FlyBase Gene Report: Dmel\Gs1

General Information

Symbol

Dmel\Gs1

Species

D. melanogaster

Name

Glutamine synthetase 1

Annotation Symbol

CG2718

Feature Type

protein_coding_gene

FlyBase ID

FBgn0001142

Gene Model Status

Current

Stock Availability

10 publicly available

Enzyme Name (EC)

Glutamine synthetase (6.3.1.2)

Gene Summary

Glutamine synthetase 1 (Gs1) encodes the mitochondrial enzyme that uses glutamate and ammonia as substrates to synthesize glutamine, which is a precursor of purine and pyrimidine synthesis. An adequate level of maternally supplied Gs1 product activity is necessary in the early embryonic development. High level of glutamine in mitochondria causes megamitochondrial formation in cells. [Date last reviewed: 2018-09-13] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)

All Summaries

Gene Snapshot
Alliance
Auto summary
Gene Group
Red Book
Interactive Fly

Also Known As

GSI, Glutamine synthetase, mitochondrial glutamine synthetase

Key Links

Genomic Location

Cytogenetic map

21B2-21B3

Sequence location

2L:132,077..134,472 [+]

Recombination map

2-0.5

RefSeq locus

NT_033779 REGION:132077..134472

Sequence

Get Decorated FASTA

Genomic Maps

JBrowse GBrowse

Help me choose

Other Genome Views

The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.

Function

GO Summary Ribbons

Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (7 terms)

Molecular Function (1 term)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)

CV Term

Evidence

References

enables glutamate-ammonia ligase activity

inferred from direct assay

(Caggese et al., 1994)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)

CV Term

Evidence

References

enables glutamate-ammonia ligase activity

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000465001

(assigned by GO_Central )

(Gaudet et al., 2011)

Biological Process (4 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

involved_in L-glutamine biosynthetic process

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Shim et al., 2009)

inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:Sps1; FB:FBgn0261270

(Shim et al., 2009)

involved_in phagocytosis

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Gonzalez et al., 2013)

involved_in positive regulation of mitochondrial fusion

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Shim et al., 2009)

inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:Sps1; FB:FBgn0261270

(Shim et al., 2009)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)

CV Term

Evidence

References

involved_in glutamine biosynthetic process

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000465001

(assigned by GO_Central )

(Gaudet et al., 2011)

Cellular Component (2 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)

CV Term

Evidence

References

located_in mitochondrion

inferred from direct assay

(Caggese et al., 1994)

inferred from high throughput direct assay

(Alonso et al., 2005)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)

CV Term

Evidence

References

is_active_in cytoplasm

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000465001

(assigned by GO_Central )

(Gaudet et al., 2011)

Gene Group (FlyBase)

ACID-AMMONIA LIGASES

Protein Family (UniProt)

Belongs to the glutamine synthetase family. (P20477)

Protein Signatures (InterPro)

Catalytic Activity (EC)

Experimental Evidence

ATP + L-glutamate + NH(3) = ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine (6.3.1.2)

Predictions / Assertions

ATP + L-glutamate + NH(3) = ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine (6.3.1.2)

Summaries

Gene Snapshot

Gene Group (FlyBase)

ACID-AMMONIA LIGASES -: Acid-ammonia ligases catalyze the ligation of an acid to ammonia (NH3) or an amide via a carbon-nitrogen bond.

Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)

GsI: Glutamine synthetase I

Structural gene for glutamine synthetase I [GS (EC 6.3.1.2)] in Drosophila melanogaster. The enzyme catalyzes the formation of glutamate and ammonia by cleaving ATP into ADP and phosphate (Caggese et al., 1988). The GSI protein was purified from Drosophila larvae (Scalenghe and Ritossa, 1976; Caggese and Ritossa, 1983); it is a multimer of two subunits (MW 43,000 and 64,000) (Caggese and Ritossa, 1983); the 43,000 dalton protein is usually the more abundant. The molecular weight for the complete enzyme is apparently 380,000. A fast electrophoretic variant (GsIf), an intermediate and common electrophoretic variant (GsIc), and a slow electrophoretic variant ((GsIs) have been found. Hybrids between variants show a strongly stained intermediate band (Caggese et al., 1988). The GSI protein but not the GSII protein is found in the epidermis of Drosophila (Scalenghe and Ritossa, 1976).

Gene Model and Products

Number of Transcripts

Number of Unique Polypeptides

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Gs1 for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)

Isoform displayed:

Pfam protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Protein Domains (via SMART)

Isoform displayed:

SMART protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.48

Annotated transcripts do not represent all supported alternative splices within 5' UTR.

Gene model reviewed during 5.44

Gene model reviewed during 5.51

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene

nuclear_gene

protein_coding_gene

retrogene

(dos Santos, 2014, Pan and Zhang, 2009, Bai et al., 2007, Langille and Clark, 2007)

Transcript Data

Annotated Transcripts

Name

FlyBase ID

RefSeq ID

Length (nt)

Assoc. CDS (aa)

Gs1-RB

FBtr0078114

NM_057222

2176

399

Gs1-RC

FBtr0078115

NM_164367

2396

399

Gs1-RD

FBtr0300568

NM_001169368

1699

399

Additional Transcript Data and Comments

Reported size (kB)

2.3, 2.2, 1.8 (northern blot)

(Caizzi et al., 1990)

Comments

External Data

Crossreferences

Polypeptide Data

Annotated Polypeptides

Name

FlyBase ID

Predicted MW (kDa)

Length (aa)

Theoretical pI

RefSeq ID

GenBank

Gs1-PB

FBpp0077773

44.4

399

6.38

NP_476570

AAF51547

Gs1-PC

FBpp0077774

44.4

399

6.38

NP_722606

AAF51546

Gs1-PD

FBpp0289795

44.4

399

6.38

NP_001162839

ACZ94131

Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

399 aa isoforms: Gs1-PB, Gs1-PC, Gs1-PD

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments

Reported size (kDa)

399 (aa); 44.5 (kD predicted)

(Caizzi et al., 1990)

Comments

External Data

Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Homooctamer.

(UniProt, P20477)

Crossreferences

InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites

Linkouts

Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model

Nucleotide / Polypeptide Records

UniProt

Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Gs1 using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data

Crossreferences

Linkouts

Expression Data

Expression Summary Ribbons

Colored tiles in ribbon indicate that expression data has been curated by FlyBase for that anatomical location. Colorless tiles indicate that there is no curated data for that location.

For complete stage-specific expression data, view the modENCODE Development RNA-Seq section under High-Throughput Expression below.

Transcript Expression

in situ

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

embryonic stage 1 -- 3

organism

Comment: maternally deposited

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic stage 4 -- 6

organism | ubiquitous

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic stage 7 -- 8

primordial germ cell

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic stage 9 -- 10

amnioserosa primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

yolk nucleus

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic stage 11 -- 12

amnioserosa

(Fisher et al., 2012)

dorsal pharyngeal muscle primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

fat body primordium

Comment: reported as fat body specific anlage

(Fisher et al., 2012)

fat body/gonad primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

somatic muscle primordium

Comment: reported as muscle system primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

visceral muscle primordium

Comment: reported as muscle system primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

trunk mesoderm

(Fisher et al., 2012)

yolk nucleus

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic stage 13 -- 16

apoptotic amnioserosa

(Fisher et al., 2012)

dorsal pharyngeal muscle

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic dorsal epidermis

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic ventral epidermis

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic/larval dorsal vessel

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic/larval fat body

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic/larval muscle system

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic/larval somatic muscle

(Fisher et al., 2012)

northern blot

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

embryonic stage

(Caizzi et al., 1990)

first instar larval stage

(Caizzi et al., 1990)

second instar larval stage

(Caizzi et al., 1990)

pupal stage

organism

(Caizzi et al., 1990)

Additional Descriptive Data

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Polypeptide Expression

mass spectroscopy

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

adult stage

adult head

• membrane

(Aradska et al., 2015)

day 7 of adulthood -- day 49 of adulthood

adult heart

(Cammarato et al., 2011)

Additional Descriptive Data

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Evidence

References

located_in mitochondrion

inferred from direct assay

(Caggese et al., 1994)

inferred from high throughput direct assay

(Alonso et al., 2005)

Expression Deduced from Reporters

High-Throughput Expression Data

Associated Tools

GBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Gs1 in GBrowse 2

RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region

View exonic expression by developmental stage for Dmel\Gs1

View exonic expression by tissue for Dmel\Gs1

Bulk Downloads

RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes

Reference

See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.

Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle

Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis

External Data and Images

Linkouts

BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis

FBgn0001142

DRscDB

33172/tissue=All

EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas

FBgn0001142

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

CG2718-RB

Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns

CG2718

Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut

FBgn0001142

Images

FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)

Show all FlyExpress processed images for Dmel\Gs1

Stages(s) 4-6
Stages(s) 9-10
Stages(s) 11-12
Stages(s) 13-16

FlyBase Wiki

Image Based Resources

Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations

Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 14 )

For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show

Other relevant insertions

Transgenic Constructs ( 9 )

For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show

Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Gs1

Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Gs1

Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 22 )

Inferred from experimentation ( 22 )

Gene disrupted in

Gene not disrupted in

Inferred from location ( 0 )

Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants

Phenotypes

For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.

Lethality

Allele

lethal

lethal (with Df(2L)ED5878)

lethal (with Df(2L)PMG)

Gs1¹

lethal (with Gs1¹)

Gs1^G3347

lethal (with Gs1^G3347)

Gs1¹

lethal - all die during embryonic stage | maternal effect | recessive

lethal - all die during embryonic stage | non-rescuable maternal effect

Gs1^PM11-19

lethal - all die during pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4^Cg.PA

Gs1^HMS02002

viable, with Dcr-2^UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu

Gs1^GD9817

viable, with Scer\GAL4^Mef2.PR

Gs1^GD9817

viable, with Scer\GAL4^pnr-MD237

Gs1^GD9817

viable, with Scer\GAL4^tin.CΔ4

Gs1^GD9817

Sterility

Allele

female sterile

Gs1^PM11-19

female sterile (with Gs1¹)

Gs1^MI09526

female sterile (with Gs1^MI09526)

Gs1¹

female sterile | recessive

Gs1^PM1

Other Phenotypes

Allele

abnormal immune response | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4^Hml.Δ

Gs1^HMS02002

abnormal size | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^Cg.PA

Gs1^HMS02002

chemical sensitive

Gs1^fsP52

electrophoretic variant

Gs1^c

electrophoretic variant | fast

Gs1^f

electrophoretic variant | slow

Gs1^s

some die during embryonic stage | non-rescuable maternal effect

Gs1^PM11-19

some die during embryonic stage | recessive | maternal effect | recessive

visible | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4^eya.enh1+E+2

Gs1^HMS02002

wild-type

Gs1^+t4.8

Phenotype manifest in

Allele

A1-7 dorsal oblique muscle 2 (with Df(2L)PM1)

Gs1¹

embryonic/larval fat body | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^Cg.PA

Gs1^HMS02002

embryonic somatic muscle (with Df(2L)PM1)

Gs1¹

eye, with Scer\GAL4^eya.enh1+E+2

Gs1^HMS02002

mitochondrion | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^Cg.PA

Gs1^HMS02002

muscle attachment site (with Df(2L)PM1)

Gs1¹

Orthologs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Orthologs

Download All OrthoDB Orthologs

Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0)

Homo sapiens (Human) (2)

Species\Gene Symbol

Score

Best Score

Best Reverse Score

Source

Alignment

Complementation?

Transgene?

Hsap\GLUL

9 of 15

Yes

Hsap\LGSN

2 of 15

Yes

Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0)

Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (2)

Species\Gene Symbol

Score

Best Score

Best Reverse Score

Source

Alignment

Complementation?

Transgene?

Mmus\Glul

8 of 15

Yes

Mmus\Lgsn

2 of 15

Yes

Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (2)

Rnor\Glul

6 of 13

Yes

Rnor\Lgsn

2 of 13

Yes

Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (4)

Xtro\glul

5 of 12

Yes

Xtro\glul

5 of 12

Yes

Xtro\lgsn

1 of 12

Yes

Xtro\LOC100498257

1 of 12

Yes

Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (5)

Drer\glulb

8 of 15

Yes

Drer\glula

7 of 15

Drer\glulc

6 of 15

Drer\lgsn

2 of 15

Yes

Drer\LOC100535016

1 of 15

Yes

Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (5)

Cele\gln-1

8 of 15

Yes

Cele\gln-3

8 of 15

Yes

Cele\gln-2

7 of 15

Yes

Cele\gln-5

7 of 15

Cele\gln-6

5 of 15

Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (6)

Atha\GLN1;4

9 of 9

Yes

Atha\GSR 1

9 of 9

Yes

Atha\GSR2

9 of 9

Yes

Atha\GLN1;5

8 of 9

Yes

Atha\GLN1.3

8 of 9

Atha\GS2

8 of 9

Yes

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (1)

Scer\GLN1

12 of 15

Yes

Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (1)

Spom\gln1

10 of 12

Yes

Ortholog(s) in Drosophila Species (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG091908J2 )

Organism

Common Name

Gene

AAA Syntenic Ortholog

Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group

Drosophila suzukii

Spotted wing Drosophila

Drosophila simulans

Drosophila sechellia

Drosophila erecta

Drosophila yakuba

Drosophila ananassae

Drosophila pseudoobscura pseudoobscura

Dpse\GA25536

Drosophila persimilis

Dper\GL13945

Drosophila willistoni

Dwil\GK24607

Drosophila virilis

Dvir\GJ16218

Drosophila mojavensis

Dmoj\GI16461

Drosophila grimshawi

Dgri\GH10061

Orthologs in non-Drosophila Dipterans (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG091504RQ )

Organism

Common Name

Gene

Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group

Musca domestica

House fly

Mdoa\17019038

Musca domestica

House fly

Mdoa\17019037

Glossina morsitans

Tsetse fly

Gmor\GMOY003770

Lucilia cuprina

Australian sheep blowfly

Lcup\FF38_13679

Mayetiola destructor

Hessian fly

Mdes\Mdes010179

Aedes aegypti

Yellow fever mosquito

Aaeg\AAEL001887

Anopheles darlingi

American malaria mosquito

Adar\ADAC008538

Anopheles gambiae

Malaria mosquito

Agam\AGAP008988

Culex quinquefasciatus

Southern house mosquito

Cqui\CPIJ010973

Orthologs in non-Dipteran Insects (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG090W06S5 )

Organism

Common Name

Gene

Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group

Bombyx mori

Silkmoth

Bmor\BGIBMGA000680

Bombyx mori

Silkmoth

Bmor\BGIBMGA004280

Danaus plexippus

Monarch butterfly

Dple\DPOGS200911-PA

Heliconius melpomene

Postman butterfly

Hmel\HMEL012223

Apis florea

Little honeybee

Aflo\2670819316

Apis mellifera

Western honey bee

Amel\GB51371

Apis mellifera

Western honey bee

Amel\GB45377

Bombus impatiens

Common eastern bumble bee

Bimp\BIMP13304

Bombus terrestris

Buff-tailed bumblebee

Bter\15206619

Linepithema humile

Argentine ant

Lhum\LH19384

Megachile rotundata

Alfalfa leafcutting bee

Mrot\MROTU:003035

Nasonia vitripennis

Parasitic wasp

Nvit\Nasvi2EG003394

Nasonia vitripennis

Parasitic wasp

Nvit\Nasvi2EG003396

Dendroctonus ponderosae

Mountain pine beetle

Dpod\YQE_01784

Tribolium castaneum

Red flour beetle

Tcas\TC002601

Pediculus humanus

Human body louse

Phum\PHUM130940

Pediculus humanus

Human body louse

Phum\PHUM009660

Pediculus humanus

Human body louse

Phum\PHUM467880

Rhodnius prolixus

Kissing bug

Rpro\RPRC000758

Cimex lectularius

Bed bug

Clec\CLEC005275

Acyrthosiphon pisum

Pea aphid

Apim\ACYPI001157

Acyrthosiphon pisum

Pea aphid

Apim\ACYPI001461

Acyrthosiphon pisum

Pea aphid

Apim\ACYPI006239

Zootermopsis nevadensis

Nevada dampwood termite

Znev\Znev_05581

Orthologs in non-Insect Arthropods (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG090X05G4 )

Organism

Common Name

Gene

Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group

Strigamia maritima

European centipede

Smar\SMAR005337

Strigamia maritima

European centipede

Smar\SMAR004767

Ixodes scapularis

Black-legged tick

Isca\ISCW018771

Stegodyphus mimosarum

African social velvet spider

Smim\KFM82985.1

Stegodyphus mimosarum

African social velvet spider

Smim\KFM77690.1

Tetranychus urticae

Two-spotted spider mite

Turt\tetur08g03440

Daphnia pulex

Water flea

Dpux\DAPPUDRAFT_206496

Orthologs in non-Arthropod Metazoa (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG091G07E9 )

Organism

Common Name

Gene

Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group

Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

Purple sea urchin

Spur\Sp-Glul

Ciona intestinalis

Vase tunicate

Cint\LOC100186158

Gallus gallus

Domestic chicken

Ggal\GLUL

Gallus gallus

Domestic chicken

Ggal\LOC417253

Paralogs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Paralogs

Paralogs (via DIOPT v8.0)

Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (1)

Gene Symbol

Score

Source

Alignment

Gs2

7 of 10

Human Disease Associations

FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports

Disease Model Summary Ribbon

Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations

Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )

Allele

Disease

Evidence

References

Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )

Human Ortholog

Disease

Evidence

References

Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )

Allele

Disease

Interaction

References

Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0 and OMIM)

Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.

Homo sapiens (Human)

Gene name

Score

OMIM

OMIM Phenotype

DO term

Complementation?

Transgene?

GLUL; glutamate-ammonia ligase

9 of 15

138290

GLUTAMINE DEFICIENCY, CONGENITAL

Functional Complementation Data

Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.

Interactions

Summary of Physical Interactions

esyN Network Diagram

Interactions Browser

View in Interactions Browser

Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details

protein-protein

Physical Interaction

Assay

References

Gs1 - Amyrel

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Gs1 - CG32486

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Gs1 - CG32631

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Gs1 - CG5044

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Gs1 - CG7737

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Gs1 - Clic

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Gs1 - Dronc

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Gs1 - HIP-R

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Gs1 - RabX1

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Gs1 - Rim2

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Gs1 - Synd

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Gs1 - kel

proximity-dependent biotin identification, Identification by mass spectrometry

(Mannix et al., 2019)

Summary of Genetic Interactions

esyN Network Diagram

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

External Data

Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Homooctamer.

(UniProt, P20477 )

Linkouts

BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.

59433

DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.

FBgn0001142

MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

Pathways

Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)

Metabolic Pathways

FlyCyc Pathways - Pathways from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel

KEGG Pathways - Wiring diagrams of molecular interactions, reactions and relations.

Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.

External Data

Linkouts

Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data

Chromosome (arm)

Recombination map

2-0.5

Cytogenetic map

21B2-21B3

Sequence location

2L:132,077..134,472 [+]

FlyBase Computed Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Evidence for location

21B2-21B3

Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}spen^k06805&P{lacW}l(2)k13604^k13604 and P{lacW}U2af38^k14504

Experimentally Determined Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Notes

References

21B3-21B6

(Caizzi, 1992.12.2)

21B3-21B6

(determined by in situ hybridisation)

(Larsson et al., 1996)

Experimentally Determined Recombination Data

Location

2-0.5

(FlyBase, 2016)

2-0.0

(Comeron et al., 2012)

2-0.0--0.1

Left of (cM)

(Caggese et al., 1988)

Right of (cM)

(Caggese et al., 1988)

Notes

Stocks and Reagents

Stocks (10)

Bloomington

83161

P{hsneo}Gs1^fsP52

6248

w¹; Gs1¹/CyO

40836

y¹ v¹; P{TRiP.HMS02002}attP40

52974

y¹ v¹; P{TRiP.HMJ21659}attP40

27940

y¹ w^*; P{EP}Gs1^G3347/CyO

81313

y¹ sc^* v¹ sev²¹; P{TOE.GS01649}attP40

82571

y¹ sc^* v¹ sev²¹; P{TKO.GS03351}attP40

53124

y¹ w^*; Mi{MIC}Gs1^MI09526 ND-15^MI09526/SM6a

VDRC

v330310

P{VSH330310}attP40

v40174

w¹¹¹⁸; P{GD9817}v40174

Genomic Clones (16)

Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

cDNA Clones (205)

Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see GBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

cDNA clones, fully sequenced

BDGP DGC clones

LD47536

Other clones

DPiM_LD47536

Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

FBgn0001142

cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)

BDGP DGC clones

Other clones

RNAi and Array Information

Linkouts

DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens

FBgn0001142

GenomeRNAi - A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents

33172

Antibody Information

Laboratory Generated Antibodies

Commercially Available Antibodies

Other Information

Relationship to Other Genes

Source for database identify of

Source for identity of: Gs1 CG2718

(Kodira, 1999.11)

Source for database merge of

Additional comments

The Gs1 gene may have been derived from the Gs2 gene by retroposition.

(Pan and Zhang, 2009, Bai et al., 2007, Langille and Clark, 2007)

Other Comments

Gs1 has a role during embryogenesis.

(Frenz and Glover, 1996)

Gs1 and Gs2 have been isolated and sequenced. Evolutionary analysis is in agreement with the hypothesis that the two genes are derived from a duplication event that occurred near the time of divergence between Insecta and Vertebrata. Both isoforms catalyse all reactions catalysed by other glutamine synthetases, but the different kinetic parameters and the different cellular compartmentalisation suggests strong functional specialisation. Gs1 and Gs2 gene products are essential for the early stages of embryonic development. Preliminary results show strikingly distinct spatial and temporal patterns of expression of the two isoforms at later stages of development.

(Caggese et al., 1994)

Gs1 has been cloned and sequenced.

(Caizzi et al., 1990)

Embryos from Gs1^thg mothers have excess nuclei in their yolk.

(Shamanski and Orr-Weaver, 1989)

Recombinational and deletion mapping have been performed on Gs1.

(Caggese et al., 1988)

Mutations in Gs1 do not affect the Gs2 enzyme (Caggese et al., 1988).

Origin and Etymology

Discoverer

Etymology

Identification

External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 59 )

Sequence Crossreferences

NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.

33172

GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.

GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.

RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.

UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information

P20477

UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information

E1JHQ1

Other crossreferences

BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis

FBgn0001142

Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones

FBgn0001142

DRscDB

33172/tissue=All

EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas

FBgn0001142

Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns

CG2718

Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut

FBgn0001142

GenomeRNAi - A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents

33172

iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)

TC002601

InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites

KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.

Dmel_CG2718

MARRVEL_MODEL

33172

modMine - A data warehouse for the modENCODE project

FBgn0001142

Linkouts

BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.

59433

DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.

FBgn0001142

DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens

FBgn0001142

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

CG2718-RB

FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel

FBGN0001142

FlyCyc Pathways - Pathways from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel

FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics

FBgn0001142

KEGG Pathways - Wiring diagrams of molecular interactions, reactions and relations.

MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.

Synonyms and Secondary IDs (23)

Reported As

Symbol Synonym

CG2718

(Zhou et al., 2019, Meadows, 2017.1.11, Cammarato et al., 2011, Ni et al., 2010.12.1, Pan and Zhang, 2009, Pan and Zhang, 2009, Riedl et al., 2005)

GS1

(Moschetti et al., 2020, Vernizzi et al., 2020, de la Cova et al., 2014, Yan et al., 2014, Gonzalez et al., 2013, Parisi et al., 2013, Shim et al., 2009, Caizzi, 1992.12.2, Caizzi et al., 1990)

GSI

(Frenz and Glover, 1996, Caggese et al., 1988, Caggese et al., 1986)

GsI

fs(2)P52

(Frenz and Glover, 1996)

fs(2)throng

(Frenz and Glover, 1996)

gs-m

(Caggese et al., 1994)

gsI

(Caggese et al., 1992)

l(2)21Bc

mt-gs

(Viggiano et al., 1997)

thg

Name Synonyms

GLUTAMINE SYNTHETASE 1

(Alonso et al., 2005)

Glutamate-ammonia ligase

(Gu, 1998)

Glutamine Synthetase

(Losada-Perez, 2018)

Glutamine synthetase

(Parisi et al., 2013, Baltzer et al., 2009)

Glutamine synthetase 1

(Cammarato et al., 2011)

glutamine synthase 1

(de la Cova et al., 2014)

glutamine synthetase 1

(Shim et al., 2009)

glutamine synthetase I

(Glover, 1998.10.30)

glutamine synthetase-1

(Gonzalez et al., 2013)

mitochondrial glutamine synthetase

(Viggiano et al., 1997, Caggese et al., 1994)

throng

Secondary FlyBase IDs

FBgn0003695

Datasets (0)

Study focus (0)

Experimental Role

Project

Project Type

Title

References (95)

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