FB2025_02 , released April 17, 2025
Gene: Dmel\dsx
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\dsx
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
doublesex
Annotation Symbol
CG11094
Feature Type
FlyBase ID
FBgn0000504
Gene Model Status
Stock Availability
Gene Summary
Controls somatic sexual differentiation. Binds directly and specifically to the FBE (fat body enhancer) of the yolk protein 1 and 2 genes (Yp1 and Yp2). This enhancer is sufficient to direct the female-specific transcription characteristic of the Yp genes in adult fat bodies. Involved in regulation of male-specific expression of takeout in brain-associated fat body. (UniProt, P23023)
Contribute a Gene Snapshot for this gene.
Also Known As

Dmdsx

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-48
RefSeq locus
NT_033777 REGION:7924323..7967408
Sequence
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (33 terms)
Molecular Function (9 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (6 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
Biological Process (23 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (5 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:tra2; FB:FBgn0003742
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from direct assay
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (19 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in courtship behavior
non-traceable author statement
non-traceable author statement
traceable author statement
traceable author statement
non-traceable author statement
traceable author statement
traceable author statement
traceable author statement
involved_in sex determination
traceable author statement
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000960547
traceable author statement
traceable author statement
Cellular Component (1 term)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
is_active_in nucleus
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000960547
located_in nucleus
inferred by curator from GO:0001228
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR026607
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Summaries
Gene Group (FlyBase)
DMRT TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS -
The DMRT (doublesex- and mab-3-related transcription factor) proteins are dimeric sequence-specific DNA binding proteins that regulate transcription. They are characterized by a DM domain containing an intertwined C2HC and HCC2 zinc binding sites. DMRT proteins have been associated with the regulation of sex-determination genes. (Adapted from PMID:17605809).
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Controls somatic sexual differentiation. Binds directly and specifically to the FBE (fat body enhancer) of the yolk protein 1 and 2 genes (Yp1 and Yp2). This enhancer is sufficient to direct the female-specific transcription characteristic of the Yp genes in adult fat bodies. Involved in regulation of male-specific expression of takeout in brain-associated fat body.
(UniProt, P23023)
Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)
dsx: double sex (B. J. Taylor)
The dsx gene regulates sexual differentiation of somatic tissues. Null alleles convert chromosomally male and female flies into sterile intersexes of similar phenotype. Dominant alleles (e.g., dsxD, dsxM, dsxT) transform females into intersexes when heterozygous with a normal allele, and into phenotypic males when homozygous or heterozygous with a dsx-null allele or deficiency, but they have no effect in males. Most alleles at dsx affect both sexes; however, some alleles affect only one sex. The recessive allele dsx11 converts males into intersexes and is complemented by dominant dsx alleles and recessive alleles that affect only females (dsx22) (Baker and Ridge; Nothiger et al., 1987). Double-mutant combinations of dsx null mutations with loss-of-function alleles at tra, tra2, and ix result in a doublesex phenotype (Mukherjee and Hildreth, 1971, Genetica 42: 338-52; Baker and Ridge; Nothiger et al., 1987). Double-mutant combinations of dsxD/+ with null alleles of tra and tra2 convert females into phenotypic males or with ix into more male-like intersexes (Baker and Ridge; Nothiger et al., 1987). The dose of dsx alleles can alter the phenotype; triploid female flies dsxD/+/+ are sterile and with a weak external dsx phenotype (Gowen and Fung, 1957; Nothiger et al., 1987); diploid female flies that are dsxD/+, but also carry a dsx+ duplication Tp(3;Y)P92 are sterile but female in appearance (Nothiger et al., 1987). Germline sexual differentiation is not dependent on dsx+ function; only the chromosomal constitution determines the sex of transplanted dsxM/+, dsx1, dsxD/+, and dsxD/dsx1 germ cells (Nothiger, Roost, and Schupbach, 1980, DIS 55: 118; Schupbach, 1982, Dev. Biol. 89: 117-27). The dsx+ gene does not appear to encode any vital functions (Baker and Ridge). The normal body size differences between male and female flies is maintained in dsx-null mutants (Hildreth) and in females heterozygous for dsxD/+, dsxD/dsx1 (Fung and Gowen, 1957; Baker and Ridge) and dsxM/+ (Nothiger et al., 1987). The sexcomb bristles on the prothoracic basitarsus in both sexes of dsx-null homozygotes (Hildreth; Mukherjee, and Hildreth; Baker and Ridge) and female dsxD/dsx1 (Nothiger et al., 1987) are intermediate in number, morphology, and position compared with the sexcomb bristles in normal males and the transverse row bristles in normal females. The central sexcomb bristle is retained in dsx-null mutants (Hildreth). In dsx-null mutants, the pigmentation of the fifth tergite is intermediate between the completely pigmented male and the posteriorly pigmented female tergite, whereas the sixth tergite is darkly pigmented (Hildreth; Baker, and Ridge). Female flies that are dsxD/+ or dsxM/+ are similar to dsx homozygotes (Fung and Gowen, 1957; Duncan and Kaufman, 1975, Genetics 80: 733-52; Baker and Ridge; Nothiger et al., 1987). Male dsx flies have a seventh tergite and sternite with bristles (Hildreth; Baker, and Ridge). Female flies heterozygous for dominant alleles and either dsx1 or dsx deficiencies have the male number of tergites and sternites with the male pattern of pigmentation (Duncan and Kaufman, 1975; Baker and Ridge; Nothiger et al., 1980; Nothiger et al., 1987). By clonal analysis, the action of dsx has been shown to be cell autonomous in the differentiation of the sexcombs and pigmentation of the abdominal tergites; dsx+ is required until the end of the larval period for the proper sexual differentiation of the sexcombs and into the pupal period, close to the time of the termination of divisions of the abdominal histoblasts, for proper sexual differentiation of the abdominal histoblasts and for proper sexual differentiation of the abdomen (Baker and Ridge). Both male and female genitalia are formed in dsx null mutant flies and in female flies heterozygous for dominant alleles (Fung and Gowen, 1957; Hildreth, 1965; Epper, 1981, Dev. Biol. 88: 104-14; Nothiger et al., 1987); a second penis differentiates with a reduced aedeagus and parameres within the female vaginal area (Hildreth). In dsxD/+ females, the development of the female genitalia and second penis are very similar to that of dsx-null flies, whereas in dsxM/+ females the female genitalia are more severely reduced (Gowen and Fung, 1975; Baker and Ridge; Nothiger et al., 1980; Epper, 1981; Nothiger et al., 1987). Male genitalia from dsx null flies and females heterozygous for dsx dominant alleles contain all elements except a basal apodeme but other external structures such as the penis and accessory elements are reduced and not as well formed (Fung and Gowen, 1957; Hildreth; Epper, 1981). The internal duct systems develop but can vary between dual female and male ducts and a single poorly differentiated duct (Hildreth); a similar range of phenotypes for the internal ducts is found in dsxD/+ (Fung and Gowen, 1957) and dsxM/+ (Nothiger et al., 1980). Based on fate mapping and analysis of the morphogenesis of the dsxD/+ genital disc, the female genitalia and second penis are generated from the female genital primordium, and the male genitalia from the male genital primordium and the production of both types of genitalia in dsx flies results from derepression of both genital primordia (Epper, 1981; Epper, 1983, Wilhelm Roux's Arch. Dev. Biol. 192: 280-84). The intersexual analia differentiate as lateral plates, which are smaller than normal male lateral anal plates and do not have the ventral anal plate found in females (Hildreth; Baker, and Ridge; Epper, 1981). The bristle pattern is rather male-like but with one clearly identifiable long dorsal bristle that is female (Epper, 1981). The gonads are often rudimentary, but occasionally female dsx-null as well as dsxD/+ flies have well developed ovaries and eggs (Hildreth, Fung, and Gowen, 1957; Schupbach, 1982; Bownes, Dempster, and Blair, 1983, J. Embryol. Exp. Morph. 75: 241-57) whereas in male dsx-null flies, the gonads are poorly developed and no sperm are formed (Hildreth; Schupbach, 1982). Female and male dsx flies and female dsxD/+ flies make yolk protein but in amounts less than for normal females (Postelthwait, Bownes, and Jowett, 1980, Dev. Biol. 79: 379-87; Ota, Fukunaga, Kawabe, and Oishi, 1981, Genetics 99: 429-41). In dsxD/+ females less yolk protein synthesis occurs compared to normal females; little or no yolk protein mRNA is made in the rudimentary gonads, but measurements from adult flies show that from an initially low level yolk protein transcripts increase to nearly wildtype levels but without efficient conversion into protein (Bownes, Dempster, and Blair, 1983). The male-specific transcripts 316, 355a, and 355b, made by the male accessory gland, are also produced in male flies rendered intersexual by the mutation dsx11, which does not affect female flies; in addition, females that are dsxD/+ or dsxM/+ express the male-specific transcripts, although at reduced levels (Chapman and Wolfner, 1988, Dev. Biol. 126: 195-202). Females homozygous for dsx do not exhibit male courtship behaviors (McRobert and Tompkins, 1985, Genetics 111: 89-96; B. Taylor, unpublished). These dsx females do not make 7, 11 dienes, and 7 monoenes compared to normal females (Jallon, 1984, Behav. Genet. 14: 441-78); they elicit less courtship than dsx+ females from control males (McRobert and Tompkins, 1985). Female flies that are dsxD/+ or dsxM/+ also fail to express male courtship behaviors (Duncan and Kaufman, 1975; B. Taylor, unpublished). Males homozygous for dsx court but show reduced levels of courtship directed toward females and young males and greater-than-normal levels of courtship directed at mature males (McRobert and Tompkins, 1985). Mature dsx males make some pheromonal substances (Jallon, 1984) and elicit more courtship than dsx+ males from control males (McRobert and Tompkins, 1985). Female flies homozygous for dsx-null alleles or mutant for dsx dominant alleles do not make the male-specific abdominal muscle unlike their male siblings (B. Taylor, unpublished).
Summary (Interactive Fly)

novel zinc finger transcription factor - regulates sexual differentiation of both sexes - controls somatic sexual identity - regulates the connectivity of a neural circuit controlling Drosophila male courtship song

Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
7
Number of Unique Polypeptides
4

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\dsx for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry P23023)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
Comments on Gene Model

Stop-codon suppression (UAG) postulated; FBrf0216884.

Gene model reviewed during 5.44

Gene model reviewed during 5.49

Gene model reviewed during 6.50

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
FBtr0081759
4010
549
FBtr0081760
3627
427
FBtr0081761
3238
427
FBtr0330073
3621
549
FBtr0330074
4010
572
FBtr0339710
6941
427
FBtr0482170
3741
403
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
FBpp0081256
57.4
549
8.83
FBpp0081257
44.8
427
7.97
FBpp0081258
44.8
427
7.97
FBpp0303106
57.4
549
8.83
FBpp0428501
41.9
403
8.00
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

549 aa isoforms: dsx-PA, dsx-PD
427 aa isoforms: dsx-PB, dsx-PC, dsx-PF
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)

549, 427 (aa); 57.4, 44.8 (kD predicted)

Comments

amino-terminal end

female-specific carboxy-terminal end

male-specific carboxy-terminal end

female-specific

male-specific

External Data
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\dsx using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.94

Transcript Expression
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
organism

Comment: maternally deposited

RT-PCR
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
organism

Comment: male-specific transcript only

Additional Descriptive Data

dsx shows greater expression in male than female anterior Malpighian tubules.

A probe directed against the male-specific dsx exon shows expression in wandering third instar larval and white prepupal leg discs. Transcripts are present in males in the presumptive first tarsal segment but not in T2 or T3 discs or in the female T1. At 24hr APF, dsx transcripts in the male T1 leg are confined to the presumptive sex comb region.

The male-specific form of dsx transcript is expressed solely in male embryos. It is expressed in male-specific somatic gonadal precursor cells.

dsx transcript is expressed in the larval and adult CNS. RT-PCR analysis using transcript-isoform-specific primers shows male- and female-specific expression.

Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
central nervous system | restricted

Comment: reference states 1-2 days APF

protocerebrum | restricted

Comment: reference states 1-2 days APF

gnathal ganglion | restricted

Comment: reference states 1-2 days APF

adult ventral nerve cord | restricted

Comment: reference states 1-2 days APF

prothoracic leg disc | restricted

Comment: sexually dimorphic pattern

prothoracic metatarsus | restricted

Comment: sexually dimorphic pattern

neuron | subset of adult brain

Comment: Antibody detects male-specific protein.

adult fruitless P1 (male) neuron

Comment: referred to as P1. Antibody detects male-specific protein.

Additional Descriptive Data

In male larvae: From 36-40 h, the male-specific isoform of dsx is present in a crescent within T1 of the prothoracic leg disc, and there is no overlap with ac. At 44 h, dsx signal increases across the epithelium of tarsal segments distal to T1 (i.e. toward disc center) and is present in some clusters of ac-positive cells. (D) At 48 h, dsx is present in swaths of epithelial cells in T1-T4 and overlaps in these segments with subsets of the ac-positive cells that are proneural clusters.

In male pupae: At 0h APF, dsx is present across the T2-T4 tarsal segment epithelium in male prothoracic leg discs as well as in subsets of cells expressing ase in T4 and T5. At 6h APF, dsx is present in the tarsal segment epithelium of prothoracic leg discs at 6 h APF. DSX overlaps with neur expression in several cells across T1-T5, and in a transverse row of cells in T1 that likely correspond to the sex comb bristle lineages.

dsx expression is first apparent in both male and female wandering third instar larval T1 leg discs in an anterior-ventral crescent that overlaps the distal but not the proximal part of the Scr expression domain in the distal tibia and first tarsal segment region of the disc. In some males, the dsx expression extends more distally and posteriorly. No dsx expression is observed in the T2 or T3 leg discs. In prepupal legs at 5hr APF, dsx expression is clearly seen in the ventral-anterior side of the distal first tarsal segment in both male and female T1 legs. The overlap with Scr expression, which extends more proximally, is more extensive in males than females. In males but not females, dsx expression is also seen in small dorsal and ventral patches in the more distal tarsal segments. dsx expression is thus sexually dimorphic from the prepupal stage in the leg discs. At 16hr APF, when the sex comb begins its rotation, dsx expression in the distal first tarsal segment is clearly dimorphic. In males, it is expressed strongly around the presumptive sex comb, while expression in the female is lower. Male expression in the other tarsal segments has disappeared by this time. By 24hr APF, when sex comb rotation is complete, dsx and Scr develop roughly complementary expression patterns in the male leg. dsx is highest in the sex comb teeth and surrounding epidermal cells, while Scr expression is low or absent in sex comb teeth but highest in adjacent epidermal cells. The pattern is maintained at later stages. In females, dsx expression becomes very low or undetectable, and Scr expression in the distal first tarsal segment is much lower than in males.

Antibodies to the male-specific form of dsx detect protein in all male-specific somatic gonadal precursor cells in late embryo but not in the germline cells. These somatic cells are intermingled with germline cells. Male-specific dsx is expressed in all posterior somatic gonadal cells expressing eya and either Sox100B or tj. There is another population of cells that wraps around the embryonic testis at embryonic stage 17 that express Sox100B but not dsx. dsx is also detected in hub cells in stage 17 embryos. The male-specific dsx isoform is detected in cyst cells in larval and adult testis.

In the late third instar larval central nervous system, dsx protein is distributed in a relatively small number of cells in the brain lobes and ventral nerve cord. The most broad and intense dsx immunoreactivity in the CNS is observed in pupae 1-2 days APF. Labeled cells in each brain hemisphere include 2 anterior-dorsal neurons in the superior protocerebrum, 2-3 lateral subesophageal neurons, 1 neuron located medially in the ventral-most part of the subesophageal ganglion, and two groups of 30-50 cells each located posteriorly and dorsally to the mushroom body calyx; about 20-30 cells of these last two groups are non-neuronal. In the ventral nerve cord, labeled cells include 18-24 neurons per side in the prothoracic and metathoracic ganglia; another 38-42 neurons in the thoracic ganglia; and 200-300 neurons in the abdominal ganglia. A similar but fainter pattern is observed in later pharate adults (3-4 days APF), and most dsx-expressing cells observed in pupal CNS are also observed in the adult CNS, with much fainter immunoreactivity in female adults than in male adults.

Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
Expression Deduced from Reporters
Reporter: P{GMR39E06-GAL4}
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Reporter: P{GMR40A05-GAL4}
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Reporter: P{GMR40F03-GAL4}
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Reporter: P{GMR40F04-GAL4}
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Reporter: P{GMR41A01-GAL4}
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Reporter: P{GMR41D01-GAL4}
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Reporter: P{GMR42C06-GAL4}
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Reporter: P{GMR42D02-GAL4}
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Reporter: P{GMR42D04-GAL4}
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Reporter: P{GMR71G01-GAL4}
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Reporter: P{GMR71G01-lexA}
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Reporter: P{R42B01-GAL4}
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Reporter: P{R42C02-GAL4}
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Reporter: P{R42G02-GAL4}
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Reporter: P{R68D03-GAL4}
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Reporter: TI{GAL4}dsxGAL4
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
cercus

Comment: pericuticular

male genitalia

Comment: pericuticular

Reporter: TI{GAL4}dsxKI.GAL4
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\dsx in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)
  • Stages(s) 1-3
  • Stages(s) 4-6
  • Stages(s) 11-12
  • Stages(s) 13-16
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 96 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 38 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of dsx
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of dsx
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 35 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 35 )
Gene partially disrupted in
Inferred from location ( 10 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
Sterility
Allele
Other Phenotypes
Allele
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
adult cuticle & abdominal segment 5 | female
adult cuticle & abdominal segment 6 | female
Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (10)
4 of 14
Yes
No
3 of 14
No
Yes
3 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (9)
4 of 14
Yes
Yes
3 of 14
No
Yes
3 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (11)
4 of 14
Yes
Yes
3 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (5)
3 of 13
Yes
No
2 of 13
No
Yes
2 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (6)
4 of 14
Yes
Yes
2 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (9)
3 of 14
Yes
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
Yes
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (3)
6 of 12
Yes
Yes
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:dsx. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (3)
4 of 13
3 of 13
2 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Functional Complementation Data
    Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
    Interactions
    Summary of Physical Interactions
    Interaction Browsers

    Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details
    protein-protein
    Physical Interaction
    Assay
    References
    RNA-protein
    Physical Interaction
    Assay
    References
    Summary of Genetic Interactions
    Interaction Browsers

    Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    External Data
    Linkouts
    BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
    DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
    MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
    MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
    Pathways
    Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
    Metabolic Pathways
    FlyBase
    External Links
    External Data
    Linkouts
    Class of Gene
    Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
    Chromosome (arm)
    3R
    Recombination map
    3-48
    Cytogenetic map
    Sequence location
    FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Evidence for location
    84E5-84E6
    Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}EP3060EP3060 and P{PZ}grn05930
    Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Notes
    References
    84E1-84E2
    (determined by in situ hybridisation)
    Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
    Location

    3-48.1

    Left of (cM)
    Right of (cM)
    Notes
    Stocks and Reagents
    Stocks (147)
    Genomic Clones (32)
    cDNA Clones (19)
     

    Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

    cDNA clones, fully sequenced
    BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
    Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

    For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

    cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
    BDGP DGC clones
      RNAi and Array Information
      Linkouts
      DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
      Antibody Information
      Laboratory Generated Antibodies
      Commercially Available Antibodies
       
      Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank - Monoclonal antibodies for use in research
      Cell Line Information
      Publicly Available Cell Lines
       
        Other Stable Cell Lines
         
          Other Comments

          dsx is necessary for the differentiation of both male and female specific adult cuticular structures.

          "DsxF" protein prevents the induction of dpp by hh in the repressed male primordium of female genital discs, whereas "DsxM" protein blocks the wg pathway in the repressed female primordium of male genital discs. "DsxF" protein is continuously required during female development to prevent activation of dpp in the repressed male primordium and during pupation for female genital cytodifferentiation. In males, "DsxM" is not continuously required during larval development to block the wg signaling pathway in the female genital primordium, and it does not appear to be needed during pupation for male genital cytodifferentiation.

          Ectopic somatic expression of the female product of tra is sufficient to feminise XY germ cells. This feminisation depends upon the tra2 gene, but does not seem to require a functional dsx gene. However, feminisation of XY germ cells by the female product of tra can be blocked by the male form of dsx protein.

          dsx is capable of repressing Dgri\Yp1 and Dgri\Yp2 in D.melanogaster males.

          The female dsx protein plays an important role in sexual behaviour.

          her acts together with the last genes in the determination hierarchy, dsx and ix, to control female sexual differentiation.

          The RS domain of U2af38 is not required for enhancer-dependent splicing of dsx in vitro.

          Sex determining genes tra, ix and dsx have no role in regulating the template organisation of the X chromosome(s) for dosage compensation.

          DNA binding properties of purified protein dimers to dsxA, a specific DNA regulation site, is investigated; protein binding to dsxA is indistinguishable.

          The dsx splicing enhancer contains A/C-rich splicing enhancer (ACE) motifs. A single copy of the repeat element strongly enhances splicing of vertebrate splice sites in vertebrate cells.

          Two oligomerisation domains in male- and female-specific dsx are identified by yeast two-hybrid interaction assays and in vitro physical studies. Each protein has two oligomerisation domains; one sex independent, the other sex specific. The common function of the two domains is to oligomerize the full length protein and their specialised function is to form a dimeric DNA binding unit and a sex-specific transcriptional activation or repression unit.

          The physical characteristics of the dsx proteins have been studied using mobility shift assays.

          The preferred target site for dsx binding has been determined using affinity selection of random oligonucleotides and found to be a sequence with dyad symmetry, suggesting that dsx binds to its target sequence in a dimeric form. Two independent dimerization domains in the amino terminal and carboxy terminal regions of female and male specific dsx proteins have been identified and mapped using the yeast two-hybrid technique. dsx proteins expressed in the fly exist in a multimeric form.

          fl(2)d function is necessary for the female-specific splicing of tra pre-mRNA, but not for the female-specific splicing of dsx pre-mRNA.

          Sequences of the dsx and Dvir\dsx splicing enhancers are highly divergent except for the presence of nearly identical 13 nucleotide repeat elements (that are predominantly single stranded) and a stretch of nucleotides at the 5' and 3' ends of the enhancers. Organisation of sequences within the splicing enhancers results in a structure in which each of the repeat elements is single stranded and therefore accessible for specific recognition by the RNA binding domain of tra2.

          Both HeLa and Kc cell nuclear extracts have been used for UV cross-linking experiments to determine which proteins bind to dsxRE as part of the native tra- and tra2-dependent dsx enhancer complex (dsxEC). Rbp1 and SRp30 have been identified that bind the 13-nucleotide repeats and purine rich element (PRE), respectively, of the dsx repeat element (dsxRE).

          dsx mutant males are reproductively abnormal. The abnormality may stem from sexual differentiation defects in CNS, PNS or both.

          Site directed mutagenesis, protein binding and germline transformation experiments identify and characterise the activity of a simple mini-enhancer from the fat body enhancer (FBE region) consisting of a single binding site (dsxA) for the dsx protein and two others for other regulatory proteins (slbo and ref1). One copy of this enhancer is sufficient to direct the sex and fat body specificities of Yp1 transcription.

          Fragments of normally cis-spliced ftz pre-mRNA substrates are trans spliced in mammalian nuclear extracts. Trans splicing is promoted by a constitutively active splicing enhancer located downstream of a 3' splice site. SR proteins also promote the functional interaction of 5' and 3' splice sites in trans.

          The ix product is required to function with the female-specific product of dsx to implement appropriate female sexual differentiation into diplo-X individuals.

          The RNA target sequences recognised by Rbp1 have been determined using the in vitro selection approach and were found within the repeat region and in the purine rich region polypyrimidine tract of the regulated female specific 3' splice site of dsx. The Rbp1 protein can activate female specific splicing of dsx in vivo by recognising target sequences present within the pre-mRNA.

          Female-specific expression of genes in the germline is dependent on a somatic signalling pathway which requires the sex-non-specific tra2 but not the sex-specific tra and dsx.

          Regulated alternative splicing of dsx pre-mRNA requires the dsxRE splicing enhancer, dsx repeat element. The activity of dsxRE requires tra and tra2 and one or more general splicing factors. A purine rich enhancer (PRE) sequence within the RE has been identified, this element functionally synergises with the dsxRE and is required for specific binding of tra2 to the dsxRE. Results demonstrate that positive control of dsx pre-mRNA splicing requires tra- and tra2- dependent assembly of a multiprotein complex on at least two distinct enhancer elements. The dsx repeats R1-5 and the PRE are distinct constitutive splicing enhancer elements.

          dsx function is required to direct the development of the genital muscles acting in wild type to repress the development of muscles of the inappropriate sex.

          her- has no effect on dsx splicing.

          Transcript levels from the dsx gene are not affected by nutrition.

          The choice of female identity in the germ line is dependent upon a somatic signalling pathway that requires the sex-non-specific tra2 gene but not the sex specific genes tra and dsx.

          The sex-specific requirement of sov in gonadal development is controlled by the somatic sex regulatory genes tra, tra2 and dsx.

          tra and dsx control early inductive signals that determine the sex of XX germ cells.

          dsx does not appear to materially regulate male sexual behaviour.

          In vitro splicing reactions demonstrate the dsx repeat element (dsxRE) can act as a constitutive splicing enhancer indistinguishable from the purine-rich elements. dsxRE exhibits both constitutive and regulated activities depending on its distance from the 3' splice site.

          In vitro mutagenesis of dsx binding sites demonstrates that in males the dsx gene product acts to directly repress transcription of the yolk genes and in females the dsx gene product activates transcription by acting at the same sites in the fat body enhancer (FBE) driving expression of Ecol\lacZ. Through the male and female dsx proteins the sexual differentiation pathway is connected to a target gene by acting directly, but with opposite effects, on the gene.

          Both the male-specific and female-specific dsx proteins share and depend upon the same DNA binding domain for function in vivo, suggesting that both proteins bind to, but differentially regulate, a common set of genes in both sexes.

          Results of ectopic expression of the male version of the dsx product provide evidence for a role for the male dsx protein in activation of male differentiation as well as repression of female differentiation.

          The genetic hierarchy regulating female germ-line sex determination includes tra, tra2, dsx, fu, otu, ovo, snf and Sxl.

          Female specific splicing of dsx is regulated by tra and tra2, which recruit general, serine/arginine-rich splicing factors to a regulatory element located downstream of a female-specific 3' splice site.

          The M2 exon sequence of mouse IgM can stimulate the splicing of the dsx female specific intron, splicing of this intron does not usually occur due to a suboptimal pyrimidine stretch within the 3' splice site.

          Transfection analysis in Kc cells with dsx minigene constructs identified 6 copies of a 13 nucleotide sequence in the female-specific fourth exon, that act as cis elements for female-specific splicing of dsx pre-mRNA. UV crosslinking identified tra and tra2 gene products binding to these 13 nucleotide seuqences.

          The choice of the sexual pathway taken by sex specific neuroblasts depends on the expression of dsx.

          dsx is a known sex determining gene, dsx does not direct the development of sexually dimorphic skeletal muscles.

          An in vitro splicing system to study the mechanism involved in positive control of dsx female specific splicing by tra and tra2 is used in HeLa cell nuclear extracts.

          The male and female products of dsx when expressed in E.coli bind specifically to the fat body enhancer (FBE) of Yp1 and Yp2. This demonstrates a direct interaction between the sex determination hierarchy and a target gene.

          tra2 produced in E.coli binds specifically to a site within the female specific exon of dsx pre-mRNA. This site is required for female specific splicing and female specific polyadenylation. Results suggest that tra2 is a positive regulator of dsx pre-mRNA processing.

          Cotransfection analyses in which dsx, tra and tra2 cDNAs are expressed in Kc cells revealed that female specific splicing of dsx transcript is positively regulated by tra and tra2 gene products. Analysis of mutant constructs of dsx demonstrates that a portion of the female specific exon is required for regulation of dsx pre-mRNA splicing.

          Cotransfection assays to examine regulatory interactions between specific cis-acting sequence elements of dsx pre-mRNA, and tra and tra2 gene products establish that tra and tra2 function to activate the use of the female specific exon.

          The tra2 gene product may function to control sexual differentiation by directly regulating the processing of the dsx pre-mRNA.

          The mechanism of sex determination in the germ line has been analysed.

          Mutant individuals are female and male intersexuals.

          The dsx gene regulates sexual differentiation of somatic tissues. Null alleles convert chromosomally male and female flies into sterile intersexes of similar phenotype. Dominant alleles (e.g., dsxD, dsxM, dsxT) transform females into intersexes when heterozygous with a normal allele, and into phenotypic males when homozygous or heterozygous with a dsx-null allele or deficiency, but they have no effect in males. Most alleles at dsx affect both sexes; however, some alleles affect only one sex. The recessive allele dsx11 converts males into intersexes and is complemented by dominant dsx alleles and recessive alleles that affect only females (dsx22) (Baker and Ridge, 1980; Nothiger et al., 1987). Double-mutant combinations of dsx null mutations with loss-of-function alleles at tra, tra2 and ix result in a doublesex phenotype (Mukherjee and Hildreth, 1971; Baker and Ridge, 1980; Nothiger et al., 1987). Double-mutant combinations of dsxD/+ with null alleles of tra and tra2 convert females into phenotypic males or with ix into more male-like intersexes (Baker and Ridge, 1980; Nothiger et al., 1987). The dose of dsx alleles can alter the phenotype; triploid female flies dsxD/+/+ are sterile and with a weak external dsx phenotype (Gowen and Fung, 1957; Nothiger et al., 1987); diploid female flies that are dsxD/+, but also carry a dsx+ duplication Tp(3;Y)P92 are sterile but female in appearance (Nothiger et al., 1987). Germline sexual differentiation is not dependent on dsx+ function; only the chromosomal constitution determines the sex of transplanted dsxM/+, dsx1, dsxD/+ and dsxD/dsx1 germ cells (Nothiger, Roost and Schupbach, 1980; Schupbach, 1982). The dsx+ gene does not appear to encode any vital functions (Baker and Ridge, 1980). The normal body size differences between male and female flies is maintained in dsx-null mutants (Hildreth, 1965) and in females heterozygous for dsxD/+, dsxD/dsx1 (Fung and Gowen, 1957; Baker and Ridge, 1980) and dsxM/+ (Nothiger et al., 1987). The sexcomb bristles on the prothoracic basitarsus in both sexes of dsx-null homozygotes (Hildreth, 1965; Mukherjee and Hildreth, 1971; Baker and Ridge, 1980) and female dsxD/dsx1 (Nothiger et al., 1987) are intermediate in number, morphology and position compared with the sexcomb bristles in normal males and the transverse row bristles in normal females. The central sexcomb bristle is retained in dsx-null mutants (Hildreth, 1965). In dsx-null mutants, the pigmentation of the fifth tergite is intermediate between the completely pigmented male and the posteriorly pigmented female tergite, whereas the sixth tergite is darkly pigmented (Hildreth, 1965; Baker and Ridge, 1980). Female flies that are dsxD/+ or dsxM/+ are similar to dsx homozygotes (Fung and Gowen, 1957; Duncan and Kaufman, 1975; Baker and Ridge, 1980; Nothiger et al. 1987). Male dsx flies have a seventh tergite and sternite with bristles (Hildreth, 1965; Baker and Ridge, 1980). Female flies heterozygous for dominant alleles and either dsx1 or dsx deficiencies have the male number of tergites and sternites with the male pattern of pigmentation (Duncan and Kaufman, 1975; Baker and Ridge, 1980; Nothiger, Roost and Schupach, 1980; Nothiger et al., 1987). By clonal analysis, the action of dsx has been shown to be cell autonomous in the differentiation of the sexcombs and pigmentation of the abdominal tergites; dsx+ is required until the end of the larval period for the proper sexual differentiation of the sexcombs and into the pupal period, close to the time of the termination of divisions of the abdominal histoblasts, for proper sexual differentiation of the abdominal histoblasts and for proper sexual differentiation of the abdomen (Baker and Ridge, 1980). Both male and female genitalia are formed in dsx null mutant flies and in female flies heterozygous for dominant alleles (Fung and Gowen, 1957; Hildreth, 1965; Epper, 1981; Nothiger et al., 1987); a second penis differentiates with a reduced aedeagus and parameres within the female vaginal area (Hildreth, 1965). In dsxD/+ females, the development of the female genitalia and second penis are very similar to that of dsx-null flies, whereas in dsxM/+ females the female genitalia are more severely reduced (Gowen and Fung, 1975; Baker and Ridge, 1980; Nothiger, Roost and Schupach, 1980; Epper, 1981; Nothiger et al., 1987). Male genitalia from dsx null flies and females heterozygous for dsx dominant alleles contain all elements except a basal apodeme but other external structures such as the penis and accessory elements are reduc

          Relationship to Other Genes
          Source for database merge of
          Additional comments

          The ability of the dsx proteins to restore V-ray formation to a Cele\mab-3 mutant is studied. The male specific splice form of dsx can restore V rays, essentially as well as wild type Cele\mab-3 can. The female specific splice form has no effect.

          Nomenclature History
          Source for database identify of

          Source for identity of: dsx CG11094

          Nomenclature comments
          Etymology
          Synonyms and Secondary IDs (16)
          Reported As
          Symbol Synonym
          Hr
          dsx
          (Alaraby et al., 2024, Berg et al., 2024, Hérault et al., 2024, Li et al., 2024, Nyberg et al., 2024, Petrosky et al., 2024, Zhao et al., 2024, Delbare et al., 2023, Duckhorn et al., 2022, Grmai et al., 2022, Han et al., 2022, Han et al., 2022, Huang and Dierick, 2022, Karki et al., 2022, Peng et al., 2022, Peng et al., 2022, Shore et al., 2022, Hopkins and Kopp, 2021, Hoshino and Niwa, 2021, Ishimoto and Kamikouchi, 2021, Oliver and Bhaskar, 2021.9.3, Park et al., 2021, Peng et al., 2021, White et al., 2021, Winbush and Singh, 2021, Brenman-Suttner et al., 2020, Lee and Wu, 2020, Leitner and Ben-Shahar, 2020, Mezzera et al., 2020, Sato et al., 2020, Wohl et al., 2020, Camara et al., 2019, Deutsch et al., 2019, Iftikhar et al., 2019, Kandul et al., 2019, Palavicino-Maggio et al., 2019, Panara et al., 2019, Rice et al., 2019, Romero-Pozuelo et al., 2019, Shokri et al., 2019, Wilinski et al., 2019, Aranha and Vasconcelos, 2018, Garner et al., 2018, La Fortezza et al., 2018, Wu et al., 2018, Chen et al., 2017, Hu et al., 2017.6.13, Machado et al., 2017, Mohr et al., 2017, Transgenic RNAi Project members, 2017-, Wagamitsu et al., 2017, Yamamoto and Kohatsu, 2017, Auer and Benton, 2016, Clandinin and Owens, 2016-, Coen and Murthy, 2016, Kalay et al., 2016, Massey and Wittkopp, 2016, Meissner et al., 2016, Pavlou et al., 2016, Regan et al., 2016, Signor et al., 2016, Chatterjee et al., 2015, Fear et al., 2015, Gene Disruption Project members, 2015-, Lucchesi and Kuroda, 2015, Luo and Baker, 2015, Price et al., 2015, Ruiz et al., 2015, Schertel et al., 2015, Verhulst and van de Zande, 2015, Ashwal-Fluss et al., 2014, Atallah et al., 2014, Clough et al., 2014, Feng et al., 2014, Ma et al., 2014, Rezával et al., 2014, Rogers et al., 2014, Saccone et al., 2014, Billeter and Levine, 2013, Castellanos et al., 2013, Crickmore and Vosshall, 2013, Devi and Shyamala, 2013, Fernández and Kravitz, 2013, Haussmann et al., 2013, Park and Burtis, 2013.3.21, Pavlou and Goodwin, 2013, Shirangi et al., 2013, Spokony, 2013.8.25, Yamamoto and Koganezawa, 2013, Foronda et al., 2012, Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21, Ruben et al., 2012, Tarone et al., 2012, Venables et al., 2012, Wang and Yoder, 2012, Whitworth et al., 2012, Abruzzi et al., 2011, Bickel et al., 2011, Chang et al., 2011, Chatterjee et al., 2011, Gempe and Beye, 2011, Graham et al., 2011, Graveley et al., 2011, Hartmann et al., 2011, Jungreis et al., 2011, Kimura, 2011, Luo et al., 2011, McNeil et al., 2011, Pan et al., 2011, Sarno et al., 2011, Tanaka et al., 2011, von Philipsborn et al., 2011, Fernández-Ayala et al., 2010, Mellert et al., 2010, Rideout et al., 2010, Robinett et al., 2010, Ruiz and Sanchez, 2010, Alvarez et al., 2009, Ji and Tulin, 2009, Lebo et al., 2009, Ruedi and Hughes, 2009, Schuettengruber et al., 2009, Shen et al., 2009, Song et al., 2009, Stone and Ayroles, 2009, Camara and Doren, 2008, DeFalco et al., 2008, Fujii et al., 2008, Hempel and Oliver, 2008, Kalamegham and Oliver, 2008, Kimura et al., 2008, Saccone et al., 2008, Sanders and Arbeitman, 2008, Sanders and Arbeitman, 2008, Siera and Cline, 2008, Williams et al., 2008, Yang et al., 2008, Chintapalli et al., 2007, Goldman and Arbeitman, 2007, Graze et al., 2007, Hempel and Oliver, 2007, Kitadate et al., 2007, Muse et al., 2007, Nurminsky, 2007, Qi et al., 2007, Rideout et al., 2007, Siera and Cline, 2007, Sofola et al., 2007, Billeter et al., 2006, Casper and Van Doren, 2006, Douglas and Levine, 2006, Le Bras and Van Doren, 2006, Lee et al., 2006, McIntyre et al., 2006, Sciabica and Hertel, 2006, Shigenobu et al., 2006, Shirangi et al., 2006, Zhang et al., 2006, Barmina et al., 2005, Bayrer et al., 2005, Gleason, 2005, Haag and Doty, 2005, Tarone et al., 2005, Wawersik et al., 2005, Yamamoto et al., 2004, Chandler et al., 2003, Lalli et al., 2003, Svensson et al., 2003, Hall, 2002, Lee et al., 2002, An et al., 2000, Amrein et al., 1994)
          ix-62c
          Name Synonyms
          Hermaphrodite
          double sex
          intersex-62c
          Secondary FlyBase IDs
            Datasets (0)
            Study focus (0)
            Experimental Role
            Project
            Project Type
            Title
            Study result (0)
            Result
            Result Type
            Title
            External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 73 )
            Sequence Crossreferences
            NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
            GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
            GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
            RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
            UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
            UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
            UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
            Other crossreferences
            AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
            BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
            DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
            EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
            FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
            FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
            InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
            KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
            MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
            PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures
            Linkouts
            BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
            Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
            DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
            DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
            Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank - Monoclonal antibodies for use in research
            Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
            FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
            FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
            Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
            Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
            iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
            Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
            MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
            MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
            References (638)