FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Allele: Dmel\wa
Open Close
General Information
Symbol
Dmel\wa
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
apricot
FlyBase ID
FBal0018195
Feature type
allele
Associated gene
Dmel\w
Associated Insertion(s)
copia{}wa
Carried in Construct
Key Links
Genomic Maps

Allele class

hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence

Mutagen
Nature of the Allele
Allele class

hypomorphic allele - genetic evidence

(Lloyd et al., 2002, Frolov et al., 1998, Roseman et al., 1995, Rabinow et al., 1991)
Mutagen
spontaneous
(Carbonare and Gehring, 1985, Zachar and Bingham, 1982)
Progenitor genotype
Associated Insertion(s)
copia{}wa
Cytology
Description

Insertion of a copia element into the second intron.

(Bhadra et al., 1997, Rabinow et al., 1993)

copia insertion into intron 2.

(Bhadra and Birchler, 1996, Larsson et al., 1996, Roseman et al., 1995)

copia insertion in the second intron.

(Peng and Mount, 1995)

Antiparallel blood insertion into intron 2.

(Csink et al., 1994)

7.2kb 3S18 insert within the w locus.

(Lim and Simmons, 1994)

Insertion of a copia element in the second intron, in parallel orientation.

(Sabl and Birchler, 1993)

copia insertion into the second intervening sequence.

(Birchler, 1992)

5.2kb parallel copia insertion into the second intron.

(Hiebert and Birchler, 1992)

Insertion of a copia element.

(Lovering et al., 1991)

Parallel copia-element insertion in second intron.

(Rabinow et al., 1991)

Insertion of copia element into an intron of w.

(Engels et al., 1990)

Insertion of copia element.

(Harden and Ashburner, 1990, Georgiev and Gerasimova, 1989, Goldberg et al., 1983)

copia insertion into an intron.

(Peng and Mount, 1990)

copia insertion in second chromosome.

(Birchler and Hiebert, 1989)

Insertion of copia element into the second intron.

(Rabinow and Birchler, 1989)

copia insertion within the small intron of the w gene.

(Carbonare and Gehring, 1985)

Insertion of a copia element within the small intron.

(Zachar et al., 1985)

The wa allele of the white locus has been cloned by retrieving previously cloned segments carrying a copy of the transposable element copia together with contiguous sequences (Bingham, Levis and Rubin, 1981; Gehring and Paro, 1980). Bingham and Judd (1981) have shown that copia homology is tightly linked to the site of wa, copia being located at coordinate 0.0 on the physical map of the white locus (Levis, Bingham and Rubin, 1982; Levis, O'Hare and Rubin, 1984) and inserted in the small second intron (Pirrotta and Brockl, 1984). The size of the copia insertion is 5 kb. A small amount of the normal 2.6 kb white transcript is also found in wa mutants. su(wa), which darkens the eyes of wa flies, results in a higher level of the 2.6 kb transcript, while su(f), which decreases the amount of pigment, results in a lower level of this transcript. Partial revertants of wa have been sequenced and found to retain one LTR of copia (Carbonare and Gehring, 1985; Mount et al., 1988; Zachar, Davison, Garza and Bingham, 1985b). 5.0 kb copia insertion map site (kb): 0 (by definition)

(Levis et al., 1984)

Insertion of a 5.0 kb copia-element at map position 0.0 relative to the transcription start site of w.

(Collins et al., 1983)

copia insertion at coordinate 0, using coordinate system of FBrf0038648 where coordinate 0 is the copia insert of wa.

(Zachar and Bingham, 1982)
Mutations Mapped to the Genome
Associated Sequence Data
DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank
DNA sequence
Protein sequence
M11240
M35053
 
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      Expression Data
      Reporter Expression
      Additional Information
      Statement
      Reference
       
      Marker for
      Reflects expression of
      Reporter construct used in assay
      Human Disease Associations
      Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
      Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
      Disease
      Evidence
      References
      Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
      Disease
      Interaction
      References
      Comments on Models/Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
       
      Disease-implicated variant(s)
       
      Phenotypic Data
      Phenotypic Class
      Phenotype Manifest In
      Detailed Description
      Statement
      Reference

      wa adults exhibit decreased short term memory in one-trail olfactory associative learning protocol.

      (Myers et al., 2021)

      wa mutant flies have orange eyes.

      (Noyes et al., 2011)

      Homozygotes have dull orange eyes with only 3% red pigment (compared to 100% pigment in wild type).

      (Lloyd et al., 2002)

      Shows slight hyper dosage compensation.

      (Qian and Pirrotta, 1995)

      Modified by z mutations.

      (Georgiev, 1994)

      mle4 has very little effect on the dosage compensation of wa : homozygous males have slightly darker eyes than their heterozygous brothers.

      (Hiebert and Birchler, 1994)

      Homozygous males are darker than homozygous females. Triple X metafemale individuals homozygous for wa exhibit dosage compensation of pigment levels.

      (Birchler, 1992)

      Eye colour: orange.

      (Montell et al., 1992, Engels et al., 1990)

      Eye colour: yellow-orange. wa is slightly dosage overcompensated in males conferring slightly more eye pigment.

      (Hiebert and Birchler, 1992)

      Strong response to E(wa).

      (Birchler and Hiebert, 1989)

      Enhanced by duplications of Doa+.

      (Rabinow and Birchler, 1989)

      Eye colour: wsp1/wa flies have brown eyes at eclosion, which become somewhat darker with age.

      (Pastink et al., 1987)

      Eye colour: slightly darker than wa in the triple mutant su(wa) wa su(f)1.

      (Levis et al., 1984)

      Eye colour: orange-brown.

      (Zachar and Bingham, 1982)

      Eye colour: white in wa wch. Eye colour: white in wbf wa. Eye colour: like wa in wBwx wa.

      (Lindsley and Grell, 1968)

      A wa optic disk transplanted into a wild-type host shows autonomous eye color development.

      (Beadle and Ephrussi, 1936)

      The amount of pigment formed by wa is a function of gene dose: wa/- female < wa/Y male = wa/wa female < wa/wa/wa female < wa/wa male.

      (Muller, 1932)

      Eye colour: yellowish with orange tone in males; lighter and somewhat yellower in females. Eye colour: mottled, with mw1. Eye colour: nearly white with rb1. Eye colour: nearly white with g1. Malpighian tubule colour: colourless. Eye colour: mottled, with mw1.

      External Data
      Interactions
      Show genetic interaction network for Enhancers & Suppressors
      Phenotypic Class
      Enhanced by
      Statement
      Reference

      wa has abnormal eye color phenotype, enhanceable by Dp(2;2)Pdup-3/+

      (Xie and Birchler, 2012)

      wa has abnormal eye color phenotype, enhanceable by Kr-h105208

      (Benevolenskaya et al., 2000)

      wa has abnormal eye color phenotype, enhanceable by Kr-h110642

      (Benevolenskaya et al., 2000)

      wa has abnormal eye color phenotype, enhanceable by mw2a

      (Birchler et al., 1989)

      wa has abnormal eye color phenotype, enhanceable by mw1

      (Gelbart, 1971, Muller, 1946)
      NOT Enhanced by
      Statement
      Reference

      wa has abnormal eye color phenotype, non-enhanceable by Nacαhs.PF

      (Frolov et al., 2000)
      Suppressed by
      Statement
      Reference

      wa has abnormal eye color phenotype, suppressible by Df(2R)Pdel-1/+

      (Xie and Birchler, 2012)

      wa has abnormal eye color phenotype, suppressible by Pcf11EMS2/Inr-a[+]

      (Xie and Birchler, 2012)

      wa has abnormal eye color phenotype, suppressible by Df(2R)vg135/+

      (Frolov et al., 2000)

      wa has abnormal eye color phenotype, suppressible by ox[+]/ox1

      (Frolov et al., 2000)

      wa has abnormal eye color | recessive phenotype, suppressible by Rga[+]/Rga03834

      (Frolov et al., 1998)

      wa has abnormal eye color | recessive phenotype, suppressible by Low1

      (Bhadra et al., 1997)
      NOT suppressed by
      Statement
      Reference

      wa has visible | adult stage phenotype, non-suppressible by wocD1

      (Noyes et al., 2011)

      wa has abnormal eye color phenotype, non-suppressible by Nacαhs.PF

      (Frolov et al., 2000)
      Enhancer of
      Statement
      Reference

      wa/we(g) is an enhancer of abnormal eye color phenotype of g53d

      (Lloyd et al., 2002)

      wa/we(g) is an enhancer of abnormal eye color phenotype of g2

      (Lloyd et al., 2002)

      wa/we(g) is an enhancer of abnormal eye color phenotype of g50e

      (Lloyd et al., 2002)
      Other
      Phenotype Manifest In
      Enhanced by
      Statement
      Reference

      wa has eye phenotype, enhanceable by Dp(2;2)Pdup-3/+

      (Xie and Birchler, 2012)

      wa has pigment cell phenotype, enhanceable by Kr-h105208

      (Benevolenskaya et al., 2000)

      wa has pigment cell phenotype, enhanceable by Kr-h110642

      (Benevolenskaya et al., 2000)

      sgl05007, wa has pigment cell phenotype, enhanceable by hh2

      (Benevolenskaya et al., 1998)

      sgl05007, wa has pigment cell phenotype, enhanceable by hhAC

      (Benevolenskaya et al., 1998)

      wa has phenotype, enhanceable by MowEMS

      (Pal Bhadra et al., 1998)

      wa has phenotype, enhanceable by Ufo1

      (Pal Bhadra et al., 1998)

      wa has phenotype, enhanceable by Wowγb

      (Pal Bhadra et al., 1998, Birchler et al., 1994)

      wa has phenotype, enhanceable by Mowgamma

      (Bhadra and Birchler, 1996)

      wa has phenotype, enhanceable by B52ED

      (Peng and Mount, 1995, Mount and Peng, 1994, Kurkulos et al., 1991)

      wa has phenotype, enhanceable by Wowγe

      (Birchler et al., 1994)

      wa has phenotype, enhanceable by Wowems1

      (Birchler et al., 1994)

      wa has phenotype, enhanceable by Wowhd1

      (Birchler et al., 1994)

      wa has phenotype, enhanceable by Rm62D

      (Csink et al., 1994)

      wa has phenotype, enhanceable by Rm62Dem

      (Csink et al., 1994)

      wa has phenotype, enhanceable by Rm62E

      (Csink et al., 1994)

      wa has phenotype, enhanceable by Rm62F

      (Csink et al., 1994)

      wa has phenotype, enhanceable by Rm62H

      (Csink et al., 1994)

      wa has phenotype, enhanceable by Rm62K

      (Csink et al., 1994)

      wa has phenotype, enhanceable by Ts(YLt;2Rt)L52+Ts(YLt;2Lt)R15

      (Sabl and Birchler, 1993)

      wa has phenotype, enhanceable by Ts(YSt;2Lt)B110+Ts(YSt;2Rt)R15

      (Sabl and Birchler, 1993)

      wa has phenotype, enhanceable by Ts(YLt;2Rt)G10+Ts(YLt;2Lt)R155

      (Sabl and Birchler, 1993)

      wa has phenotype, enhanceable by Ts(YLt;2Rt)A24+Ts(YLt;2Lt)B107

      (Sabl and Birchler, 1993)

      wa has phenotype, enhanceable by Ts(YSt;2Rt)B107+Ts(YLt;2Lt)L110

      (Sabl and Birchler, 1993)

      wa has phenotype, enhanceable by Ts(YLt;2Lt)R14+Ts(YSt;2Rt)L110

      (Sabl and Birchler, 1993)

      wa has phenotype, enhanceable by Ts(YSt;2Rt)L107+Ts(YSt;2Lt)P59

      (Sabl and Birchler, 1993)

      wa has phenotype, enhanceable by Ts(YSt;3Rt)B141+Ts(YSt;3Lt)G122

      (Sabl and Birchler, 1993)

      wa has phenotype, enhanceable by Ts(YLt;3Lt)A31+Ts(YLt;3Rt)G122

      (Sabl and Birchler, 1993)

      wa has phenotype, enhanceable by Ts(YSt;3Rt)L131+Ts(YSt;3Lt)R153

      (Sabl and Birchler, 1993)

      wa has phenotype, enhanceable by Ts(YLt;3Lt)B116+Ts(YLt;3Rt)G48

      (Sabl and Birchler, 1993)

      wa has phenotype, enhanceable by Ts(YSt;3Rt)G73+Ts(YSt;3Lt)R128

      (Sabl and Birchler, 1993)

      wa has phenotype, enhanceable by Ts(YLt;3Rt)R128

      (Sabl and Birchler, 1993)

      wa has phenotype, enhanceable by su(f)4

      (Fitch et al., 1992)

      wa has phenotype, enhanceable by su(f)8

      (Fitch et al., 1992)

      wa has phenotype, enhanceable by su(f)12

      (Fitch et al., 1992)

      wa has phenotype, enhanceable by su(f)1

      (Fitch et al., 1992, Lindsley and Grell, 1968)

      wa has phenotype, enhanceable by E(wa)706E706

      (Kurkulos et al., 1991)

      wa has phenotype, enhanceable by E(wa)709E709

      (Kurkulos et al., 1991)

      wa has phenotype, enhanceable by E(wa)736E736

      (Kurkulos et al., 1991)

      wa has phenotype, enhanceable by E(wa)757E757

      (Kurkulos et al., 1991)

      wa has phenotype, enhanceable by E(wa)761E761

      (Kurkulos et al., 1991)

      wa has phenotype, enhanceable by E(wa)818E818

      (Kurkulos et al., 1991)

      wa has phenotype, enhanceable by mw3P

      (Birchler et al., 1989)

      wa has pigment cell phenotype, enhanceable by mw2a

      (Birchler et al., 1989)

      wa has pigment cell phenotype, enhanceable by mw1

      (Gelbart, 1971, Muller, 1946)

      wa has phenotype, enhanceable by E(wa)1

      NOT Enhanced by
      Statement
      Reference

      wa has phenotype, non-enhanceable by Kr-h105208rev

      (Benevolenskaya et al., 2000)

      wa has phenotype, non-enhanceable by Ts(YLt;2Lt)G120

      (Sabl and Birchler, 1993)

      wa has phenotype, non-enhanceable by Ts(YSt;2Rt)G146+Ts(2Lt;4Lt)J96+Ts(YSt;4Rt)J96

      (Sabl and Birchler, 1993)

      wa has phenotype, non-enhanceable by Ts(YLt;2Lt)H52+Ts(YLt;2Rt)J96

      (Sabl and Birchler, 1993)

      wa has phenotype, non-enhanceable by Ts(YLt;2Rt)B110+Ts(YSt;2Lt)D20

      (Sabl and Birchler, 1993)

      wa has phenotype, non-enhanceable by Ts(YLt;2Rt)D20+Ts(YSt;2Lt)G10

      (Sabl and Birchler, 1993)

      wa has phenotype, non-enhanceable by Ts(YSt;2Lt)L23+Ts(YSt;2Rt)R155

      (Sabl and Birchler, 1993)

      wa has phenotype, non-enhanceable by Ts(YSt;2Lt)A24+Ts(YLt;2Rt)L23

      (Sabl and Birchler, 1993)

      wa has phenotype, non-enhanceable by Ts(YSt;2Lt)H149+Ts(YSt;2Rt)R14

      (Sabl and Birchler, 1993)

      wa has phenotype, non-enhanceable by Dp(2;Y)J64

      (Sabl and Birchler, 1993)

      wa has phenotype, non-enhanceable by Ts(YLt;2Rt)B202

      (Sabl and Birchler, 1993)

      wa has phenotype, non-enhanceable by Ts(YLt;3Lt)B141

      (Sabl and Birchler, 1993)

      wa has phenotype, non-enhanceable by Ts(Y;3Rt)J1+Ts(YSt;3Lt)L132

      (Sabl and Birchler, 1993)

      wa has phenotype, non-enhanceable by Ts(YSt;2Rt)H52+Ts(YSt;2Lt)L52

      (Sabl and Birchler, 1993)

      wa has phenotype, non-enhanceable by Ts(Y;3Lt)J1+Ts(YSt;3Rt)J162

      (Sabl and Birchler, 1993)

      wa has phenotype, non-enhanceable by Ts(YSt;3Lt)B93+Ts(YSt;3Rt)B116

      (Sabl and Birchler, 1993)

      wa has phenotype, non-enhanceable by Ts(YLt;3Rt)B93+Ts(YLt;3Lt)D100

      (Sabl and Birchler, 1993)

      wa has phenotype, non-enhanceable by Ts(YLt;3Rt)B93+Ts(YLt;3Lt)G73

      (Sabl and Birchler, 1993)

      wa has phenotype, non-enhanceable by mod(mdg4)ul

      (Georgiev and Gerasimova, 1989)
      Suppressed by
      Statement
      Reference

      wa has eye phenotype, suppressible by Df(2R)Pdel-1/+

      (Xie and Birchler, 2012)

      wa has eye phenotype, suppressible by Pcf11EMS2/Inr-a[+]

      (Xie and Birchler, 2012)

      sgl05007, wa has pigment cell phenotype, suppressible by wg1

      (Benevolenskaya et al., 1998)

      sgl05007, wa has pigment cell phenotype, suppressible by wgP

      (Benevolenskaya et al., 1998)

      wa has pigment cell phenotype, suppressible by RpLP001544

      (Frolov and Birchler, 1998)

      wa has pigment cell phenotype, suppressible by Rga[+]/Rga03834

      (Frolov et al., 1998)

      wa has phenotype, suppressible by Pcf11EMS2

      (Pal Bhadra et al., 1998)

      wa has phenotype, suppressible by Low1

      (Pal Bhadra et al., 1998)

      wa has pigment cell phenotype, suppressible by Low1

      (Bhadra et al., 1997)

      wa has phenotype, suppressible by Ufo1

      (Bhadra et al., 1997)

      wa has phenotype, suppressible by Inr-b1

      (Bhadra et al., 1995)

      wa has phenotype, suppressible by Doa01705b

      (Rabinow, 1995.5.24)

      wa has phenotype, suppressible by In(3)Msu1

      (Csink et al., 1994)

      wa has phenotype, suppressible by In(3)Msu2

      (Csink et al., 1994)

      wa has phenotype, suppressible by Ts(YLt;2Rt)H149+Ts(YLt;2Lt)L107

      (Sabl and Birchler, 1993)

      wa has phenotype, suppressible by Ts(YSt;3Rt)A31+Ts(YSt;3Lt)D228

      (Sabl and Birchler, 1993)

      wa has phenotype, suppressible by Ts(YSt;3Lt)G48+Ts(YSt;3Rt)R36

      (Sabl and Birchler, 1993)

      wa has phenotype, suppressible by Su(wa4)M1

      (Khatpova and Gerasimova, 1992)

      wa has phenotype, suppressible by DoaE755

      (Kurkulos et al., 1991)

      wa has phenotype, suppressible by DoaE777

      (Kurkulos et al., 1991)

      wa has phenotype, suppressible by DoaE786

      (Kurkulos et al., 1991)

      wa has phenotype, suppressible by DoaXP11

      (Kurkulos et al., 1991)

      wa has phenotype, suppressible by DoaXP28

      (Kurkulos et al., 1991)

      wa has phenotype, suppressible by E(wa)705E705

      (Kurkulos et al., 1991)

      wa has phenotype, suppressible by E(wa)829E829

      (Kurkulos et al., 1991)

      wa has phenotype, suppressible by Pcf11γb

      (Rabinow et al., 1991)

      wa has phenotype, suppressible by Pcf11γc

      (Rabinow et al., 1991)

      wa has phenotype, suppressible by Pcf11γd

      (Rabinow et al., 1991)

      wa has phenotype, suppressible by Pcf11EMS3

      (Rabinow et al., 1991)

      wa has phenotype, suppressible by Pcf11EMS4

      (Rabinow et al., 1991)

      wa has phenotype, suppressible by Pcf11EMS5

      (Rabinow et al., 1991)

      wa has phenotype, suppressible by Pcf11hd1

      (Rabinow et al., 1991)

      wa has phenotype, suppressible by DoaHD

      (Rabinow and Birchler, 1989)

      wa has phenotype, suppressible by Doa3

      (Rabinow and Birchler, 1989)

      wa has phenotype, suppressible by Doa4

      (Rabinow and Birchler, 1989)

      wa has phenotype, suppressible by Doa5

      (Rabinow and Birchler, 1989)

      wa has phenotype, suppressible by Doa6

      (Rabinow and Birchler, 1989)

      wa has phenotype, suppressible by Doa7

      (Rabinow and Birchler, 1989)

      wa has phenotype, suppressible by Doa8

      (Rabinow and Birchler, 1989)

      wa has phenotype, suppressible by Doa9

      (Rabinow and Birchler, 1989)

      wa has phenotype, suppressible by su(wa)unspecified

      wa has phenotype, suppressible by Tp(2;3)P

      NOT suppressed by
      Statement
      Reference

      wa has phenotype, non-suppressible by Doa2C

      (Rabinow, 2023.6.12)

      wa has eye phenotype, non-suppressible by wocD1

      (Noyes et al., 2011)

      wa has phenotype, non-suppressible by Ts(YLt;2Lt)G120

      (Sabl and Birchler, 1993)

      wa has phenotype, non-suppressible by Ts(YLt;2Rt)B202

      (Sabl and Birchler, 1993)

      wa has phenotype, non-suppressible by Ts(YLt;3Lt)B141

      (Sabl and Birchler, 1993)

      wa has phenotype, non-suppressible by Ts(Y;3Rt)J1+Ts(YSt;3Lt)L132

      (Sabl and Birchler, 1993)

      wa has phenotype, non-suppressible by Ts(YSt;2Rt)H52+Ts(YSt;2Lt)L52

      (Sabl and Birchler, 1993)

      wa has phenotype, non-suppressible by Ts(Y;3Lt)J1+Ts(YSt;3Rt)J162

      (Sabl and Birchler, 1993)

      wa has phenotype, non-suppressible by Ts(YSt;3Lt)B93+Ts(YSt;3Rt)B116

      (Sabl and Birchler, 1993)

      wa has phenotype, non-suppressible by Ts(YLt;3Rt)B93+Ts(YLt;3Lt)D100

      (Sabl and Birchler, 1993)

      wa has phenotype, non-suppressible by Ts(YLt;3Rt)B93+Ts(YLt;3Lt)G73

      (Sabl and Birchler, 1993)

      wa has phenotype, non-suppressible by Ts(YSt;2Rt)G146+Ts(2Lt;4Lt)J96+Ts(YSt;4Rt)J96

      (Sabl and Birchler, 1993)

      wa has phenotype, non-suppressible by Ts(YLt;2Lt)H52+Ts(YLt;2Rt)J96

      (Sabl and Birchler, 1993)

      wa has phenotype, non-suppressible by Ts(YLt;2Rt)B110+Ts(YSt;2Lt)D20

      (Sabl and Birchler, 1993)

      wa has phenotype, non-suppressible by Ts(YLt;2Rt)D20+Ts(YSt;2Lt)G10

      (Sabl and Birchler, 1993)

      wa has phenotype, non-suppressible by Ts(YSt;2Lt)L23+Ts(YSt;2Rt)R155

      (Sabl and Birchler, 1993)

      wa has phenotype, non-suppressible by Ts(YSt;2Lt)A24+Ts(YLt;2Rt)L23

      (Sabl and Birchler, 1993)

      wa has phenotype, non-suppressible by Ts(YSt;2Lt)H149+Ts(YSt;2Rt)R14

      (Sabl and Birchler, 1993)

      wa has phenotype, non-suppressible by Dp(2;Y)J64

      (Sabl and Birchler, 1993)

      wa has phenotype, non-suppressible by mod(mdg4)ul

      (Georgiev and Gerasimova, 1989)

      wa has phenotype, non-suppressible by su(Hw)2

      (Lindsley and Grell, 1968)
      Enhancer of
      Statement
      Reference

      wa/we(g) is an enhancer of pigment cell phenotype of g53d

      (Lloyd et al., 2002)

      wa/we(g) is an enhancer of pigment cell phenotype of g2

      (Lloyd et al., 2002)

      wa/we(g) is an enhancer of pigment cell phenotype of g50e

      (Lloyd et al., 2002)
      Suppressor of
      Statement
      Reference

      wa/Low1 is a suppressor of phenotype of z1

      (Bhadra et al., 1997)
      Other
      Additional Comments
      Genetic Interactions
      Statement
      Reference

      The addition of Inr-aEMS2/+ or Df(2R)Pdel-1/+ darkens the eye colour of wa flies.

      The addition of Dp(2;2)Pdup-3/+ lightens the eye colour of wa flies.

      (Xie and Birchler, 2012)

      wocD1 does not suppress the eye colour phenotype seen in wa mutant flies.

      (Noyes et al., 2011)

      Eye colour: the eye pigmentation level of wa flies is not affected by BEAF-32AB-KO.

      (Roy et al., 2007)

      Flies with a wa/we(g) mutant genotype enhance the eye colour defective phenotype of g2, g50e and g53d homozygous mutants leading to a greater reduction of red pigment in the eye. wa, g53d male mutants have lower amounts of pigment in the eye than wa single mutants, leading to a change in eye colour from dull orange-red to completely white.

      (Lloyd et al., 2002)

      wa shows an interaction with Df(2R)68-1, Df(2R)86-1, Df(2R)38-1, Df(2R)44-2, Df(2R)12-1, Df(2R)107-2 and Df(2R)157-1.

      (Frolov et al., 2000)

      Eye phenotype is suppressed by Ufo1.

      (Bhadra et al., 1997)

      Shows mosaic suppression by In(3)Msu1/+ or In(3)Msu2/+: eyes have a mottled stripe of brilliant red at the posterior.

      (Csink et al., 1994)

      Strength of enhancement: su(f)1 > su(f)12 > su(f)8 > su(f)4.

      (Fitch et al., 1992)

      Eye colour: white in za parX1122 wa heterozygotes.

      (Thierry-Mieg, 1982)

      w1 su(f)4/wa su(f)1 females have a w1 phenotype at 24-25oC. wa su(f)4/Y males have an eye colour intermediate between that of w1 and wa at 17-18oC. wa su(f)1 flies have apricot coloured eyes at 29-30oC, at 24-25oC the eyes are near white and at 17-18oC the eyes are indistinguishable from white.

      (Schalet, 1972)

      mw1 dilutes, in a variegated fashion, the phenotype of wa.

      (Gelbart, 1971)

      Eye colour: wa rb66a flies have white eyes with a slight yellow tinge.

      (Becker, 1968)

      Eye colour: white in wa su(f)1.

      (Lindsley and Grell, 1968)

      Eye colour: lighter than either mutation alone with z1.

      (Green, 1959)

      Heterozygote with homozygous v1 has slightly lighter eye colour than wild-type.

      (Braver, 1953)

      Eye colour: lighter with bw1. Eye colour: light pinkish yellow with st1. Eye colour: not modified by v1.

      (Mainx, 1938)
      Xenogenetic Interactions
      Statement
      Reference
      Complementation and Rescue Data
      Complements

      wsp1

      Partially complements

      wsp1

      (Green, 1959)
      Comments
      Images (2)
      Stocks (152)
      Notes on Origin
      Discoverer

      Huestis, 1923.

      Comments
      Comments

      Placed on the genetic map of w to the right of wbf and the left of wch. Deficiencies and duplications for wa can be produced as a result of nonhomologous exchanges within the w region.

      waM allele derived as partial revertant of wa.

      (Rasmuson and Rasmuson, 1961)

      The copia element itself, not simply the physical interruption of the w gene, is essential for the wa phenotype and its response to the genetic modifiers su(wa), su(f), or E(wa).

      (Mount et al., 1988)

      The effect of combining any two mutations that modify the expression of wa is additive. If mutations at two loci suppressing wa, such as Doa and su(wa), are combined then the double mutant is darker (more wild type) than either mutation alone. The opposite applies to two mutations enhancing wa, such as mw and E(wa). A combination of suppressor and enhancer yields a colour similar to the original wa phenotype depending on their relative strengths.

      (Rabinow and Birchler, 1990)

      The distribution of ry protein in the tissues of the adult fly is altered in this mutant.

      (Reaume et al., 1991)

      copia element requires distant upstream sequences for polyadenylation. Dominant modifiers of wa pigmentation level have been isolated in an EMS screen.

      (Kurkulos et al., 1991)

      Dosage compensation allele.

      (Birchler, 1992)

      wa57i allele derived as partial revertant of wa.

      (Mossige, 1953)

      Modulation of wa by Inr-b1 is at the level of transcription of the copia element.

      (Bhadra et al., 1995)

      Dosage compensation is not affected by su(Hw)V.

      (Roseman et al., 1995)
      External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 3 )
      Crossreferences
      GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
      Synonyms and Secondary IDs (6)
      References (124)