FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
FB2026_01 , released March 12, 2026
Gene: Dmel\amx
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\amx
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
almondex
Annotation Symbol
CG12127
Feature Type
FlyBase ID
FBgn0000077
Gene Model Status
Stock Availability
Gene Summary
Positive regulator of Notch signaling during lateral inhibition and boundary formation (PubMed:14595834, PubMed:18331889, PubMed:34905536). Interacts with Notch signaling at the membrane, at the level of gamma-secretase-mediated S3 cleavage (PubMed:18331889, PubMed:34905536). May regulate Notch signaling by regulating the subcellular localization of N/Notch in a context dependent manner (PubMed:31782145, PubMed:34905536). Maternal neurogenic factor involved in Notch signaling-dependent mesectodermal and neuroectodermal specification during early embryogenesis (PubMed:14595834, PubMed:18331889, PubMed:31782145, PubMed:34905536). Functions cooperatively with bisc/TM2D1 and amrt/TM2D2 (PubMed:34905536). Required for maintenance of neuronal function (PubMed:34905536). Involved in imaginal specification of eyes and wings (PubMed:18331889). (UniProt, Q9U4H5)
Contribute a Gene Snapshot for this gene.
Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
Sequence location
Recombination map
1-27
RefSeq locus
NC_004354 REGION:9245915..9247336
Sequence
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (6 terms)
Molecular Function (0 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Biological Process (5 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (5 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:Su(H); FB:FBgn0004837
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:N; FB:FBgn0004647
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Cellular Component (1 term)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the TM2 family. (Q9U4H5)
Summaries
Pathway (FlyBase)
POSITIVE REGULATORS OF NOTCH SIGNALING PATHWAY -
The Notch receptor signaling pathway is activated by the binding of the transmembrane receptor Notch (N) to transmembrane ligands, Dl or Ser, presented on adjacent cells. This results in the proteolytic cleavage of N, releasing the intracellular domain (NICD). NICD translocates into the nucleus, interacting with Su(H) and mam to form a transcription complex, which up-regulates transcription of Notch-responsive genes. Positive regulators of the pathway enhance the signal from the sending cell or the response in the receiving cell. (Adapted from FBrf0225731 and FBrf0192604).
Gene Group (FlyBase)
TM2 DOMAIN CONTAINING PROTEINS -
TM2 domain containing (TM2D) proteins are metazoan plasma membrane proteins of unknown function characterized by two highly conserved transmembrane domains connected via a short intracellular loop. They have a short extracellular C-terminal domain and larger, more divergent extracellular N-terminal domain. (Adapted from FBrf0252210.)
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Positive regulator of Notch signaling during lateral inhibition and boundary formation (PubMed:14595834, PubMed:18331889, PubMed:34905536). Interacts with Notch signaling at the membrane, at the level of gamma-secretase-mediated S3 cleavage (PubMed:18331889, PubMed:34905536). May regulate Notch signaling by regulating the subcellular localization of N/Notch in a context dependent manner (PubMed:31782145, PubMed:34905536). Maternal neurogenic factor involved in Notch signaling-dependent mesectodermal and neuroectodermal specification during early embryogenesis (PubMed:14595834, PubMed:18331889, PubMed:31782145, PubMed:34905536). Functions cooperatively with bisc/TM2D1 and amrt/TM2D2 (PubMed:34905536). Required for maintenance of neuronal function (PubMed:34905536). Involved in imaginal specification of eyes and wings (PubMed:18331889).
(UniProt, Q9U4H5)
Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)
amx: almondex
Eyes slightly reduced, narrower below. Trident pattern stronger than in lz. Maternal effect lethal. Studies by Shannon [1972, Genetica (The Hague) 43: 244-56] show that amx progeny and many amx/+ progeny of amx mothers are embryonic lethals. Ovaries and egg production of amx females normal. General disorganization of early embryo with amx/+ progeny of amx mothers less extreme than amx progeny (Shannon, 1973, J. Exp. Zool. 183: 383-400); amx/+ daughters show 0.2% survival; amx/Dp(1;1)lz-2 show considerably higher survival (Campos-Ortega); Lethal embryos exhibit hypertrophy of central nervous system at the expense of epidermal tissue (Lehmann, Dietrich, Jimenez, and Campos-Ortega, 1981, Wilhelm Roux's Arch. Dev. Biol. 190: 226-29; Lehmann, Jimenez, Dietrich, and Campos-Ortega, 1983, Wilhelm Roux's Arch. Dev. Biol. 192: 62-74). Similarly peripheral nervous elements, the sensilla, exhibit increased numbers and abnormal morphology; cells diverted from epidermal to neurological pathway (Hartenstein and Campos-Ortega, 1986, Wilhelm Roux's Arch. Dev. Biol. 195: 210-21). Embryonic phenotype locally rescuable by injections of ooplasm from wild-type or pcx ova during preblastoderm stages (Campos-Ortega, La Bonne and Mahowald, 1985, Dev. Biol. 110: 264-67). lz/amx is wild type. Mosaics in amx/+ daughters of _/_ or amx/+ females show that ventral tissues are sensitive to reduced amx+ activity; no clones of amx tissue found in cuticle of amx/+ daughters of amx mothers (Germeraad and Disano, 1984, Genetics 107: s36). RK2.
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
2
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\amx for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q9U4H5)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.50

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
FBtr0071331
1422
284
FBtr0307281
1211
284
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
FBpp0071266
31.4
284
7.73
FBpp0298282
31.4
284
7.73
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

284 aa isoforms: amx-PA, amx-PB
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\amx using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-1.26

Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
organism

Comment: maternally deposited

Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\amx in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 6 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 14 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of amx
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of amx
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 11 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
Sterility
Allele
Other Phenotypes
Allele
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (3)
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
 
3  
2 of 14
No
No
1  
2 of 14
No
No
1  
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (3)
10 of 14
Yes
Yes
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (3)
12 of 14
Yes
Yes
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (3)
10 of 13
Yes
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (3)
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (3)
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (3)
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:amx. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (2)
4 of 13
3 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )
Allele
Disease
Evidence
References
Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
Human Ortholog
Disease
Evidence
References
Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 3 )
Allele
Disease
Interaction
References
Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
Homo sapiens (Human)
Gene name
Score
OMIM
OMIM Phenotype
DO term
Complementation?
Transgene?
Functional Complementation Data
Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
Dmel gene
Ortholog showing functional complementation
Supporting References
Interactions
Summary of Physical Interactions
Interaction Browsers
Summary of Genetic Interactions
Interaction Browsers

Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
Starting gene(s)
Interaction type
Interacting gene(s)
Reference
Starting gene(s)
Interaction type
Interacting gene(s)
Reference
External Data
Linkouts
DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
Pathways
Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
Metabolic Pathways
FlyBase
External Links
External Data
Linkouts
Class of Gene
Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
Chromosome (arm)
X
Recombination map
1-27
Cytogenetic map
Sequence location
FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map
Evidence for location
8D2-8D2
Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}EP1450&P{EP}EP1356 and P{EP}EP912EP912
Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
Cytogenetic map
Notes
References
Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
Location
Left of (cM)
Right of (cM)
Notes
Stocks and Reagents
Stocks (15)
Genomic Clones (9)
 

Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

cDNA Clones (20)
 

Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

cDNA clones, fully sequenced
BDGP DGC clones
Other clones
    Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

    For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

    cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
    RNAi and Array Information
    Linkouts
    DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
    Antibody Information
    Laboratory Generated Antibodies
     
    Commercially Available Antibodies
     
    Cell Line Information
    Publicly Available Cell Lines
     
      Other Stable Cell Lines
       
        Other Comments

        amx is a neurogenic gene required initially to ensure the correct number of PNS precursors. amx is not required for the late epidermal maintenance function.

        amx is needed for proper mesoderm differentiation prior to the onset of nau expression.

        Mutant alleles cause hypertrophy in nau expressing cells.

        Ecol\lacZ reporter gene constructs demonstrate that amx is required to restrict the number of competent cells that will become sensory mother cells, SMCs.

        Increasing the number of wild type copies of amx does not modify the bib mutant phenotype.

        Normal amx function is required during zygotic development for the normal development of the eye and during oogenesis for the synthesis of a maternal component required for neurogenesis and mesoderm diffentiation.

        Relationship to Other Genes
        Source for database merge of

        Source for merge of: amx BcDNA:GH02974

        Additional comments

        Source for merge of amx BcDNA:GH02974 was sequence comparison ( date:000519 ).

        Nomenclature History
        Source for database identify of
        Nomenclature comments
        Etymology
        Synonyms and Secondary IDs (5)
        Datasets (0)
        Study focus (0)
        Experimental Role
        Project
        Project Type
        Title
        Study result (0)
        Result
        Result Type
        Title
        External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 37 )
        Sequence Crossreferences
        NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
        GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
        GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
        RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
        UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
        UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
        UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
        Other crossreferences
        AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
        BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
        DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
        EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
        FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
        FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
        InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
        KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
        MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
        Linkouts
        Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
        DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
        DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
        Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
        FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
        FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
        Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
        Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
        iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
        References (72)