Drosophila (Sophophora) melanogaster

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General Information
Taxonomic Name	Drosophila (Sophophora) melanogaster. (Meigen, 1830). Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europaischen zweiflugeligen Insekten. 6. pg.85
Location of types
Fossil	Not known as fossil species
NCBI ID	taxon:7227
FlyBase ID	FBsp00000001
FlyBase Abbreviation	Dmel
Notes
	Drosophila melanogaster is, today, a cosmopolitan species, distributed in all temperate and tropical regions of the world; it is usually found in close association with humans. The ancestral home of these species is thought to be tropical, probably western, Africa (Lachaise et al., 1988). While the spread of Drosophila melanogaster into Eurasia is probably a relatively old event, that into Australia, Japan, the Americas and the Pacific almost certainly occurred in the last 500 years or so as a consequence of human activities. Most studies have found no indications of any reproductive isolation between strains of Drosophila melanogaster collected in different regions (Petit et al., 1976; Henderson and Lambert, 1982, but see Cohet and David, 1980; Korol et al., 2000; Iliadi et al., 2001). A significant exception is that populations of Drosophila melanogaster from southern Africa have recently been shown to display incipient reproductive isolation from populations collected elsewhere in the world (Wu et al., 1995). Interestingly, sub-Saharan African populations in general show more genetic variation than those from elsewhere (see Caracristi and Schlotterer, 2003). Begun and Aquadro, 1993 had shown that populations collected from Zimbabwe had considerably greater genetic variability, as measured by restriction enzyme site polymorphism, than populations from the USA. This suggested a population bottleneck as this species left its ancestral home. Wu et al., 1995; see also Hollocher et al., 1997; Hollocher et al., 1997; Ting et al., 2001 found strong reproductive isolation between these Zimbabwe (Z) strains and others. When Z females are presented with a choice of Z or non-Z males as mates, they almost invariably choose the former; this effect is also seen, though less strongly, in the reciprocal cross. Although it was originally thought that Z and non-Z strains show no signs of post-mating isolation (Wu et al., 1995), more detailed studies by Alipaz et al., 2001 do find that from Z female by non-Z male crosses (but not the reciprocal) egg hatch is markedly reduced, due to less efficient fertilization. Populations from other regions of southern Africa also show marked pre-mating isolation from populations collected elsewhere in the world (Hollocher et al., 1997; Capy et al., 2000; Haerty et al., 2002; Haerty et al., 2003), but the precise distribution of this phenomenon, or phenomena, remains to be studied. The extent to which differences in cuticular hydrocarbons between populations contributes to pre-mating isolation within Drosophila melanogaster remains unclear.
Chromosomes
Mitotic
	Number Karyotype Notes References 4 1V, 1R, 1D (Deng et al., 2007) 4 1R, 2V, 1D Y is J-shaped. (Metz, 1914, Stevens, 1912) Karyotype Heterochromatin
Polytene chromosomes
Maps	Muller Element Chromosome/Arm Click on a chromosome or arm to view a map X 2L 2R 3L 3R 4
Polytene chromosome references
	Alanen, 1986, Hereditas 104: 91--101 Whole mount electron microscopic maps of Drosophila melanogaster polytene chromosomes. [FBrf0044586] Alanen and Saura, 1986, Hereditas 105: 41--47 Whole mount electron microscopy of Drosophila melanogaster salivary gland chromosome 2L: divisions 21--24. [FBrf0044584] Anan'ev, 1985, Eletronno-mikroskopicheskaia karta politennykh khromosom sliunnykh zhelez drozofily: D. melanogaster. [Electron microscopic map of the polytene chromosomes of the salivary glands of Drosophila melanogaster.] Eletronno-mikroskopicheskaia karta politennykh khromosom sliunnykh zhelez drozofily: D. melanogaster. [Electron microscopic map of the polytene chromosomes of the salivary glands of Drosophila melanogaster.] [FBrf0063276] Anan'ev and Barsky, 1985, Chromosoma 93(2): 104--112 Elementary structures in polytene chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0042113] Berendes, 1970, Chromosoma 29: 118--130 Polytene chromosome structure at the submicroscopic level. [FBrf0021211] Bridges, 1935, J. Hered. 26: 60--64 Salivary chromosome maps with a key to the banding of the chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0003150] Bridges, 1938, J. Hered. 29(1): 11--13 A revised map of the salivary gland X-chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0004316] Bridges, 1941, J. Hered. 32: 299--300 A revision of the salivary gland 3R-chromosome map of Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0005486] Bridges, 1941, J. Hered. 32(2): 64--65 A revised map of the left limb of the third chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0005488] Bridges, 1942, J. Hered. 33: 403--408 A new map of the salivary gland 2L-chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0005766] Bridges and Bridges, 1939, D. I. S. 12: last page Worksheet number 13. Salivary 2R-chromosome map. [FBrf0094216] Bridges and Bridges, 1939, J. Hered. 30(11): 475--476 Reference map of the salivary gland 2R-chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0004320] Heino, 1989, Chromosoma 97: 363--373 Polytene chromosomes from ovarian pseudonurse cells of the Drosophila melanogaster otu mutant. [FBrf0049427] Heino, 1994, Chromosoma 103(1): 4--15 Polytene chromosomes from ovarian pseudonurse cells of the Drosophila melanogaster otu mutant. [FBrf0073317] Heino, 1995, Dissertation, Helsingin yliopisto [Helsinki University], Finland: 46pp Structure and function of the pseudonurse cell polytene chromosomes in the Drosophila melanogaster otu mutants. [FBrf0104088] Lefevre, 1976, Ashburner, Novitski, 1976 a: 31--66 A photographic representation and interpretation of the polytene chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster salivary glands. [FBrf0028326] Lossinsky and le Fever, 1978, D. I. S. 53: 126--131 Ultrastructural banding observations in region 1A-10F of the salivary gland X-chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0031257] Richards, 1980, Chromosoma 79: 241--250 The polytene chromosomes in the fat body nuclei of Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0034261] Saura, 1980, Hereditas 93(2): 295--309 Electron microscopic analysis of the banding pattern in the salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. Divisions 23 through 26 of 2L. [FBrf0035046] Saura, 1980, Hereditas 93(2): 295--309 Electron microscopic analysis of the banding pattern in the salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. Divisions 23 through 26 of 2L. [FBrf0035046] Saura, 1983, Hereditas 99: 89--114 Electron microscopic analysis of the banding pattern in the salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. Divisions 32 through 36 of 2L. [FBrf0039617] Saura, 1986, Dissertation, Helsingin yliopisto [Helsinki University], Finland: 58pp Electron microscopic mapping of the second polytene chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0045202] Saura and Sorsa, 1979, Hereditas 90: 39--49 Electron microscopic analysis of the banding pattern in the salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. Divisions 21 and 22 of 2L. [FBrf0033351] Saura and Sorsa, 1979, Hereditas 90: 257--267 Electron microscopic analysis of the banding pattern in the salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. Divisions 30 and 31 of 2L. [FBrf0033348] Saura and Sorsa, 1979, Hereditas 91: 5--18 Electron microscopic analysis of the banding pattern in the salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. Divisions 37, 38 and 39 of 2L. [FBrf0033352] Saura and Sorsa, 1979, Hereditas 91: 219--230 Electron microscopic analysis of the banding pattern in the salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. Divisions 27, 28 and 29 of 2L. [FBrf0033347] Saura et al., 1988, Hereditas 109: 1--13 Electron microscopic map of the divisions 74 through 80 of the salivary gland 3L chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0048298] Saura et al., 1989, Hereditas 110: 235--252 Electron microscopic photomap of divisions 64 through 70 of the salivary gland 3L chromosome in Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0050046] Saura et al., 1989, Hereditas 110: 235--252 Electron microscopic photomap of divisions 64 through 70 of the salivary gland 3L chromosome in Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0050046] Saura et al., 1991, Hereditas 114: 15--34 Electron micrograph maps of divisions 51 through 60 of thin sectioned polytene 2R chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0054252] Saura et al., 1993, Hereditas 119(2): 123--141 Electron microscopic analysis of the banding pattern in the salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster: divisions 11 through 20 of X. [FBrf0065556] Saura et al., 1994, Hereditas 121(1): 1--20 Electron micrograph map of the Drosophila melanogaster polytene chromosome 3R divisions 81 through 90. [FBrf0076618] Saura et al., 1996, Hereditas 124(1): 71--90 Electron micrograph map of the Drosophila melanogaster polytene chromosome 3R divisions 91 through 100. [FBrf0089813] Saura et al., 2002, Chromosoma 111(4): 273--283 The polytene dot chromosome of Drosophila: D. melanogaster and D. subobscura. [FBrf0151823] Sorsa, 1982, Lakovaara, 1982: 23--31 Electron microscopic map for the salivary gland chromosome X of Drosophila melanogaster. Divisions 1-5. [FBrf0038392] Sorsa, 1988, Chromosome maps of Drosophila. 1. Chromosome maps of Drosophila. [FBrf0051078] Sorsa, 1988, Chromosome maps of Drosophila. 2. Chromosome maps of Drosophila. [FBrf0074506] Sorsa and Saura, 1980, Hereditas 92(2): 341--351 Electron microscopic analysis of the banding pattern in the salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. Divisions 3, 4 and 5 of X. [FBrf0035050] Sorsa et al., 1983, Hereditas 98: 181--200 Electron microscopic analysis of the banding pattern in the salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. Divisions 6 through 10 of X. [FBrf0039610] Sorsa et al., 1984, Chromosoma 90: 177--184 Electron microscopic map of divisions 61, 62 and 63 of the salivary gland 3L chromosome in Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0040516] Sorsa et al., 1987, Biol. Zentbl. 106: 303--314 Electron microscopic map of divisions 71, 72 and 73 of salivary gland 3L chromosome in Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0045717] Wu and Waddell, 1982, Chromosoma 86(3): 299--307 Transmission electron microscopic study of polytene chromosome 2R from Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0037646]
DNA Content
Male Female Mixed Method Notes References - 175mb - cytophotometry Normalized to a 100mb genome for C. elegans. (Ashburner et al., 2005) - - 170mb cytophotometry Diploid ganglion cells; Relative to a chick erythrocyte value of 2.5pg. (Rudkin, 1969, Rudkin, 1972) - - 170mb cytophotometry Sperm and hematocytes; Relative to a chick erythrocyte value of 2.5pg. (Rasch et al., 1971) 170mb 196mb - cytophotometry (Mulligan and Rasch, 1980) - - 139mb kinetic (Laird, 1971) - - 180mb molecular_weight (Kavenoff and Zimm, 1973)
Reproductive System
	Male reproductive system Female reproductive system
Sperm Length
	Length Notes References 1.989+/-0.008mm (Joly et al., 2004) 1.91+/-0.01mm (Pitnick et al., 1995) 1.898mm (Joly et al., 1991) 1.898+/-0.88m (Joly et al., 1989) 1.63--1.97mm (Hihara and Kurokawa, 1987) 1.92+/-0.014mm (Gould-Somero et al., 1974) 1.86+/-0.010mm XYY. (Gould-Somero et al., 1974) 1.1mm X0. (Hess and Meyer, 1968) 3.7mm XYY. (Hess and Meyer, 1968) 1.751+/-0.025mm XYY. (Yanders and Seaton, 1962) 1.76+/-0.04mm (Cooper, 1950)
Images of the Life Cycle
	Egg Pupa Male Female
Synonyms & Other Names
Synonyms
	Drosophila immatura. (Walker, 1849). List of the specimens of dipterous insects of the collection of the British Museum. 4. pg.1108 Drosophila pilosula. (Becker, 1908). Mitt. zool. Mus. Berl. 4: 1--180. pg.156 Drosophila fasciata. (Meigen, 1830). Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europaischen zweiflugeligen Insekten. 6. pg.84 Type specimens: Naturhistorischen Museums, Vienna, Austria; lectotype; paralectotype Drosophila nigriventris. (MacQuart, 1842). Mem. Soc. r. Sci. Agric. Lille 1842: 162--460. pg.416 Drosophila approximata. (Zetterstedt, 1847). Diptera scandinaviae disposita et descripta. 6. pg.2557 Drosophila ampelophila. (Loew, 1862). Dtsch. ent. Z. 6: 185--232. pg.231 Type specimens: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard, No. 13415; cotype Drosophila emulata. (Ray-Chaudhuri and Mukherjee, 1941). Indian J. Ent. 3: 215--224. pg.216 Drosophila uvarum. (Rondani, 1875). Boll. Comiz. agr. parmense 8(10): 145--148. pg.145
Lapsus
	Drosophila ampelophaga. (de Meijere, 1939). Tijd. Ent. 82: 137--174. pg.164 Drosophila melanocephala. (de Meijere, 1946). Tijd. Ent. 87: 1--25. pg.16
Nomen nudum
	Drosophila artificialis. (Kozhevnikov, 1936). Biol. Zh. 5: 727--752. pg.729
Nomen dubium

Preoccupied

References
	Alanen, 1986, Hereditas 104: 91--101 Whole mount electron microscopic maps of Drosophila melanogaster polytene chromosomes. [FBrf0044586] Alanen and Saura, 1986, Hereditas 105: 41--47 Whole mount electron microscopy of Drosophila melanogaster salivary gland chromosome 2L: divisions 21--24. [FBrf0044584] Alipaz et al., 2001, Proc. r. Soc. Biol. Sci. 268(1469): 789--795 Gametic incompatibilities between races of Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0135936] Anan'ev, 1985, Eletronno-mikroskopicheskaia karta politennykh khromosom sliunnykh zhelez drozofily: D. melanogaster. [Electron microscopic map of the polytene chromosomes of the salivary glands of Drosophila melanogaster.] Eletronno-mikroskopicheskaia karta politennykh khromosom sliunnykh zhelez drozofily: D. melanogaster. [Electron microscopic map of the polytene chromosomes of the salivary glands of Drosophila melanogaster.] [FBrf0063276] Anan'ev and Barsky, 1985, Chromosoma 93(2): 104--112 Elementary structures in polytene chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0042113] Baechli and Vilela, 1991, Mitt. schweiz. ent. Ges. 64(1--2): 27--31 On the identity of Drosophila immatura Walker and Drosophila remota Walker (Diptera, Drosophilidae). [FBrf0054639] Becker, 1908, Mitt. zool. Mus. Berl. 4: 1--180 Dipteren der kanarischen Inseln. [FBrf0000501] Begun and Aquadro, 1993, Nature 365(6446): 548--550 African and North American populations of Drosophila melanogaster are very different at the DNA level. [FBrf0064360] Berendes, 1970, Chromosoma 29: 118--130 Polytene chromosome structure at the submicroscopic level. [FBrf0021211] Bridges, 1935, J. Hered. 26: 60--64 Salivary chromosome maps with a key to the banding of the chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0003150] Bridges, 1938, J. Hered. 29(1): 11--13 A revised map of the salivary gland X-chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0004316] Bridges, 1941, J. Hered. 32: 299--300 A revision of the salivary gland 3R-chromosome map of Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0005486] Bridges, 1941, J. Hered. 32(2): 64--65 A revised map of the left limb of the third chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0005488] Bridges, 1942, J. Hered. 33: 403--408 A new map of the salivary gland 2L-chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0005766] Bridges and Bridges, 1939, D. I. S. 12: last page Worksheet number 13. Salivary 2R-chromosome map. [FBrf0094216] Bridges and Bridges, 1939, J. Hered. 30(11): 475--476 Reference map of the salivary gland 2R-chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0004320] Capy et al., 2000, Heredity 84(4): 468--475 Sexual isolation of genetically differentiated sympatric populations of Drosophila melanogaster in Brazzaville, Congo: the first step towards speciation? [FBrf0128423] Caracristi and Schlotterer, 2003, Molec. Biol. Evol. 20(5): 792--799 Genetic differentiation between American and European Drosophila melanogaster populations could be attributed to admixture of african alleles. [FBrf0159201] Cohet and David, 1980, Genetica 54(2): 161--165 Geographic divergence and sexual behaviour: comparison of mating systems in French and Afrotropical Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0034820] Cooper, 1950, Demerec, 1950: 1--61 Normal spermatogenesis in Drosophila. [FBrf0007731] de Meijere, 1939, Tijd. Ent. 82: 137--174 Naamlijst van Nederlandsche Diptera, afgesloten 1 april 1939. [FBrf0004830] de Meijere, 1946, Tijd. Ent. 87: 1--25 Zevende Supplement op de Nieuwe Naamlijst van Nederlandsche Diptera van 1898. (Eerste Supplement op mijne Naamlijst van 1939). [FBrf0006671] Deng et al., 2007, J. Genet. Genomics 34(3): 196--213 Research on the karyotype and evolution of Drosophila melanogaster species group. [FBrf0202483] Gould-Somero et al., 1974, Exp. Cell Res. 87: 397--398 The Y chromosome and sperm length in Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0026270] Haerty et al., 2002, Genetica 116(2-3): 215--224 Reproductive isolation in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster from Brazzaville (Congo). [FBrf0155797] Haerty et al., 2003, Heredity 91(5): 440--447 Microspatial structure of Drosophila melanogaster populations in Brazzaville: evidence of natural selection acting on morphometrical traits. [FBrf0167707] Haerty et al., 2005, Molec. Ecol. 14(12): 3801--3807 Pre-reproductive isolation as a consequence of allopatric differentiation between populations of Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0191212] Hardy, 1965, Insects of Hawaii 12: xii + 814pp Diptera: Cyclorrhapha. [FBrf0016632] Heino, 1989, Chromosoma 97: 363--373 Polytene chromosomes from ovarian pseudonurse cells of the Drosophila melanogaster otu mutant. [FBrf0049427] Heino, 1994, Chromosoma 103(1): 4--15 Polytene chromosomes from ovarian pseudonurse cells of the Drosophila melanogaster otu mutant. [FBrf0073317] Heino, 1995, Dissertation, Helsingin yliopisto [Helsinki University], Finland: 46pp Structure and function of the pseudonurse cell polytene chromosomes in the Drosophila melanogaster otu mutants. [FBrf0104088] Henderson and Lambert, 1982, Nature 300(5891): 437--440 No significant deviation from random mating of worldwide populations of Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0038523] Hess and Meyer, 1968, Adv. Genet. 14: 171--223 Genetic activities of the y chromosome in Drosophila during spermatogenesis. [FBrf0019112] Hihara and Kurokawa, 1987, Zool. Mag., Tokyo 4(1): 167--174 The sperm length and the internal reproductive organs of Drosophila with special references to phylogenetic relationships. [FBrf0047430] Hoffmann and Weeks, 2007, Genetica 129(2): 133--147 Climatic selection on genes and traits after a 100 year-old invasion: a critical look at the temperate-tropical clines in Drosophila melanogaster from eastern Australia. [FBrf0194652] Hollocher et al., 1997, Evolution 51(4): 1175--1181 Incipient speciation by sexual isolation in Drosophila melanogaster: variation in mating preference and correlation between sexes. [FBrf0098930] Hollocher et al., 1997, Genetics 147(3): 1191--1201 Incipient speciation by sexual isolation in Drosophila melanogaster: extensive genetic divergence without reinforcement. [FBrf0099270] Iliadi et al., 2001, Proc. r. Soc. Biol. Sci. 268(1483): 2365--2374 Sexual and reproductive behaviour of Drosophila melanogaster from a microclimatically interslope differentiated population of 'Evolution Canyon' (Mount Carmel, Israel). [FBrf0141733] Joly et al., 1989, Genetique Sel. Evol. 21(3): 283--293 Variation of sperm length and heteromorphism in Drosophilid species. [FBrf0049859] Joly et al., 1991, D. I. S. 70: 104--108 Sperm length diversity in Drosophilidae. [FBrf0053516] Joly et al., 2004, Genetica 120(1-3): 233--244 Sperm size evolution in Drosophila: inter- and intraspecific analysis. [FBrf0174667] Kavenoff and Zimm, 1973, Chromosoma 41: 1--27 Chromosome-sized DNA molecules from Drosophila. [FBrf0024684] Keller, 2007, Curr. Biol. 17(3): R77--R81 Drosophila melanogaster's history as a human commensal. [FBrf0201170] Korol et al., 2000, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97(23): 12637--12642 Nonrandom mating in Drosophila melanogaster laboratory populations derived from closely adjacent ecologically contrasting slopes at 'Evolution canyon'. [FBrf0131336] Kozhevnikov, 1936, Biol. Zh. 5: 727--752 Experimentally produced karyotypical isolation. [FBrf0003368] Lachaise et al., 1988, Evol. Biol. 22: 159--225 Historical biogeography of the Drosophila melanogaster species subgroup. [FBrf0047988] Laird, 1971, Chromosoma 32: 378--406 Chromatid structure: Relationship between DNA content and nucleotide sequence diversity. [FBrf0022210] Lefevre, 1976, Ashburner, Novitski, 1976 a: 31--66 A photographic representation and interpretation of the polytene chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster salivary glands. [FBrf0028326] Ling and Zhang, 1987, Zool. Res., Kumming 8(4): 401--416 Studies on the karyotypes of some Chinese Drosophilid-flies. [FBrf0093153] Loew, 1862, Dtsch. ent. Z. 6: 185--232 Diptera Americae septentrionalis indigena. Centuria secunda. [FBrf0000105] Lossinsky and le Fever, 1978, D. I. S. 53: 126--131 Ultrastructural banding observations in region 1A-10F of the salivary gland X-chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0031257] MacQuart, 1842, Mem. Soc. r. Sci. Agric. Lille 1842: 162--460 Dipteres exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus. [FBrf0076946] Meigen, 1830, Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europaischen zweiflugeligen Insekten. 6. Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europaischen zweiflugeligen Insekten. [FBrf0000024] Metz, 1914, J. exp. Zool. 17(1): 45--59 Chromosome studies in the Diptera. [FBrf0000736] Mulligan and Rasch, 1980, Histochemistry 66(1): 11--18 The determination of genome size in male and female germ cells of Drosophila melanogaster by DNA-feulgen cytophotometry. [FBrf0035071] Petit et al., 1976, Jpn J. Genet. 51: 99--108 Mating system between Japanese and French geographic strains of Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0029120] Pitnick et al., 1995, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92(23): 10614--10618 Delayed male maturity is a cost of producing large sperm in Drosophila. [FBrf0084272] Pool and Aquadro, 2006, Genetics 174(2): 915--929 History and structure of sub-Saharan populations of Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0192681] Rasch et al., 1971, Chromosoma 33: 1--18 The DNA content of sperm of Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0022201] Ray-Chaudhuri and Mukherjee, 1941, Indian J. Ent. 3: 215--224 Genetic and systematic studies on Indian Drosophila. [FBrf0005431] Richards, 1980, Chromosoma 79: 241--250 The polytene chromosomes in the fat body nuclei of Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0034261] Rondani, 1875, Boll. Comiz. agr. parmense 8(10): 145--148 Notizie sul Moscherino dell'Uva. [FBrf0000155] Rudkin, 1969, Genetics 61(Suppl. 1/2): 227--238 Non replicating DNA in Drosophila. [FBrf0020544] Rudkin, 1972, Beermann, 1972: v--vi Jack Schultz. May 1, 1904 - April 29, 1971. [FBrf0082545] Saura, 1980, Hereditas 93(2): 295--309 Electron microscopic analysis of the banding pattern in the salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. Divisions 23 through 26 of 2L. [FBrf0035046] Saura, 1983, Hereditas 99: 89--114 Electron microscopic analysis of the banding pattern in the salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. Divisions 32 through 36 of 2L. [FBrf0039617] Saura, 1986, Dissertation, Helsingin yliopisto [Helsinki University], Finland: 58pp Electron microscopic mapping of the second polytene chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0045202] Saura and Sorsa, 1979, Hereditas 90: 39--49 Electron microscopic analysis of the banding pattern in the salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. Divisions 21 and 22 of 2L. [FBrf0033351] Saura and Sorsa, 1979, Hereditas 90: 257--267 Electron microscopic analysis of the banding pattern in the salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. Divisions 30 and 31 of 2L. [FBrf0033348] Saura and Sorsa, 1979, Hereditas 91: 5--18 Electron microscopic analysis of the banding pattern in the salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. Divisions 37, 38 and 39 of 2L. [FBrf0033352] Saura and Sorsa, 1979, Hereditas 91: 219--230 Electron microscopic analysis of the banding pattern in the salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. Divisions 27, 28 and 29 of 2L. [FBrf0033347] Saura et al., 1988, Hereditas 109: 1--13 Electron microscopic map of the divisions 74 through 80 of the salivary gland 3L chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0048298] Saura et al., 1989, Hereditas 110: 235--252 Electron microscopic photomap of divisions 64 through 70 of the salivary gland 3L chromosome in Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0050046] Saura et al., 1991, Hereditas 114: 15--34 Electron micrograph maps of divisions 51 through 60 of thin sectioned polytene 2R chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0054252] Saura et al., 1993, Hereditas 119(2): 123--141 Electron microscopic analysis of the banding pattern in the salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster: divisions 11 through 20 of X. [FBrf0065556] Saura et al., 1994, Hereditas 121(1): 1--20 Electron micrograph map of the Drosophila melanogaster polytene chromosome 3R divisions 81 through 90. [FBrf0076618] Saura et al., 1996, Hereditas 124(1): 71--90 Electron micrograph map of the Drosophila melanogaster polytene chromosome 3R divisions 91 through 100. [FBrf0089813] Saura et al., 2002, Chromosoma 111(4): 273--283 The polytene dot chromosome of Drosophila: D. melanogaster and D. subobscura. [FBrf0151823] Sorsa, 1982, Lakovaara, 1982: 23--31 Electron microscopic map for the salivary gland chromosome X of Drosophila melanogaster. Divisions 1-5. [FBrf0038392] Sorsa, 1988, Chromosome maps of Drosophila. 1. Chromosome maps of Drosophila. [FBrf0051078] Sorsa, 1988, Chromosome maps of Drosophila. 2. Chromosome maps of Drosophila. [FBrf0074506] Sorsa and Saura, 1980, Hereditas 92(2): 341--351 Electron microscopic analysis of the banding pattern in the salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. Divisions 3, 4 and 5 of X. [FBrf0035050] Sorsa et al., 1983, Hereditas 98: 181--200 Electron microscopic analysis of the banding pattern in the salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. Divisions 6 through 10 of X. [FBrf0039610] Sorsa et al., 1984, Chromosoma 90: 177--184 Electron microscopic map of divisions 61, 62 and 63 of the salivary gland 3L chromosome in Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0040516] Sorsa et al., 1987, Biol. Zentbl. 106: 303--314 Electron microscopic map of divisions 71, 72 and 73 of salivary gland 3L chromosome in Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0045717] Stephan and Li, 2007, Heredity 98(2): 65--68 The recent demographic and adaptive history of Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0192983] Stevens, 1912, Int. Congr. Zool. 7: 380--381 The chromosomes in Drosophila ampelophila. [FBrf0000615] Ting et al., 2001, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98(12): 6709--6713 Incipient speciation by sexual isolation in Drosophila: concurrent evolution at multiple loci. [FBrf0137100] Trotta et al., 2006, BMC Evol. Biol. 6: 67 Thermal plasticity in Drosophila melanogaster: a comparison of geographic populations. [FBrf0194412] Walker, 1849, List of the specimens of dipterous insects of the collection of the British Museum. 4. List of the specimens of dipterous insects of the collection of the British Museum. [FBrf0000061] Wu and Waddell, 1982, Chromosoma 86(3): 299--307 Transmission electron microscopic study of polytene chromosome 2R from Drosophila melanogaster. [FBrf0037646] Wu et al., 1995, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92(7): 2519--2523 Sexual isolation in Drosophila melanogaster: a possible case of incipient speciation. [FBrf0080490] Yanders and Seaton, 1962, Am. Nat. 96(890): 277--280 The lack of mutagenicity of caffeine in Drosophila. [FBrf0014336] Zetterstedt, 1847, Diptera scandinaviae disposita et descripta. 6. Diptera scandinaviae disposita et descripta. [FBrf0000053]