FB2021_02, released April 13, 2021

Gene: Dmel\Gs1

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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Gs1
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Glutamine synthetase 1
Annotation Symbol
CG2718
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0001142
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
10 publicly available
Gene Summary
Glutamine synthetase 1 (Gs1) encodes the mitochondrial enzyme that uses glutamate and ammonia as substrates to synthesize glutamine, which is a precursor of purine and pyrimidine synthesis. An adequate level of maternally supplied Gs1 product activity is necessary in the early embryonic development. High level of glutamine in mitochondria causes megamitochondrial formation in cells. [Date last reviewed: 2018-09-13] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

GSI, Glutamine synthetase, mitochondrial glutamine synthetase

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
21B2-21B3
Sequence location
2L:132,077..134,472 [+]
Recombination map
2-0.5
RefSeq locus
NT_033779 REGION:132077..134472
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
GO Summary Ribbons
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (7 terms)
Molecular Function (1 term)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables glutamate-ammonia ligase activity
inferred from direct assay
(Caggese et al., 1994)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables glutamate-ammonia ligase activity
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000465001
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
Biological Process (4 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in L-glutamine biosynthetic process
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Shim et al., 2009)
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:Sps1; FB:FBgn0261270
(Shim et al., 2009)
involved_in phagocytosis
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Gonzalez et al., 2013)
involved_in positive regulation of mitochondrial fusion
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Shim et al., 2009)
inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:Sps1; FB:FBgn0261270
(Shim et al., 2009)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in glutamine biosynthetic process
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000465001
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
Cellular Component (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in mitochondrion
inferred from direct assay
(Caggese et al., 1994)
inferred from high throughput direct assay
(Alonso et al., 2005)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in cytoplasm
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000465001
(assigned by GO_Central )
(Gaudet et al., 2011)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the glutamine synthetase family. (P20477)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Snapshot
Glutamine synthetase 1 (Gs1) encodes the mitochondrial enzyme that uses glutamate and ammonia as substrates to synthesize glutamine, which is a precursor of purine and pyrimidine synthesis. An adequate level of maternally supplied Gs1 product activity is necessary in the early embryonic development. High level of glutamine in mitochondria causes megamitochondrial formation in cells. [Date last reviewed: 2018-09-13]
Gene Group (FlyBase)
ACID-AMMONIA LIGASES -
Acid-ammonia ligases catalyze the ligation of an acid to ammonia (NH3) or an amide via a carbon-nitrogen bond.
Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)
GsI: Glutamine synthetase I
Structural gene for glutamine synthetase I [GS (EC 6.3.1.2)] in Drosophila melanogaster. The enzyme catalyzes the formation of glutamate and ammonia by cleaving ATP into ADP and phosphate (Caggese et al., 1988). The GSI protein was purified from Drosophila larvae (Scalenghe and Ritossa, 1976; Caggese and Ritossa, 1983); it is a multimer of two subunits (MW 43,000 and 64,000) (Caggese and Ritossa, 1983); the 43,000 dalton protein is usually the more abundant. The molecular weight for the complete enzyme is apparently 380,000. A fast electrophoretic variant (GsIf), an intermediate and common electrophoretic variant (GsIc), and a slow electrophoretic variant ((GsIs) have been found. Hybrids between variants show a strongly stained intermediate band (Caggese et al., 1988). The GSI protein but not the GSII protein is found in the epidermis of Drosophila (Scalenghe and Ritossa, 1976).
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
3
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Gs1 for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.48

Annotated transcripts do not represent all supported alternative splices within 5' UTR.

Gene model reviewed during 5.44

Gene model reviewed during 5.51

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene
nuclear_gene
protein_coding_gene
retrogene
(dos Santos, 2014, Pan and Zhang, 2009, Bai et al., 2007, Langille and Clark, 2007)
Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
Gs1-RB
FBtr0078114
NM_057222
2176
399
Gs1-RC
FBtr0078115
NM_164367
2396
399
Gs1-RD
FBtr0300568
NM_001169368
1699
399
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)

2.3, 2.2, 1.8 (northern blot)

(Caizzi et al., 1990)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
RefSeq ID
GenBank
Gs1-PB
FBpp0077773
44.4
399
6.38
NP_476570
AAF51547
Gs1-PC
FBpp0077774
44.4
399
6.38
NP_722606
AAF51546
Gs1-PD
FBpp0289795
44.4
399
6.38
NP_001162839
ACZ94131
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

399 aa isoforms: Gs1-PB, Gs1-PC, Gs1-PD
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)

399 (aa); 44.5 (kD predicted)

(Caizzi et al., 1990)
Comments
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Homooctamer.

(UniProt, P20477)
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Nucleotide / Polypeptide Records
 
UniProt
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Gs1 using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Linkouts
Expression Data
Expression Summary Ribbons
Colored tiles in ribbon indicate that expression data has been curated by FlyBase for that anatomical location. Colorless tiles indicate that there is no curated data for that location.
For complete stage-specific expression data, view the modENCODE Development RNA-Seq section under High-Throughput Expression below.
Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 1 -- 3
organism

Comment: maternally deposited

(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 4 -- 6
organism | ubiquitous
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 7 -- 8
primordial germ cell
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 9 -- 10
amnioserosa primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
yolk nucleus
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 11 -- 12
amnioserosa
(Fisher et al., 2012)
dorsal pharyngeal muscle primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
fat body primordium

Comment: reported as fat body specific anlage

(Fisher et al., 2012)
fat body/gonad primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
somatic muscle primordium

Comment: reported as muscle system primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
visceral muscle primordium

Comment: reported as muscle system primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)
trunk mesoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
yolk nucleus
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 13 -- 16
apoptotic amnioserosa
(Fisher et al., 2012)
dorsal pharyngeal muscle
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic dorsal epidermis
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic ventral epidermis
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic/larval dorsal vessel
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic/larval fat body
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic/larval muscle system
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic/larval somatic muscle
(Fisher et al., 2012)
northern blot
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage
(Caizzi et al., 1990)
first instar larval stage
(Caizzi et al., 1990)
second instar larval stage
(Caizzi et al., 1990)
pupal stage
organism
(Caizzi et al., 1990)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult head
(Aradska et al., 2015)
day 7 of adulthood -- day 49 of adulthood
adult heart
(Cammarato et al., 2011)
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in mitochondrion
inferred from direct assay
(Caggese et al., 1994)
inferred from high throughput direct assay
(Alonso et al., 2005)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

GBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Gs1 in GBrowse 2
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)
  • Stages(s) 4-6
  • Stages(s) 9-10
  • Stages(s) 11-12
  • Stages(s) 13-16
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 14 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 9 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Gs1
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Gs1
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 22 )
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
lethal
lethal (with Df(2L)ED5878)
lethal (with Df(2L)PMG)
lethal (with Gs11)
lethal (with Gs1G3347)
lethal - all die during embryonic stage | maternal effect | recessive
lethal - all die during embryonic stage | non-rescuable maternal effect
lethal - all die during pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4Cg.PA
viable, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
viable, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
viable, with Scer\GAL4tin.CΔ4
Sterility
Allele
female sterile
female sterile (with Gs11)
female sterile (with Gs1MI09526)
female sterile | recessive
Other Phenotypes
Allele
abnormal immune response | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4Hml.Δ
abnormal size | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Cg.PA
chemical sensitive
electrophoretic variant
electrophoretic variant | fast
electrophoretic variant | slow
some die during embryonic stage | non-rescuable maternal effect
some die during embryonic stage | recessive | maternal effect | recessive
visible | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4eya.enh1+E+2
wild-type
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
A1-7 dorsal oblique muscle 2 (with Df(2L)PM1)
embryonic/larval fat body | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Cg.PA
embryonic somatic muscle (with Df(2L)PM1)
eye, with Scer\GAL4eya.enh1+E+2
mitochondrion | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4Cg.PA
muscle attachment site (with Df(2L)PM1)
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Download All OrthoDB Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0)
Homo sapiens (Human) (2)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
Isobase
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
RoundUp
TreeFam
ZFIN
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Hsap\GLUL
9 of 15
Yes
No
1  
Hsap\LGSN
2 of 15
No
Yes
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0)
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (2)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
Isobase
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
RoundUp
TreeFam
ZFIN
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Mmus\Glul
8 of 15
Yes
No
Mmus\Lgsn
2 of 15
No
Yes
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (2)
Rnor\Glul
6 of 13
Yes
No
Rnor\Lgsn
2 of 13
No
Yes
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (4)
Xtro\glul
5 of 12
Yes
No
Xtro\glul
5 of 12
Yes
Yes
Xtro\lgsn
1 of 12
No
Yes
Xtro\LOC100498257
1 of 12
No
Yes
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (5)
Drer\glulb
8 of 15
Yes
No
Drer\glula
7 of 15
No
No
Drer\glulc
6 of 15
No
No
Drer\lgsn
2 of 15
No
Yes
Drer\LOC100535016
1 of 15
No
Yes
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (5)
Cele\gln-1
8 of 15
Yes
Yes
Cele\gln-3
8 of 15
Yes
No
Cele\gln-2
7 of 15
No
Yes
Cele\gln-5
7 of 15
No
No
Cele\gln-6
5 of 15
No
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (6)
Atha\GLN1;4
9 of 9
Yes
Yes
Atha\GSR 1
9 of 9
Yes
Yes
Atha\GSR2
9 of 9
Yes
Yes
Atha\GLN1;5
8 of 9
No
Yes
Atha\GLN1.3
8 of 9
No
No
Atha\GS2
8 of 9
No
Yes
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (1)
Scer\GLN1
12 of 15
Yes
No
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (1)
Spom\gln1
10 of 12
Yes
Yes
Ortholog(s) in Drosophila Species (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG091908J2 )
Organism
Common Name
Gene
AAA Syntenic Ortholog
Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
Drosophila suzukii
Spotted wing Drosophila
Dsuz\DS10_00000005
Drosophila simulans
Dsim\GD23002
Drosophila sechellia
Dsec\GM16716
Drosophila erecta
Dere\GG24698
Drosophila yakuba
Dyak\GE16593
Drosophila ananassae
Dana\GF14864
Drosophila pseudoobscura pseudoobscura
Dpse\GA25536
Drosophila persimilis
Dper\GL13945
Drosophila willistoni
Dwil\GK24607
Drosophila virilis
Dvir\GJ16218
Drosophila mojavensis
Dmoj\GI16461
Drosophila grimshawi
Dgri\GH10061
Orthologs in non-Drosophila Dipterans (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG091504RQ )
Organism
Common Name
Gene
Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
Musca domestica
House fly
Mdoa\17019038
Musca domestica
House fly
Mdoa\17019037
Glossina morsitans
Tsetse fly
Gmor\GMOY003770
Lucilia cuprina
Australian sheep blowfly
Lcup\FF38_13679
Mayetiola destructor
Hessian fly
Mdes\Mdes010179
Aedes aegypti
Yellow fever mosquito
Aaeg\AAEL001887
Anopheles darlingi
American malaria mosquito
Adar\ADAC008538
Anopheles gambiae
Malaria mosquito
Agam\AGAP008988
Culex quinquefasciatus
Southern house mosquito
Cqui\CPIJ010973
Orthologs in non-Dipteran Insects (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG090W06S5 )
Organism
Common Name
Gene
Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
Bombyx mori
Silkmoth
Bmor\BGIBMGA000680
Bombyx mori
Silkmoth
Bmor\BGIBMGA004280
Danaus plexippus
Monarch butterfly
Dple\DPOGS200911-PA
Heliconius melpomene
Postman butterfly
Hmel\HMEL012223
Apis florea
Little honeybee
Aflo\2670819316
Apis mellifera
Western honey bee
Amel\GB51371
Apis mellifera
Western honey bee
Amel\GB45377
Bombus impatiens
Common eastern bumble bee
Bimp\BIMP13304
Bombus terrestris
Buff-tailed bumblebee
Bter\15206619
Linepithema humile
Argentine ant
Lhum\LH19384
Megachile rotundata
Alfalfa leafcutting bee
Mrot\MROTU:003035
Nasonia vitripennis
Parasitic wasp
Nvit\Nasvi2EG003394
Nasonia vitripennis
Parasitic wasp
Nvit\Nasvi2EG003396
Dendroctonus ponderosae
Mountain pine beetle
Dpod\YQE_01784
Tribolium castaneum
Red flour beetle
Tcas\TC002601
Pediculus humanus
Human body louse
Phum\PHUM130940
Pediculus humanus
Human body louse
Phum\PHUM009660
Pediculus humanus
Human body louse
Phum\PHUM467880
Rhodnius prolixus
Kissing bug
Rpro\RPRC000758
Cimex lectularius
Bed bug
Clec\CLEC005275
Acyrthosiphon pisum
Pea aphid
Apim\ACYPI001157
Acyrthosiphon pisum
Pea aphid
Apim\ACYPI001461
Acyrthosiphon pisum
Pea aphid
Apim\ACYPI006239
Zootermopsis nevadensis
Nevada dampwood termite
Znev\Znev_05581
Orthologs in non-Insect Arthropods (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG090X05G4 )
Organism
Common Name
Gene
Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
Strigamia maritima
European centipede
Smar\SMAR005337
Strigamia maritima
European centipede
Smar\SMAR004767
Ixodes scapularis
Black-legged tick
Isca\ISCW018771
Stegodyphus mimosarum
African social velvet spider
Smim\KFM82985.1
Stegodyphus mimosarum
African social velvet spider
Smim\KFM77690.1
Tetranychus urticae
Two-spotted spider mite
Turt\tetur08g03440
Daphnia pulex
Water flea
Dpux\DAPPUDRAFT_206496
Orthologs in non-Arthropod Metazoa (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG091G07E9 )
Organism
Common Name
Gene
Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
Purple sea urchin
Spur\Sp-Glul
Ciona intestinalis
Vase tunicate
Cint\LOC100186158
Gallus gallus
Domestic chicken
Ggal\GLUL
Gallus gallus
Domestic chicken
Ggal\LOC417253
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v8.0)
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
Isobase
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
orthoMCL
Panther
RoundUp
Alignment
Gs2
7 of 10
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Model Summary Ribbon
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    GLUL; glutamate-ammonia ligase
    9 of 15
    138290
       
      Functional Complementation Data
      Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
      Interactions
      Summary of Physical Interactions
      Summary of Genetic Interactions
      esyN Network Diagram
      Starting gene(s)
      Interaction type
      Interacting gene(s)
      Reference
      Starting gene(s)
      Interaction type
      Interacting gene(s)
      Reference
      External Data
      Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
      Homooctamer.
      (UniProt, P20477 )
      Linkouts
      BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
      DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
      InterologFinder - Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets.
      MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
      Pathways
      Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
      Chromosome (arm)
      2L
      Recombination map
      2-0.5
      Cytogenetic map
      21B2-21B3
      Sequence location
      2L:132,077..134,472 [+]
      FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
      Cytogenetic map
      Evidence for location
      21B2-21B3
      Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}spenk06805&P{lacW}l(2)k13604k13604 and P{lacW}U2af38k14504
      Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
      Cytogenetic map
      Notes
      References
      21B3-21B6
      (Caizzi, 1992.12.2)
      21B3-21B6
      (determined by in situ hybridisation)
      (Larsson et al., 1996)
      Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
      Location

      2-0.5

      (FlyBase, 2016)

      2-0.0

      (Comeron et al., 2012)

      2-0.0--0.1

      Left of (cM)
      (Caggese et al., 1988)
      Right of (cM)
      (Caggese et al., 1988)
      Notes
      Stocks and Reagents
      Stocks (10)
      Genomic Clones (16)
       

      Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

      cDNA Clones (205)
       

      Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see GBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

      cDNA clones, fully sequenced
      BDGP DGC clones
      Other clones
      Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

      For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

      cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
      BDGP DGC clones
      Other clones
      RNAi and Array Information
      Linkouts
      DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
      GenomeRNAi - A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents
      Antibody Information
      Laboratory Generated Antibodies
       
      Commercially Available Antibodies
       
      Other Information
      Relationship to Other Genes
      Source for database identify of

      Source for identity of: Gs1 CG2718

      (Kodira, 1999.11)
      Source for database merge of
      Additional comments

      The Gs1 gene may have been derived from the Gs2 gene by retroposition.

      (Pan and Zhang, 2009, Bai et al., 2007, Langille and Clark, 2007)
      Other Comments

      Gs1 has a role during embryogenesis.

      (Frenz and Glover, 1996)

      Gs1 and Gs2 have been isolated and sequenced. Evolutionary analysis is in agreement with the hypothesis that the two genes are derived from a duplication event that occurred near the time of divergence between Insecta and Vertebrata. Both isoforms catalyse all reactions catalysed by other glutamine synthetases, but the different kinetic parameters and the different cellular compartmentalisation suggests strong functional specialisation. Gs1 and Gs2 gene products are essential for the early stages of embryonic development. Preliminary results show strikingly distinct spatial and temporal patterns of expression of the two isoforms at later stages of development.

      (Caggese et al., 1994)

      Gs1 has been cloned and sequenced.

      (Caizzi et al., 1990)

      Embryos from Gs1thg mothers have excess nuclei in their yolk.

      (Shamanski and Orr-Weaver, 1989)

      Recombinational and deletion mapping have been performed on Gs1.

      (Caggese et al., 1988)

      Mutations in Gs1 do not affect the Gs2 enzyme (Caggese et al., 1988).

      Origin and Etymology
      Discoverer
      Etymology
      Identification
      External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 59 )
      Sequence Crossreferences
      NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
      GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
      GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
      RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
      UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
      UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
      Other crossreferences
      BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
      Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
      Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
      Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
      GenomeRNAi - A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents
      iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
      InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
      KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
      modMine - A data warehouse for the modENCODE project
      Linkouts
      BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
      DPiM - Drosophila Protein interaction map
      DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
      DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
      FLIGHT - Cell culture data for RNAi and other high-throughput technologies
      FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
      FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
      FlyCyc Pathways - Pathways from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
      FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
      InterologFinder - Protein-protein interactions (PPI) from both known and predicted PPI data sets.
      KEGG Pathways - Wiring diagrams of molecular interactions, reactions and relations.
      MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
      Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
      Synonyms and Secondary IDs (23)
      Reported As
      Symbol Synonym
      CG2718
      (Zhou et al., 2019, Meadows, 2017.1.11, Cammarato et al., 2011, Ni et al., 2010.12.1, Pan and Zhang, 2009, Pan and Zhang, 2009, Riedl et al., 2005)
      GS1
      (Vernizzi et al., 2020, de la Cova et al., 2014, Yan et al., 2014, Gonzalez et al., 2013, Parisi et al., 2013, Shim et al., 2009, Caizzi, 1992.12.2, Caizzi et al., 1990)
      GSI
      (Frenz and Glover, 1996, Caggese et al., 1988, Caggese et al., 1986)
      Gs1
      (Vásquez-Procopio et al., 2020, Mannix et al., 2019, Transgenic RNAi Project members, 2017-, Dent et al., 2015, dos Santos, 2014, Havula et al., 2013, Kwon et al., 2013, Yin et al., 2013, Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21, Devineni et al., 2011, Bartkuhn et al., 2009, Gilchrist et al., 2008, Bai et al., 2007, Bai et al., 2007, Juhász et al., 2007, Langille and Clark, 2007, Langille and Clark, 2007, Zhang et al., 2007, Beller et al., 2006, Riedl et al., 2005)
      GsI
      fs(2)P52
      (Frenz and Glover, 1996)
      fs(2)throng
      (Frenz and Glover, 1996)
      gs-m
      (Caggese et al., 1994)
      gsI
      (Caggese et al., 1992)
      l(2)21Bc
      mt-gs
      (Viggiano et al., 1997)
      thg
      Name Synonyms
      GLUTAMINE SYNTHETASE 1
      (Alonso et al., 2005)
      Glutamate-ammonia ligase
      (Gu, 1998)
      Glutamine Synthetase
      (Losada-Perez, 2018)
      Glutamine synthetase
      (Parisi et al., 2013, Baltzer et al., 2009)
      Glutamine synthetase 1
      (Cammarato et al., 2011)
      glutamine synthase 1
      (de la Cova et al., 2014)
      glutamine synthetase 1
      (Shim et al., 2009)
      glutamine synthetase I
      (Glover, 1998.10.30)
      glutamine synthetase-1
      (Gonzalez et al., 2013)
      mitochondrial glutamine synthetase
      (Viggiano et al., 1997, Caggese et al., 1994)
      throng
      Secondary FlyBase IDs
      • FBgn0003695
      Datasets (0)
      Study focus (0)
      Experimental Role
      Project
      Project Type
      Title
      References (92)