FB2025_01 , released February 20, 2025
Gene: Dmel\Pal1
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Pal1
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Peptidyl-α-hydroxyglycine-α-amidating lyase 1
Annotation Symbol
CG12130
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0283510
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
9 publicly available
Enzyme Name (EC)
peptidylamidoglycolate lyase (4.3.2.5)
Gene Summary
Peptidyl-α-hydroxyglycine-α-amidating lyase 1 (Pal1) encodes a peptidylamidoglycolate lyase that regulates adult wing size. [Date last reviewed: 2019-09-26] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

tapered, ta

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
46C7-46C7
Sequence location
Recombination map
2-61
RefSeq locus
NT_033778 REGION:9959549..9963853
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (8 terms)
Molecular Function (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables peptidylamidoglycolate lyase activity
inferred from direct assay
(Han et al., 2004)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables catalytic activity
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR000720
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Biological Process (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in regulation of imaginal disc-derived wing size
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Ray et al., 2015)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in courtship behavior
non-traceable author statement
(Billeter et al., 2002)
involved_in peptide metabolic process
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR000720
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Cellular Component (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in neuronal cell body
inferred from direct assay
(Han et al., 2004)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in extracellular region
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000840899
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
located_in membrane
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR000720
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the peptidyl-alpha-hydroxyglycine alpha-amidating lyase family. (Q9V5E1)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Catalytic Activity (EC/Rhea)
peptidylamidoglycolate lyase activity
a [peptide]-C-terminal (2S)-2-hydroxyglycine = a [peptide]-C-terminal amide + glyoxylate (4.3.2.5)
RHEA 20924:
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
Peptidyl-α-hydroxyglycine-α-amidating lyase 1 (Pal1) encodes a peptidylamidoglycolate lyase that regulates adult wing size. [Date last reviewed: 2019-09-26]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
AMIDINE-LYASES -
Amidine-lyases catalyze the elimination of ammonia from amidines with the formation of a double bond. (Adapted from FBrf0238856).
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Peptidyl-alpha-hydroxylglycine alpha-amidating lyase that catalyzes an essential reaction in C-terminal alpha-amidation of peptides. Mediates the dismutation of the unstable peptidyl(2-hydroxyglycine) intermediate to glyoxylate and the corresponding desglycine peptide amide. C-terminal amidation of peptides such as neuropeptides is essential for full biological activity.
(UniProt, Q9V5E1)
Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)
ta: tapered (J.C. Hall)
Wings narrow and pointed, somewhat longer than normal. Veins close together. Viability good. Female fertility low; male sterile. Males show abnormal courtship pattern, i.e. vague interest in circling and approaching female with no interest in touching. Periodic wing vibrations at 90 and proboscis movements occur, but females not receptive to mutant males. 20% of ta/ta males had non-motile spermatozoa. Frequently, accessory glands on one or both sides were atrophied; testes often atrophied or show club-like structures on the apical ends (Wood and Butterworth, 1972). RK2.
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
3
Number of Unique Polypeptides
2

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Pal1 for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q9V5E1)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Gene model reviewed during 5.49

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
Pal1-RA
FBtr0088385
NM_136693
2621
541
Pal1-RC
FBtr0339422
NM_001299330
1950
511
Pal1-RD
FBtr0339423
NM_001144158
2235
541
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
Pal1-PA
FBpp0087473
59.6
541
9.35
Q9V5E1
NP_610537
AAF58870
Pal1-PC
FBpp0308509
56.1
511
9.65
A0A0B4LF14
NP_001286259
AHN56057
Pal1-PD
FBpp0308510
59.6
541
9.35
Q9V5E1
NP_001137630
ACL83084
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

541 aa isoforms: Pal1-PA, Pal1-PD
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Post Translational Modification

N-glycosylated.

(UniProt, Q9V5E1)
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Pal1 using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

1.07

Transcript Expression
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
third instar larval stage
larval central nervous system | restricted
(Han et al., 2004)
apterous-expressing neuron of the lateral cluster of the thorax Ap4
(Han et al., 2004)
cell
(Han et al., 2004)
adult stage
adult brain | restricted
(Han et al., 2004)
apterous-expressing neuron of the lateral cluster of the thorax Ap4
(Han et al., 2004)
cell
(Han et al., 2004)
cultured cell-line
(Han et al., 2004)
western blot
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage
organism

Comment: Band of 50kDa detected.

(Han et al., 2004)
adult stage
adult head

Comment: Band of 50kDa detected.

(Han et al., 2004)
adult thorax

Comment: Thorax and abdomen assayed together. Bands of 40 and 50kDa detected.

(Han et al., 2004)
adult abdomen

Comment: Thorax and abdomen assayed together. Bands of 40 and 50kDa detected.

(Han et al., 2004)
Additional Descriptive Data

Strong expression of Pal1 protein is detected in a subset of neurons in the larval and adult central nervous system, including some FMRFamide neuroendocrine neurons such as MP1, MP2 and LP1 in the brain and the Tv neuron in the ventral nerve cord. The expression pattern of Pal1 is more widespread than Pal2, with some cells expressing both proteins. Many of the cells labelled by Pal1 protein also express Phm. Co-localisation is also seen in the ventral nerve cord, but not in the brain, between Pal1 and Proc. Subcellularly, Pal1 is found in the endoplasmic reticulum in the cell body.

(Han et al., 2004)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in neuronal cell body
inferred from direct assay
(Han et al., 2004)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Pal1 in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 7 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 3 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Pal1
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Pal1
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 12 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (9)
Hsap\PAM
8 of 14
Yes
Yes
Hsap\DBH
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\MOXD1
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\MOXD2P
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\NHLRC1
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\NHLRC3
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\TRIM2
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\TRIM3
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\TRIM71
1 of 14
No
No
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (8)
Rnor\Pam
8 of 14
Yes
Yes
Rnor\Dbh
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Moxd1
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Moxd2
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Nhlrc3
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Trim2
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Trim3
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Trim71
1 of 14
No
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (8)
Mmus\Pam
7 of 14
Yes
Yes
Mmus\Dbh
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Moxd1
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Moxd2
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Nhlrc3
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Trim2
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Trim3
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Trim71
1 of 14
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (4)
Xtro\pam
5 of 13
Yes
Yes
Xtro\pspc1
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\trim2
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\trim3
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (9)
Drer\pam
8 of 14
Yes
Yes
Drer\dbh
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\moxd1
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\moxd1l
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\trim2a
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\trim2b
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\trim3a
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\trim3b
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\trim71
1 of 14
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (6)
Cele\pgal-1
8 of 14
Yes
No
Cele\pamn-1
6 of 14
No
Yes
Cele\pghm-1
2 of 14
No
No
Cele\lin-41
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\nhl-1
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\tbh-1
1 of 14
No
No
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (9)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP007606
9 of 12
Yes
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP005784
3 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP007420
2 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP005125
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP007095
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP007135
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP010485
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP011450
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP011609
1 of 12
No
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Pal1. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (6)
Pal2
8 of 13
Phm
4 of 13
CG5235
1 of 13
Tbh
1 of 13
tn
1 of 13
wech
1 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    PAM; peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase
    8 of 14
    170270
        Functional Complementation Data
        Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
        Interactions
        Summary of Physical Interactions
        esyN Network Diagram
        Show neighbor-neighbor interactions:
        Show/hide secondary interactors 
        (data from AllianceMine provided by esyN)
        Select Layout:
        Legend:
        Protein
        RNA
        Selected Interactor(s)
        Other Interaction Browsers
        View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
        Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
        RNA-protein
        Physical Interaction
        Assay
        References
        Pal1 - stau
        anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, reverse transcription pcr
        (Song et al., 2022)
        Summary of Genetic Interactions
        esyN Network Diagram
        Other Interaction Browsers
        Starting gene(s)
        Interaction type
        Interacting gene(s)
        Reference
        Starting gene(s)
        Interaction type
        Interacting gene(s)
        Reference
        External Data
        Linkouts
        MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        Pathways
        Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
        Metabolic Pathways
        FlyBase
        External Links
        External Data
        Linkouts
        Class of Gene
        Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
        Chromosome (arm)
        2R
        Recombination map
        2-61
        Cytogenetic map
        46C7-46C7
        Sequence location
        FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
        Cytogenetic map
        Evidence for location
        46C7-46C7
        Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}l(2)k08601k08601 and P{lacW}Adamk13906&P{EP}Pka-R2EP2162
        Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
        Cytogenetic map
        Notes
        References
        Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
        Location

        2-61

        (FlyBase, 2016)

        2-60.1

        (Comeron et al., 2012)

        2-56.6

        (Meyer and Edmondson, 1949)
        Left of (cM)
        Right of (cM)
        Notes
        Stocks and Reagents
        Stocks (9)
        Genomic Clones (12)
         

        Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

        cDNA Clones (76)
         

        Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

        cDNA clones, fully sequenced
        BDGP DGC clones
        Other clones
        Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

        For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

        cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
        BDGP DGC clones
        Other clones
        RNAi and Array Information
        Linkouts
        Antibody Information
        Laboratory Generated Antibodies
         

        polyclonal

        (Han et al., 2004)
        Commercially Available Antibodies
         
        Cell Line Information
        Publicly Available Cell Lines
         
          Other Stable Cell Lines
           
            Other Comments
            Relationship to Other Genes
            Source for database merge of

            Source for merge of: CG12130 anon-WO0149856.3

            (FlyBase, 1996-)

            Source for merge of: Pal1 ta

            (Ray et al., 2015)
            Additional comments

            Source for merge of CG12130 anon-WO0149856.3 was sequence comparison ( date:051113 ).

            (FlyBase, 1996-)
            Nomenclature History
            Source for database identify of

            Source for identity of: Pal1 CG12130

            (Han et al., 2004)
            Nomenclature comments
            Etymology
            Synonyms and Secondary IDs (9)
            Reported As
            Symbol Synonym
            CG12130
            (National Institute of Genetics Fly Stocks, 2023-, Caldeira et al., 2012, Ozdemir et al., 2011, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Molnar et al., 2006, Han et al., 2004)
            DPAL1
            (Guenin et al., 2010)
            PAL1
            (Han et al., 2004)
            Pal1
            (Gene Disruption Project members, 2018-)
            anon-WO0149856.3
            dPAL1
            (Han et al., 2004)
            ta
            (Ray et al., 2015)
            Name Synonyms
            Peptidyl-α-hydroxyglycine-α-amidating lyase 1
            tapered
            (Ray et al., 2015)
            Secondary FlyBase IDs
            • FBgn0033466
            • FBgn0045949
            • FBgn0003663
            Datasets (0)
            Study focus (0)
            Experimental Role
            Project
            Project Type
            Title
            Study result (0)
            Result
            Result Type
            Title
            External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 35 )
            Sequence Crossreferences
            NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
            GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
            GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
            RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
            UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
            UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
            UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
            Other crossreferences
            AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
            BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
            DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
            EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
            FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
            InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
            KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
            MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
            Linkouts
            Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
            Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
            FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
            FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
            Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
            MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
            References (43)