macrochaeta | ectopic | cold sensitive (with dl4)
VA1d olfactory receptor neuron axon targeting is normal in mutant flies.
At 29[o]C, only 47% of embryos derived from heterozygous females hatch, while the remaining embryos show slight dorsalisation.
At 29[o]C, about half of the dead embryos produced by dl1/+ females exhibit detectable D/V patterning defects. The majority of embryos appear moderately dorsalised, exhibiting mildly expanded ventral denticle belts and a twisted germ band.
Embryos derived from homozygous females are completely dorsalised, developing into hollow tubes of dorsal epidermis.
The mean circulating hemocyte number of dl1/Df(2L)TW119 mutants is not statistically different from that of controls.
The mean ln (natural logarithm) circulating hemocyte concentration (CHC) value of hemizygous larvae is significantly higher than that of control siblings.
The cuticles of embryos laid by homozygous females
lack ventral denticle belts, Filzkorper and a head skeleton and instead consist only of a tube of dorsal epidermis.
The cuticle of homozygous dppH46 embryos consists only of ventral epidermis. This phenotype is not altered if the embryos are derived from homozygous dl1 females. Injection of brkcJa mRNA into dorsalised embryos derived from dl1 females results in the development of cuticle with ventral denticles at the site of injection.
Homozygous females produce embryos that differentiate apolar tubes of cuticle of the type normally found on the dorsal side of wild-type embryos. This phenotype is rescued if the females carry dlbcd.PB - these females produce hatching larvae that have normal dorsal-ventral pattern elements.
Embryos derived from homozygous females lack denticles and Filzkorper. Embryos derived from homozygous females show abnormal gastrulation; they do not form the ventral furrow or the posterior midgut invagination, and symmetrical "dorsal" folds develop all around the circumference of the embryo.
Bacterially challenged mutants exhibit a wild type Drs response. Pattern of response of CecA1 and CecA2 parallels that of Drs. Dpt and Dro remain fully inducible and pattern of expression of AttA and Def in intermediate. Infection of Tlr3/Tlrv1 mutants with A.fumigatus or E.coli causes survival rates similar to wild type.
Embryos differentiate a cuticle comprised of only the most dorsal pattern elements. Dorsal injection of sog mRNA into dl1 embryos causes differentiation of dorsolaterally derived structures not present in dl1 embryos and injection of 7-fold higher sog mRNA causes differentiation of a ring of filzkorper around the embryonic circumference. Dorsal injection of sog::Xlae\chordin mRNA into dl1 embryos causes differentiation of filzkorper.
Injection of the pll::tort4021p construct and tor::tubt4021t construct into dl1/Df(2L)TW119 and dl12/Df(2L)TW119 heterozygotes cannot induce dorsoventral pattern elements.
Nonmotile germ cells and defective in gonad assembly when in double mutant combination with tor.
In trans to cact gain of function alleles, this allele results in dorsalized embryos.
Salivary placodes are strongly reduced or completely absent.
The tll stripe extends around the complete circumference of the embryo.
Dorsalized phenotype facilitates removal of perivitelline fluid.
Interacts with RpII140wimp maternal effect.
Some cells behave as amnioserosa cells, these cells are expressed in the region of the embryo predicted by the refined expression pattern of zen.
Embryos derived from dl1 mothers produce only the dorsal most cuticle elements.
Homozygous females lay eggs differentiating to an essentially hollow epidermal tube. No organs are built besides the posterior midgut and a small group of nerve cells.
Gastrulation in embryos derived from homozygous females is abnormal, with the transverse folds encircling the dorsalised embryo.
Homozygous females produce dorsalised embryos.
dl1 has majority die during embryonic stage | dominant | maternal effect | heat sensitive phenotype, enhanceable by CsIV\I2vank3UAS.Tag:FLAG/Zzzz\I2vank3Scer\UAS.T:Zzzz\FLAG/Scer\GAL4VP16.mat.αTub67C
dl1 has partially lethal - majority die | dominant | maternal effect | heat sensitive phenotype, enhanceable by CsIV\Pvank1UAS.Tag:FLAG/Scer\GAL4VP16.mat.αTub67C/Zzzz\Pvank1Scer\UAS.T:Zzzz\FLAG
dl1 has abnormal dorsal/ventral axis specification | dominant | maternal effect | embryonic stage | heat sensitive phenotype, enhanceable by CsIV\Pvank1UAS.Tag:FLAG/Scer\GAL4VP16.mat.αTub67C/Zzzz\Pvank1Scer\UAS.T:Zzzz\FLAG
dl1 has majority die during embryonic stage | dominant | maternal effect | heat sensitive phenotype, enhanceable by CsIV\Pvank1UAS.Tag:FLAG/Scer\GAL4VP16.mat.αTub67C/Zzzz\Pvank1Scer\UAS.T:Zzzz\FLAG
dl1 has partially lethal - majority die | dominant | maternal effect | heat sensitive phenotype, enhanceable by CsIV\I2vank3UAS.Tag:FLAG/Zzzz\I2vank3Scer\UAS.T:Zzzz\FLAG/Scer\GAL4VP16.mat.αTub67C
dl1 has abnormal dorsal/ventral axis specification | dominant | maternal effect | embryonic stage | heat sensitive phenotype, enhanceable by CsIV\I2vank3UAS.Tag:FLAG/Zzzz\I2vank3Scer\UAS.T:Zzzz\FLAG/Scer\GAL4VP16.mat.αTub67C
dl1 has lethal | larval stage phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4hs.PB/DifUAS.cIa/Dif1
BacA\p35GMR.PH, Scer\GAL4He.PZ, dl1 is an enhancer of increased cell number phenotype of Dif1
dl1 is a non-enhancer of lethal | maternal effect | embryonic stage phenotype of Gugunspecified
Scer\GAL4e33C, dlUASp.cMa, dl1 is a suppressor of lethal | larval stage phenotype of Dif1
dlUASp.cMa, Scer\GAL4He.PZ, dl1 is a suppressor of lethal | larval stage phenotype of Dif1
dlUASp.cMa, dl1, Scer\GAL4hs.PB is a suppressor of lethal | larval stage phenotype of Dif1
Df(2L)J4/dl1 is a suppressor | partially of melanotic mass phenotype | larval stage phenotype of lwr5/lwr4-3
dl4/dl1 is a suppressor of abnormal immune response phenotype of wntDKO1
Df(2L)J4/dl1 is a suppressor of increased cell number | larval stage phenotype of lwr5/lwr4-3
dl1 is a non-suppressor of abnormal neuroanatomy phenotype of Ank2f02001
dl1 is a non-suppressor of partially lethal - majority die | recessive phenotype of cact7
Dif1, dl1 has decreased cell number phenotype
Dif1, dl1 has increased cell death phenotype
Dif1, dl1 has abnormal cell size phenotype
RelE20, dl1 has decreased body size phenotype
RelE20, dl1 has partially lethal - majority die | larval stage phenotype
Dif1, dl1 has decreased body size phenotype
Dif1, dl1 has lethal | larval stage phenotype
Dif1, dl1 has abnormal immune response phenotype
dl1 has embryonic/larval cuticle | maternal effect phenotype, enhanceable | maternal effect by Dlip31
dl1 has embryonic/first instar larval cuticle phenotype, suppressible by Difbcd.PS
dl1 has amnioproctodeal invagination phenotype, suppressible by Difbcd.PS
dl1 has filzkorper phenotype, suppressible by Difbcd.PS
BacA\p35GMR.PH, Scer\GAL4He.PZ, dl1 is an enhancer of hemocyte phenotype of Dif1
dl[+]/dl1 is an enhancer of embryonic epidermis phenotype of cactE10
Scer\GAL4e33C, dlUASp.cMa, dl1 is a suppressor of hemocyte phenotype of Dif1
Scer\GAL4e33C, dlUASp.cMa, dl1 is a suppressor of hemolymph phenotype of Dif1
dlUASp.cMa, Scer\GAL4He.PZ, dl1 is a suppressor of hemocyte phenotype of Dif1
dlUASp.cMa, Scer\GAL4He.PZ, dl1 is a suppressor of hemolymph phenotype of Dif1
dlUASp.cMa, Scer\GAL4srp.Hemo, dl1 is a suppressor of hemocyte phenotype of Dif1
dlUASp.cMa, Scer\GAL4srp.Hemo, dl1 is a suppressor of hemolymph phenotype of Dif1
Df(2L)J4/dl1 is a suppressor | partially of plasmatocyte | increased number phenotype of lwr5/lwr4-3
Df(2L)J4/dl1 is a suppressor | partially of embryonic/larval hemocyte | increased number phenotype of lwr5/lwr4-3
dl1 is a non-suppressor of embryonic/larval neuromuscular junction phenotype of Ank2f02001
Df(2L)J4/dl1 is a non-suppressor of lamellocyte | increased number phenotype of lwr5/lwr4-3
Homozygous dl1 does not suppress the NMJ degeneration seen in Ank2f02001 mutant larvae.
RelE20 dl1 double mutant larvae are smaller than wild-type, and about half of the double homozygotes die before reaching adult stages.
Dif1 dl1 double mutants are small and sluggish and only 3.4% survive to adult. Unchallenged Dif1 dl1 double mutant larvae contain many bacteria and yeast in their haemolymph (as many as 105 microbes per animal), while no microbes are observed in wild-type haemolymph. In microbe-free conditions, in the presence of antibiotics, approximately 33% of Dif1 dl1 double mutants survive to adult stages, thats a 10-fold increase compared to normal conditions. Dif1 dl1 double mutants are able to mount a humoral immune response, but this does not prevent constitutive infection of these animals.
Dif1 dl1/+ + double heterozygotes exhibit approximately 5000 blood cells per υl of haemolymph, the same as in wild-type flies. In contrast, Dif1 dl1 double homozygotes exhibit a greatly reduced number of haemocytes, approximately 500 per υl - 10-fold fewer than in wild-type. Approximately 15% of Dif1 dl1 haemocytes undergo apoptosis, compared with only 2.3% in wild-type.
The few blood cells present in Dif1 dl1 mutants exhibit an abnormal morphology. In contrast to wild-type haemocytes, Dif1 dl1 blood cells are enlarged, containing intact intracellular bacteria that are not localised to vacuoles and have not been digested. When Dif1 dl1 larvae are grown on minimal medium in the presence of antibiotics, the number of haemocytes increases 3-fold, to approximately 1400 cells per υl, and the haemocytes are of normal morphology.
Dif1 dl1 animals, in which BacA\p35GMR.PH is expressed in the haemocytes, under the control of Scer\GAL4He.PZ still have microbes in the haemolymph, even though the microbial load is 100-fold lower than in Dif1 dl1 larvae. After injection with E.coli, nearly all of the BacA\p35GMR.PH expressing Dif1 dl1 larvae become flaccid and die with in a few hours. At 5 hours post infection, the few surviving animals exhibit up to 1000 times more bacteria per animal than wild-type larvae. Bacteria are engulfed by the BacA\p35GMR.PH-rescued haemocytes but are not digested, subsequently, many of the haemocytes rupture.
Ubiquitous expression of dlScer\UAS.cMa, driven by Scer\GAL4hs.PB at 25oC (without heat shock) fully rescues the lethality of Dif1 dl1 double mutants.
Ubiquitous expression of DifScer\UAS.cIa, driven by Scer\GAL4hs.PB at 25oC (without heat shock) fully rescues the lethality of Dif1 dl1 double mutants.
Expression of dlScer\UAS.cMa in circulating haemocytes, lymph glands, and epidermis, but not in the fat body, under the control of Scer\GAL4e33C, restores normal haemocyte numbers in Dif1 dl1 double mutants. The rescued blood cells are indistinguishable in morphology from wild-type uninfected haemocytes. In addition, the rescued animals have do not have any microbes in their haemolymph and 66% survive to adult stages.
Expression of dlScer\UAS.cMa in circulating haemocytes, but not in other immune-responsive tissues, under the control of Scer\GAL4He.PZ, results in an absence of microbes from the haemolymph, with approximately 45% of dlScer\UAS.cMa expressing Dif1 dl1 double mutants surviving till adulthood.
Expression of dlScer\UAS.cMa in circulating haemocytes and lymph gland cells, under the control of Scer\GAL4srp.Hemo, increases blood cell number to approximately 90% of wild-type in Dif1 dl1 double mutants and enables approximately 50% survival till adulthood. The majority of these larvae have no microbes in their haemolymph.
Embryos carrying foghs.PM show a flattened stretched appearance around their entire circumference and disorganisation of the ordered arrangement of cells.
A partial restoration of cuticle pattern elements along the dorso-ventral axis is seen in embryos derived from dl1 females if the females also carry Difbcd.PS. The degree of ventralisation seen in these rescued embryos is increased if the females are also heterozygous for cact7. The gastrulation defects of embryos derived from dl1 females is partially rescued if the females also carry Difbcd.PS; anterior movement of the posterior midgut invagination is seen along the dorsal side of the embryo, but the ventral furrow does not form.
Double mutant combinations with eaD1 are strongly dorsalizing.
The degree of lethality of embryos derived from dl1/+ females at 29[o]C is not significantly altered if the females are expressing of one copy of Zzzz\Pvank1Scer\UAS.T:Zzzz\FLAG under the control of Scer\GAL4mat.αTub67C.T:Hsim\VP16. However, if the females are expressing two copies of Zzzz\Pvank1Scer\UAS.T:Zzzz\FLAG, the fraction of embryos failing to hatch is increased, and the degree of dorsalisation of the unhatched embryos is more severe.
The degree of lethality of embryos derived from dl1/+ females at 29[o]C is not significantly altered if the females are expressing of one copy of Zzzz\I2vank3Scer\UAS.T:Zzzz\FLAG under the control of Scer\GAL4mat.αTub67C.T:Hsim\VP16. However, if the females are expressing two copies of Zzzz\I2vank3Scer\UAS.T:Zzzz\FLAG, the fraction of embryos failing to hatch is increased, and the degree of dorsalisation of the unhatched embryos is more severe.
Expression of BacA\p35GMR.PH in the haemocytes, under the control of Scer\GAL4He.PZ in Dif1 dl1 animals results in the number of blood cells per υl of haemolymph increasing 4-fold, to approximately 2200 cells per υl, whereas the blood cell number remains constant in Dif1 dl1 heterozygotes.
dl1 is partially rescued by dlUASp.cRa/Scer\GAL4VP16.mat.αTub67C
dl1 is partially rescued by dlVP16.UASp/Scer\GAL4VP16.mat.αTub67C
dl1 is partially rescued by dlp65.UASp/Scer\GAL4VP16.mat.αTub67C
dl1 is partially rescued by dlM4prime.Tag:nt1
dl1 is partially rescued by dlM7prime.Tag:nt1
dl1 is partially rescued by dlM8.Tag:nt1
dl1 is partially rescued by dlM16.Tag:nt1
dl1 is partially rescued by dl380.Tag:nt1
dl1 is partially rescued by dlGlu312.bcd
dl1 is partially rescued by dlAla312.bcd
dl1 is not rescued by dlM2.Tag:nt1
dl1 is not rescued by dlM18.Tag:nt1
dl1 is not rescued by dlM20.Tag:nt1
dl1 is not rescued by dlM23.Tag:nt1
dlT:boss-NT1 rescues the ventral denticle belts and Filzkorper and partially restores the head skeleton in embryos derived from dl1 females. However, the head is abnormal and hatching is not seen.
dlM16.T:boss-NT1 partially rescues the cuticle phenotype of embryos derived from dl1 females.
The cuticle phenotype of embryos derived from dl1 females is not rescued by dlM2.T:boss-NT1, dlM18.T:boss-NT1, dlM20.T:boss-NT1 or dlM23.T:boss-NT1.
The cuticle phenotype of embryos derived from dl1 females is only weakly rescued by dlM4prime.T:boss-NT1, dlM7prime.T:boss-NT1 or dlM8.T:boss-NT1.
dl380.T:boss-NT1 rescues the Filzkorper but not the ventral denticle belts in embryos derived from dl1 females.
C. Nusslein-Volhard.
Germline mosaic analysis shows that dl is required in the germline.
A strong allele of dl.