biosynthetic process
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000599693
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR028587
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Cellular Component (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in mitochondrion
inferred from high throughput direct assay
(Alonso et al., 2005)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in cytoplasm
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000599576
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
is_active_in mitochondrion
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001916109
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the adenylate kinase family. AK2 subfamily. (Q9U915)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Catalytic Activity (EC/Rhea)
adenylate kinase activity
AMP + ATP = 2 ADP (2.7.4.3)
RHEA 12973:
Summaries
Gene Group (FlyBase)
NUCLEOSIDE MONOPHOSPHATE KINASES -
Nucleoside monophosphate kinases catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a nucleotide substrate.
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Catalyzes the reversible transfer of the terminal phosphate group between ATP and AMP (By similarity) (PubMed:19416704). Plays an important role in cellular energy homeostasis and in adenine nucleotide metabolism. Adenylate kinase activity is critical for regulation of the phosphate utilization and the AMP de novo biosynthesis pathways (By similarity). Essential for viability (PubMed:19416704).
(UniProt, Q9U915)
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
1
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Ak2 for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q9U915)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Gene model reviewed during 5.52

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
Ak2-RA
FBtr0072163
NM_079112
1065
240
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
Ak2-PA
FBpp0072072
26.5
240
8.07
Q9U915
NP_523836
AAF47139
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

There is only one protein coding transcript and one polypeptide associated with this gene

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Monomer.

(UniProt, Q9U915)
Domain

Consists of three domains, a large central CORE domain and two small peripheral domains, NMPbind and LID, which undergo movements during catalysis. The LID domain closes over the site of phosphoryl transfer upon ATP binding. Assembling and dissambling the active center during each catalytic cycle provides an effective means to prevent ATP hydrolysis.

(UniProt, Q9U915)
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Ak2 using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.49

Transcript Expression
Polypeptide Expression
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult head
(Aradska et al., 2015)
day 5 of adulthood & male -- day 7 of adulthood & male
spermatozoon
(Dorus et al., 2006)
day 7 of adulthood -- day 49 of adulthood
adult heart
(Cammarato et al., 2011)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in mitochondrion
inferred from high throughput direct assay
(Alonso et al., 2005)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Ak2 in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 8 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 6 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Ak2
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Ak2
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 11 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (9)
Hsap\AK2
12 of 14
Yes
Yes
1  
Hsap\AK3
3 of 14
No
No
Hsap\AK4
3 of 14
No
No
Hsap\AK5
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\AK7
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\AK8
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\AK9
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\CMPK1
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\LOC390877
1 of 14
No
Yes
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (7)
Rnor\Ak2
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Rnor\Ak4
3 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Ak3
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Ak5
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Ak8
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Cmpk1
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\LOC301115
1 of 14
No
Yes
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (9)
Mmus\Ak2
12 of 14
Yes
Yes
Mmus\Ak3
3 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Ak4
3 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Ak1
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Ak5
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Ak7
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Ak8
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Ak9
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Cmpk1
1 of 14
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (4)
Xtro\ak2
10 of 13
Yes
Yes
Xtro\ak3
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\ak4
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\dedd2
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (10)
Drer\ak2
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Drer\ak3
3 of 14
No
No
Drer\ak4
3 of 14
No
No
Drer\ak1
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\ak5
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\ak5l
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\ak7a
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\ak7b
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\ak8
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\ak9
1 of 14
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (5)
Cele\let-754
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Cele\ZK673.2
3 of 14
No
No
Cele\C29F7.3
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\F13E6.2
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\F40F8.1
1 of 14
No
No
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (4)
Agam\KAD2_ANOGA
11 of 12
Yes
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP009660
3 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP003968
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP009319
1 of 12
No
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (11)
Atha\ADK1
12 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\AT5G50370
12 of 13
Yes
Yes
Atha\ADK
4 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\AMK2
4 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\AT2G39270
4 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\AT3G01820
3 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\AT5G35170
3 of 13
No
Yes
Atha\AT4G25280
2 of 13
No
No
Atha\AT3G60180
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\AT3G60961
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\PYR6
1 of 13
No
No
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (3)
Scer\ADK1
12 of 13
Yes
Yes
Scer\ADK2
2 of 13
No
No
Scer\URA6
1 of 13
No
No
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (2)
Spom\adk1
11 of 12
Yes
Yes
Spom\SPCC1795.05c
1 of 12
No
No
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (1)
Ecol\adk
9 of 11
Yes
Yes
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Ak2. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (4)
Ak3
4 of 13
Ak1
3 of 13
CG9541
3 of 13
Cmpk
3 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 1 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    AK2; adenylate kinase 2
    model of  reticular dysgenesis
    IEA
    (FlyBase, 2019-)
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    AK2; adenylate kinase 2
    12 of 14
    103020
     
    AK3; adenylate kinase 3
    3 of 14
    609290
        AK4; adenylate kinase 4
        3 of 14
        103030
            Functional Complementation Data
            Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
            Interactions
            Summary of Physical Interactions
            esyN Network Diagram
            Show neighbor-neighbor interactions:
            Show/hide secondary interactors 
            (data from AllianceMine provided by esyN)
            Select Layout:
            Legend:
            Protein
            RNA
            Selected Interactor(s)
            Other Interaction Browsers
            View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
            Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
            protein-protein
            Physical Interaction
            Assay
            References
            Ak2 - Doc1
            anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting, experimental knowledge based
            (Rhee et al., 2014)
            Ak2 - dUTPase
            experimental knowledge based
            (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
            Ak2 - regucalcin
            experimental knowledge based
            (Guruharsha et al., 2011)
            Summary of Genetic Interactions
            esyN Network Diagram
            Other Interaction Browsers
            Starting gene(s)
            Interaction type
            Interacting gene(s)
            Reference
            Starting gene(s)
            Interaction type
            Interacting gene(s)
            Reference
            External Data
            Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
            Monomer.
            (UniProt, Q9U915 )
            Linkouts
            MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
            Pathways
            Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
            Metabolic Pathways
            FlyBase
            External Links
            FlyCyc Pathways - Pathways from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
            KEGG Metabolic Pathways - A collection of manually drawn metabolic pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
            Reactome Metabolic Pathways - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed metabolic pathway database.
            External Data
            Linkouts
            KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
            Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
            Class of Gene
            Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
            Chromosome (arm)
            2R
            Recombination map
            2-106
            Cytogenetic map
            60B4-60B4
            Sequence location
            FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
            Cytogenetic map
            Evidence for location
            60B4-60B4
            Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}Phmk07623&P{lacW}tsrk05633 and P{EP}EP503
            Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
            Cytogenetic map
            Notes
            References
            60B-60B
            (determined by in situ hybridisation)
            (Noma et al., 2000)
            60B1-44B6
            (determined by in situ hybridisation)
            (Spradling et al., 1999)
            60B1-60B2
            (Beaton, 1997.12.27)
            44B5-44B6
            (BDGP Project Members, 1994-1999)
            Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
            Location

            2-106

            (FlyBase, 2016)

            2-109.9

            (Comeron et al., 2012)
            Left of (cM)
            Right of (cM)
            Notes
            Stocks and Reagents
            Stocks (11)
            Genomic Clones (14)
             

            Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

            cDNA Clones (60)
             

            Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

            cDNA clones, fully sequenced
            BDGP DGC clones
              Other clones
                Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

                For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

                cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
                BDGP DGC clones
                  Other clones
                    RNAi and Array Information
                    Linkouts
                    Antibody Information
                    Laboratory Generated Antibodies
                     
                    Commercially Available Antibodies
                     
                    Cell Line Information
                    Publicly Available Cell Lines
                     
                      Other Stable Cell Lines
                       
                        Other Comments
                        Relationship to Other Genes
                        Source for database merge of

                        Source for merge of: Adk2 BcDNA:SD09634

                        (BDGP Project Members, 2000-)

                        Source for merge of: Adk2-60B Adk2-44B Adk2

                        (FlyBase, 1992-)

                        Source for merge of: Adk2 Adk2-44B

                        (Golden and Cook, 2015.8.6)
                        Additional comments

                        Sequence and complementation results indicate that P{lacW}k16120 maps to 60B and not 44B. Since localization of this insertion to 44B was the only evidence for an Adk2 gene in 44B, the Adk2-44B gene (FBgn0021824) should be eliminated and the information on P{lacW}k16120 should be merged into the entry for Adk2.

                        (Golden and Cook, 2015.8.6)

                        The 'Adk2-44B' gene was originally mapped to 44B based on in situs against the k16120 insertion, but presumably this was an error as the flanking sequence of the k16120 insertion localizes it to the 'Adk2' gene in 60B.

                        (FlyBase, 1992-)
                        Nomenclature History
                        Source for database identify of

                        Source for identity of: anon-Dak2 CG3140

                        (Wang, 1999.11)

                        Source for identity of: Ak2 Adk2

                        (Noma et al., 2000)
                        Nomenclature comments

                        FlyBase curator comment: Renamed from Adk2 to Ak2 because (i) 'Ak' is the standard abbreviation for 'adenylate kinase' (this enzyme), whereas 'Adk' is the standard abbreviation for 'adenosine kinase'; (ii) an 'ak' (rather than 'adk') prefix has been used in all papers that focus on the Drosophila gene/protein, including the first to characterize it (this one - FBrf0127253); (iii) we are already using the 'ak' prefix for the 'Ak6' gene.

                        (Noma et al., 2000)
                        Etymology
                        Synonyms and Secondary IDs (20)
                        Datasets (0)
                        Study focus (0)
                        Experimental Role
                        Project
                        Project Type
                        Title
                        Study result (0)
                        Result
                        Result Type
                        Title
                        External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 53 )
                        Sequence Crossreferences
                        NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
                        GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
                        GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
                        RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
                        UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
                        UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
                        Other crossreferences
                        AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
                        BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
                        DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
                        EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
                        FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
                        InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
                        KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
                        MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
                        Linkouts
                        Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
                        FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
                        FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
                        FlyCyc Pathways - Pathways from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
                        Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
                        iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
                        KEGG Metabolic Pathways - A collection of manually drawn metabolic pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
                        KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
                        MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
                        Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
                        Reactome Metabolic Pathways - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed metabolic pathway database.
                        References (71)