FlyBase Allele Report: Dmel\mxc[1]

General Information

Symbol

Dmel\mxc¹

Species

D. melanogaster

Name

FlyBase ID

FBal0031611

Feature type

allele

Associated gene

Dmel\mxc

Associated Insertion(s)

Carried in Construct

Also Known As

mxc^mbn1

Key Links

Genomic Maps

JBrowse

Allele class

Mutagen

ethyl methanesulfonate

Nature of the Allele

Allele class

Mutagen

ethyl methanesulfonate

(Shrestha and Gateff, 1982)

Progenitor genotype

Cytology

Description

The mxc coding sequence contains amino acid substitutions A524T, D629E, A662VF1170Y, P1171S and T1321A compared to the reference genome sequence. It is not known which of the lesions is responsible for the malignant tumor phenotype seen in this allele.

(Kurihara et al., 2020)

Mutations Mapped to the Genome

Curation Data

Type

Location

Additional Notes

References

point_mutation

X:9,241,341..9,241,341 [-]

Nucleotide change:

G9241341A

Amino acid change:

A524T | mxc-PA; A524T | mxc-PB

Reported amino acid change:

A524T

Comment:

One of six base substitutions observed in mxc¹. Site and nature of nucleotide substitution in mutant inferred by FlyBase curator based on reported amino acid change.

(Kurihara et al., 2020)

point_mutation

X:9,241,024..9,241,024 [-]

Nucleotide change:

C9241024R

Amino acid change:

D629E | mxc-PA; D629E | mxc-PB

Reported amino acid change:

D629E

Comment:

One of six base substitutions observed in mxc¹. Site and nature of nucleotide substitution in mutant inferred by FlyBase curator based on reported amino acid change.

(Kurihara et al., 2020)

point_mutation

X:9,240,926..9,240,926 [-]

Nucleotide change:

C9240926T

Amino acid change:

A662V | mxc-PA; A662V | mxc-PB

Reported amino acid change:

A662V

Comment:

One of six base substitutions observed in mxc¹. Site and nature of nucleotide substitution in mutant inferred by FlyBase curator based on reported amino acid change.

(Kurihara et al., 2020)

point_mutation

X:9,239,402..9,239,402 [-]

Nucleotide change:

T9239402A

Amino acid change:

F1170Y | mxc-PA; F1170Y | mxc-PB

Reported amino acid change:

F1170Y

Comment:

One of six base substitutions observed in mxc¹. Site and nature of nucleotide substitution in mutant inferred by FlyBase curator based on reported amino acid change.

(Kurihara et al., 2020)

point_mutation

X:9,239,400..9,239,400 [-]

Nucleotide change:

C9239400T

Amino acid change:

P1171S | mxc-PA; P1171S | mxc-PB

Reported amino acid change:

P1171S

Comment:

One of six base substitutions observed in mxc¹. Site and nature of nucleotide substitution in mutant inferred by FlyBase curator based on reported amino acid change.

(Kurihara et al., 2020)

point_mutation

X:9,238,950..9,238,950 [-]

Nucleotide change:

T9238950A

Amino acid change:

S1321T | mxc-PA; S1321T | mxc-PB

Reported amino acid change:

S1321T

Comment:

One of six base substitutions observed in mxc¹. Site and nature of nucleotide substitution in mutant inferred by FlyBase curator based on reported amino acid change.

(Kurihara et al., 2020)

Variant Molecular Consequences

Associated Sequence Data

DDBJ / EMBL / GenBank

DNA sequence

Protein sequence

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

Expression Data

Reporter Expression

Additional Information

Statement

Reference

Marker for

Reflects expression of

Reporter construct used in assay

Human Disease Associations

Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations

Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )

Disease

Evidence

References

model of hematologic cancer

CEA

(Kinoshita et al., 2024, Kinoshita et al., 2023, Takarada et al., 2023, Kurihara et al., 2020, Araki et al., 2019, Remillieux-Leschelle et al., 2002)

model of leukemia

CEA

(Kinoshita et al., 2022)

Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )

Disease

Interaction

References

model of hematologic cancer

is exacerbated by bsk^HMC03539

(Kinoshita et al., 2024)

is exacerbated by grnd^KK109939

(Kinoshita et al., 2024)

is exacerbated by hep^GL00089

(Kinoshita et al., 2024)

is exacerbated by upd3^KK110348

(Kinoshita et al., 2024)

is exacerbated by wgn^HMC03962

(Kinoshita et al., 2024)

is ameliorated by Def^{UAS.ORF.GW.Tag:HA}

(Araki et al., 2019)

is ameliorated by DptA^{UAS.ORF.GW.Tag:HA}

(Araki et al., 2019)

is ameliorated by Drs^{UAS.ORF.GW.Tag:HA}

(Araki et al., 2019)

is ameliorated by Rel^{68.UAS.Tag:FLAG}

(Araki et al., 2019)

is ameliorated by Tl^10b.UAS

(Araki et al., 2019)

is ameliorated by dl^{UAS.ORF.GW.Tag:HA}

(Araki et al., 2019)

is exacerbated by TotB^GD3091

(Kinoshita et al., 2023)

is exacerbated by TotF^GD3660

(Kinoshita et al., 2023)

is exacerbated by TotA^GD6210

(Kinoshita et al., 2023)

is exacerbated by TotA^KK112386

(Kinoshita et al., 2023)

is ameliorated by Mmp1^KK108894

(Takarada et al., 2023, Kurihara et al., 2020)

is ameliorated by Mmp2^HMJ23143

(Takarada et al., 2023)

is ameliorated by bsk^HMC03539

(Takarada et al., 2023)

is ameliorated by bsk^JF01275

(Takarada et al., 2023)

is ameliorated by hep^GL00089

(Takarada et al., 2023)

is exacerbated by CG7841^JF03180

(Kurihara et al., 2020)

is ameliorated by Dsor1^KK102276

(Kurihara et al., 2020)

is ameliorated by Raf^GL01125

(Kurihara et al., 2020)

is exacerbated by Raf^UAS.F179

(Kurihara et al., 2020)

is ameliorated by Ras85D^HMS01294

(Kurihara et al., 2020)

is exacerbated by Ras85D^V12.UAS

(Kurihara et al., 2020)

is ameliorated by pnt^KK100473

(Kurihara et al., 2020)

is ameliorated by rl^HMS00173

(Kurihara et al., 2020)

is exacerbated by rl^Sem.S.UAS

(Kurihara et al., 2020)

model of leukemia

is exacerbated by Duox^GL00678

(Kinoshita et al., 2022)

is ameliorated by Duox^UAS.cHa

(Kinoshita et al., 2022)

Comments on Models/Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )

Disease-implicated variant(s)

Phenotypic Data

Phenotypic Class

abnormal cell adhesion | larval stage

(Takarada et al., 2023)

abnormal cell migration | larval stage

(Takarada et al., 2023)

abnormal cell number | larval stage

(Kinoshita et al., 2023)

abnormal cell shape | larval stage

(Kinoshita et al., 2023)

abnormal size | larval stage

(Remillieux-Leschelle et al., 2002)

abnormal size | third instar larval stage

(Shrestha and Gateff, 1982)

decreased fecundity | female (with mxc^G46)

(Docquier et al., 1996)

decreased fecundity | female (with mxc^M1)

(Docquier et al., 1996)

female sterile | recessive

(Santamaria and Randsholt, 1995)

hyperplasia | larval stage

(Kinoshita et al., 2023, Takarada et al., 2023, Kinoshita et al., 2022)

increased cell number | larval stage

(Remillieux-Leschelle et al., 2002)

increased occurrence of cell division | larval stage

(Kinoshita et al., 2023, Remillieux-Leschelle et al., 2002)

increased occurrence of cell division | third instar larval stage

(Shrestha and Gateff, 1982)

lethal | recessive

(Shrestha and Gateff, 1982)

lethal - all die before end of larval stage | recessive

(Santamaria and Randsholt, 1995)

lethal - all die before end of pupal stage | recessive

(Remillieux-Leschelle et al., 2002, Docquier et al., 1996)

some die during larval stage | recessive

(Santamaria and Randsholt, 1995)

some die during pupal stage | recessive

(Remillieux-Leschelle et al., 2002, Docquier et al., 1996)

visible | recessive

(Santamaria and Randsholt, 1995)

Phenotype Manifest In

adult abdominal segment 4

(Santamaria and Randsholt, 1995)

adult mesothoracic segment

(Santamaria and Randsholt, 1995)

basement membrane | larval stage

(Takarada et al., 2023)

egg chamber

(Docquier et al., 1996)

embryonic/larval crystal cell

(Remillieux-Leschelle et al., 2002)

embryonic/larval fat body

(Shrestha and Gateff, 1982)

embryonic/larval fat body | larval stage

(Kinoshita et al., 2023)

embryonic/larval hemocyte

(Remillieux-Leschelle et al., 2002)

embryonic/larval hemolymph

(Shrestha and Gateff, 1982)

embryonic/larval lymph gland

(Remillieux-Leschelle et al., 2002, Shrestha and Gateff, 1982)

embryonic/larval lymph gland | larval stage

(Kinoshita et al., 2023, Takarada et al., 2023, Kinoshita et al., 2022)

embryonic/larval midgut

(Shrestha and Gateff, 1982)

embryonic/larval plasmatocyte

(Remillieux-Leschelle et al., 2002, Shrestha and Gateff, 1982)

embryonic/larval plasmatocyte | decreased number | larval stage

(Kinoshita et al., 2023)

eye

(Santamaria and Randsholt, 1995)

eye-antennal disc

(Saget et al., 1998)

genital disc

(Saget et al., 1998)

gonad | larval stage

(Shrestha and Gateff, 1982)

haltere disc

(Saget et al., 1998)

imaginal disc

(Remillieux-Leschelle et al., 2002, Saget et al., 1998)

imaginal disc | larval stage

(Shrestha and Gateff, 1982)

lamellocyte

(Remillieux-Leschelle et al., 2002, Shrestha and Gateff, 1982)

lamellocyte | increased number

(Kinoshita et al., 2023)

larval central nervous system

(Shrestha and Gateff, 1982)

larval circulating hemocyte | ectopic | increased number

(Takarada et al., 2023)

larval circulating hemocyte | increased number

(Kinoshita et al., 2023)

larval circulating hemocyte | larval stage

(Kinoshita et al., 2022)

leg

(Santamaria and Randsholt, 1995)

leg disc

(Saget et al., 1998)

lymph gland derived hemocyte | increased number

(Takarada et al., 2023)

melanotic mass

(Saget et al., 1998)

nucleus | third instar larval stage

(Shrestha and Gateff, 1982)

primary lobe of embryonic/larval lymph gland

(Shrestha and Gateff, 1982)

prohemocyte

(Shrestha and Gateff, 1982)

pseudopodium | increased number | larval stage

(Takarada et al., 2023)

wing

(Santamaria and Randsholt, 1995)

wing disc

(Saget et al., 1998)

Detailed Description

Statement

Reference

Hemizygous larvae have small imaginal discs and overgrown lymph glands. The concentration of circulating hemocytes in third instar larvae is significantly increased compared to controls and the fraction of circulating hemocytes that are undergoing cell division is also increased. The number of crystal cells per larva is significantly reduced compared to controls. The larvae show a significant increase in a blood cell type ("podocytes") with large pseudopod-like extensions compared to controls. These cells appear pear-shaped or spindle-shaped. Mutant larvae contain an increased fraction of lamellocytes (2.3%) compared to controls (0.2%). 60% of hemizygous lymph glands transplanted into wild-type females show an increase in size 5 days after transplantation, in contrast to wild-type lymph gland transplants, which do not show growth.

(Remillieux-Leschelle et al., 2002)

Hemizygous larvae raised at 19^oC reach normal size with a slight delay. Hemizygous larvae raised at 25^oC are smaller than normal and develop slowly. The larvae remain at the wandering stage for up to 7 days without forming pupae. The imaginal discs and brain are reduced in size. The eye-antennal, leg and wing discs appear more deformed than the haltere or genital discs. Does not rescue the lack of abdominal segment differentiation seen in the progeny of hb⁴ nos^L7/nos^L7 females. Almost all third instar larvae have melanotic pseudotumours.

(Saget et al., 1998)

mxc^G9/mxc¹ females have fewer egg chambers than wild-type flies, but are fully fertile and fecund. mxc^M1/mxc¹ and mxc^G46/mxc¹ females do not lay eggs. Some egg chambers contain the normal number of nurse cells, but oogenesis appears arrested before stage 7-8. Egg chambers degenerate in older flies.

(Docquier et al., 1996)

Larvae show invasive blood cell tumors. Rare adult escapers show variably penetrant homeotic transformations. The eye transformation resembles that of Dfd¹. Female heterozygotes with mxc^G46 or mxc^G43 are devoid of germ line. Most mxc^G48 heterozygotes with mxc¹ or mxc^SO die in the third instar with blood cell tumors.

(Santamaria and Randsholt, 1995)

In contrast to wild-type, differentiated blood cells are produced throughout the third larval instar stage in homozygotes, causing a 300-400 fold increase in the size of the individual hematopoietic lobes. Cell division in the anterior hematopoietic lobes is increased. Many of these differentiated blood cells are released into the haemolymph throughout the third larval instar stage, resulting in an increase of free blood cells. The blood cells encapsulate and melanise parts of the posterior fat body and gut, and they invade and partially destroy the imaginal disc epithelia. The central nervous system and gonads appear smaller than wild-type, and the larvae appear transparent due to the reduced amount of fat body. All primordial blood cells found in wild-type larval hematopoietic organs are also found in the hematopoietic organs of homozygous larvae. Plasmatocytes, podocytes and lamellocytes are also detected in the hematopoietic organs of homozygous larvae, in contrast to wild-type. Within the tumorous hematopoietic masses the primordial blood cells are tightly packed, while the plasmatocytes, podocytes and lamellocytes are loosely arranged. Mutant prohemocytes show a slight increase in the number of Golgi bodies, and primary and secondary lysosomes compared to wild-type, and virus-like particles (vlps) are seen in the nuclei and cytoplasm. Mutant proplasmatocytes have increased numbers of primary and secondary lysosomes, and their nuclei are often lobulated and contain vlps. Mutant procrystal and crystal cells are extremely rare in the hematopoietic organs and hemolymph. Mutant plasmatocytes contain more mitochondria, primary and secondary lysosomes and phagocytic vesicles than wild-type. Their nuclei are deformed and contain large numbers of vlps. Mutant podocytes have extensive cytoplasmic processes. Mutant lamellocytes contain a large number of primary and secondary lysosomes. Their nuclei have an irregular shape and contain many vlps. Lamellar bodies are common in mutant plasmatocytes, podocytes and lamellocytes in contrast to wild-type. The composition of the mutant larval hemolymph resembles a wild-type prepupa more closely than a wild-type larva, containing 30-40% plasmatocytes, 45% podocytes and 15% lamellocytes.

(Shrestha and Gateff, 1982)

External Data

Linkouts

Interactions

Show genetic interaction network for Enhancers & Suppressors

Phenotypic Class

Enhanced by

Statement

Reference

mxc¹ has increased occurrence of cell division | larval stage phenotype, enhanceable by TotB^GD3091/Scer\GAL4^r4

(Kinoshita et al., 2023)

mxc¹ has hyperplasia | larval stage phenotype, enhanceable by TotB^GD3091/Scer\GAL4^r4

(Kinoshita et al., 2023)

mxc¹ has hyperplasia | larval stage phenotype, enhanceable by TotA^GD6210/Scer\GAL4^r4

(Kinoshita et al., 2023)

mxc¹ has hyperplasia | larval stage phenotype, enhanceable by Scer\GAL4^r4/TotA^KK112386

(Kinoshita et al., 2023)

mxc¹ has hyperplasia | larval stage phenotype, enhanceable by TotF^GD3660/Scer\GAL4^r4

(Kinoshita et al., 2023)

mxc¹ has increased occurrence of cell division | larval stage phenotype, enhanceable by TotF^GD3660/Scer\GAL4^r4

(Kinoshita et al., 2023)

mxc¹ has hyperplasia | larval stage phenotype, enhanceable by Scer\GAL4^He.PZ/Duox^GL00678

(Kinoshita et al., 2022)

mxc¹ has hyperplasia | larval stage phenotype, enhanceable by Scer\GAL4^He.PZ/mol^HMS02560

(Kinoshita et al., 2022)

Suppressed by

Statement

Reference

mxc¹ has abnormal cell migration | larval stage phenotype, suppressible by bsk^HMC03539/Scer\GAL4^He.PZ

(Takarada et al., 2023)

mxc¹ has abnormal cell migration | larval stage phenotype, suppressible by bsk^JF01275/Scer\GAL4^He.PZ

(Takarada et al., 2023)

mxc¹ has abnormal cell migration | larval stage phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4^He.PZ/Mmp1^KK108894

(Takarada et al., 2023)

mxc¹ has abnormal cell migration | larval stage phenotype, suppressible by Mmp2^HMJ23143/Scer\GAL4^He.PZ

(Takarada et al., 2023)

mxc¹ has abnormal cell adhesion | larval stage phenotype, suppressible by bsk^HMC03539/Scer\GAL4^He.PZ

(Takarada et al., 2023)

mxc¹ has abnormal cell adhesion | larval stage phenotype, suppressible by bsk^JF01275/Scer\GAL4^He.PZ

(Takarada et al., 2023)

mxc¹ has abnormal cell adhesion | larval stage phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4^He.PZ/Mmp1^KK108894

(Takarada et al., 2023)

mxc¹ has abnormal cell adhesion | larval stage phenotype, suppressible by Mmp2^HMJ23143/Scer\GAL4^He.PZ

(Takarada et al., 2023)

mxc¹ has hyperplasia | larval stage phenotype, suppressible | partially by Scer\GAL4^He.PZ/Duox^UAS.cHa

(Kinoshita et al., 2022)

Suppressor of

Statement

Reference

mxc[+]/mxc¹ is a suppressor of visible | dominant | homeotic phenotype of brm[+]/brm², trx^E2

(Gildea et al., 2000)

mxc[+]/mxc¹ is a suppressor of visible | dominant | homeotic phenotype of ash1¹⁷, trx^B11/trx[+]

(Gildea et al., 2000)

Phenotype Manifest In

Enhanced by

Statement

Reference

mxc¹ has embryonic/larval lymph gland | larval stage phenotype, enhanceable by TotF^GD3660/Scer\GAL4^r4

(Kinoshita et al., 2023)

mxc¹ has embryonic/larval lymph gland | larval stage phenotype, enhanceable by TotB^GD3091/Scer\GAL4^r4

(Kinoshita et al., 2023)

mxc¹ has embryonic/larval lymph gland | larval stage phenotype, enhanceable by TotA^GD6210/Scer\GAL4^r4

(Kinoshita et al., 2023)

mxc¹ has embryonic/larval lymph gland | larval stage phenotype, enhanceable by Scer\GAL4^r4/TotA^KK112386

(Kinoshita et al., 2023)

mxc¹ has embryonic/larval lymph gland | larval stage phenotype, enhanceable by Scer\GAL4^He.PZ/Duox^GL00678

(Kinoshita et al., 2022)

mxc¹ has embryonic/larval lymph gland | larval stage phenotype, enhanceable by Scer\GAL4^He.PZ/mol^HMS02560

(Kinoshita et al., 2022)

Suppressed by

Statement

Reference

mxc¹ has pseudopodium | increased number | larval stage phenotype, suppressible by hep^GL00089/Scer\GAL4^He.PZ

(Takarada et al., 2023)

mxc¹ has larval circulating hemocyte | ectopic | increased number phenotype, suppressible by bsk^HMC03539/Scer\GAL4^He.PZ

(Takarada et al., 2023)

mxc¹ has larval circulating hemocyte | ectopic | increased number phenotype, suppressible by bsk^JF01275/Scer\GAL4^He.PZ

(Takarada et al., 2023)

mxc¹ has larval circulating hemocyte | ectopic | increased number phenotype, suppressible by Scer\GAL4^He.PZ/Mmp1^KK108894

(Takarada et al., 2023)

mxc¹ has larval circulating hemocyte | ectopic | increased number phenotype, suppressible by Mmp2^HMJ23143/Scer\GAL4^He.PZ

(Takarada et al., 2023)

mxc¹ has embryonic/larval lymph gland | larval stage phenotype, suppressible | partially by Scer\GAL4^He.PZ/Duox^UAS.cHa

(Kinoshita et al., 2022)

Suppressor of

Statement

Reference

mxc[+]/mxc¹ is a suppressor of adult metathoracic segment phenotype of brm[+]/brm², trx^E2

(Gildea et al., 2000)

mxc[+]/mxc¹ is a suppressor of adult metathoracic segment phenotype of ash1¹⁷, trx^B11/trx[+]

(Gildea et al., 2000)

Additional Comments

Genetic Interactions

Statement

Reference

Xenogenetic Interactions

Statement

Reference

Complementation and Rescue Data

Comments

Images (0)

Mutant

Wild-type

Stocks (3)

Bloomington

6360

w¹ mxc¹; Dp(1;4)mxc^+R

Kyoto

101105

In(1)FM7 / mxc¹

108753

w¹ mxc¹; Dp(1;4)mxc^+R

Notes on Origin

Discoverer

Comments

The alleles of mxc form a series. From weakest phenotype to strongest phenotype: mxc^G9 < mxc^M1 < mxc^G46 < mxc^G43 < mxc^SO < mxc¹ < mxc^G48.

(Santamaria and Randsholt, 1995)

Germline clonal analysis indicates that mxc⁺ function is required in the female germline.

(Docquier et al., 1996)

External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 0 )

Synonyms and Secondary IDs (4)

Reported As

Symbol Synonym

l(1)mbn

(Shrestha and Gateff, 1982)

mxc¹

mxc^mbn1

(Hirata et al., 2025, Kinoshita et al., 2024, Kinoshita et al., 2023, Takarada et al., 2023, Kinoshita et al., 2022, Kurihara et al., 2020, Kurihara et al., 2020, Araki et al., 2019, Remillieux-Leschelle et al., 2002, Saget et al., 1998, Docquier et al., 1996, Santamaria and Randsholt, 1995, Gateff, 1994)

mxc^mbn

(Gildea et al., 2000, Watson et al., 1994)

Name Synonyms

Secondary FlyBase IDs

References (16)

Report Sections

Open Close