FlyBase Gene Report: Dmel\Gs1

General Information

Symbol

Dmel\Gs1

Species

D. melanogaster

Name

Glutamine synthetase 1

Annotation Symbol

CG2718

Feature Type

protein_coding_gene

FlyBase ID

FBgn0001142

Gene Model Status

Current

Stock Availability

13 publicly available

Enzyme Name (EC)

glutamine synthetase (6.3.1.2)

Gene Summary

Glutamine synthetase 1 (Gs1) encodes a mitochondrial enzyme that uses L-glutamate and ammonia as substrates to synthesize L-glutamine, which is a precursor for purine and pyrimidine synthesis. An adequate level of maternally supplied Gs1 product activity is necessary in the early embryonic development. High level of glutamine in mitochondria causes megamitochondrial formation in cells. [Date last reviewed: 2018-09-13] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)

All Summaries

Gene Snapshot
Alliance
Auto summary
Gene Group
Red Book
Interactive Fly

Also Known As

GSI, Glutamine synthetase, mitochondrial glutamine synthetase

Key Links

Genomic Location

Cytogenetic map

21B2-21B3

Sequence location

2L:132,077..134,472 [+]

Recombination map

2-0.5

RefSeq locus

NT_033779 REGION:132077..134472

Sequence

Get Decorated FASTA

Genomic Maps

JBrowse

Other Genome Views

The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.

Function

Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (6 terms)

Molecular Function (2 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)

CV Term

Evidence

References

enables glutamine synthetase activity

inferred from direct assay

(Caggese et al., 1994)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

enables catalytic activity

inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR014746

(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)

enables glutamine synthetase activity

inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR008146, InterPro:IPR008147, InterPro:IPR036651

(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)

Biological Process (3 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

involved_in L-glutamine biosynthetic process

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Shim et al., 2009)

inferred from genetic interaction with UniProtKB:O18373

(Shim et al., 2009)

involved_in phagocytosis

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Gonzalez et al., 2013)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)

CV Term

Evidence

References

involved_in L-glutamate catabolic process

inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P20478

(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)

Cellular Component (1 term)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)

CV Term

Evidence

References

is_active_in mitochondrion

inferred from direct assay

(Caizzi et al., 1990)

located_in mitochondrion

inferred from direct assay

(Caggese et al., 1994)

inferred from high throughput direct assay

(Alonso et al., 2005)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)

Gene Group (FlyBase)

ACID-AMMONIA LIGASES

Pathway (FlyBase)

L-GLUTAMATE AND L-GLUTAMINE METABOLISM

Protein Family (UniProt)

Belongs to the glutamine synthetase family. (P20477)

Protein Signatures (InterPro)

Catalytic Activity (EC/Rhea)

glutamine synthetase activity

L-glutamate + NH4(+) + ATP = L-glutamine + ADP + phosphate + H(+) (6.3.1.2)

RHEA 16169:

Summaries

Gene Snapshot

Gene Group (FlyBase)

ACID-AMMONIA LIGASES -: Acid-ammonia ligases catalyze the ligation of an acid to ammonia (NH3) or an amide via a carbon-nitrogen bond.

Pathway (FlyBase)

L-GLUTAMATE AND L-GLUTAMINE METABOLISM -: L-glutamate and L-glutamine are non-essential amino-acids. In mitochondrial glutaminolysis, L-glutamine is converted to L-glutamate by Gls and then to 2-oxoglutarate, an intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. L-glutamate deamidation can be catalyzed either by L-glutamate dehydrogenase Gdh, which converts glutamate into ammonium and 2-oxoglutarate, or by transaminases such as Alat or Got2, which produce 2-oxoglutarate and L-alanine or L-aspartate. Additional cytosolic and mitochondrial enzymes, including Gs1, Gs2 and Glts participate in the interconversion between L-glutamate and L-glutamine which plays an essential role in nitrogen metabolism. Besides their role in protein synthesis, L-glutamine is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, L-asparagine, NAD(+) and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, whereas L-glutamate is required for the production of GABA, L-serine, L-proline, L-alanine, glutathione and is part of the malate-aspartate shuttle. In addition, L-glutamate acts as a neurotransmitter and is used for the glutamylation of tubulin and the tetrahydrofolate cofactor. (Adapted from PMID:32943735.)

Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)

GsI: Glutamine synthetase I

Structural gene for glutamine synthetase I [GS (EC 6.3.1.2)] in Drosophila melanogaster. The enzyme catalyzes the formation of glutamate and ammonia by cleaving ATP into ADP and phosphate (Caggese et al., 1988). The GSI protein was purified from Drosophila larvae (Scalenghe and Ritossa, 1976; Caggese and Ritossa, 1983); it is a multimer of two subunits (MW 43,000 and 64,000) (Caggese and Ritossa, 1983); the 43,000 dalton protein is usually the more abundant. The molecular weight for the complete enzyme is apparently 380,000. A fast electrophoretic variant (GsIf), an intermediate and common electrophoretic variant (GsIc), and a slow electrophoretic variant ((GsIs) have been found. Hybrids between variants show a strongly stained intermediate band (Caggese et al., 1988). The GSI protein but not the GSII protein is found in the epidermis of Drosophila (Scalenghe and Ritossa, 1976).

Gene Model and Products

Number of Transcripts

Number of Unique Polypeptides

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Gs1 for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)

Isoform displayed:

Pfam protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Protein Domains (via SMART)

Isoform displayed:

SMART protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Structure

Protein 3D structure (Predicted by AlphaFold) (AlphaFold entry P20477)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.

Model Confidence:

Very high (pLDDT > 90)
Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures

Crossreferences

Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.48

Annotated transcripts do not represent all supported alternative splices within 5' UTR.

Gene model reviewed during 5.44

Gene model reviewed during 5.51

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Transcript Data

Annotated Transcripts

Name

FlyBase ID

RefSeq ID

Length (nt)

Assoc. CDS (aa)

Gs1-RB

FBtr0078114

NM_057222

2176

399

Gs1-RC

FBtr0078115

NM_164367

2396

399

Gs1-RD

FBtr0300568

NM_001169368

1699

399

Additional Transcript Data and Comments

Reported size (kB)

2.3, 2.2, 1.8 (northern blot)

(Caizzi et al., 1990)

Comments

External Data

Crossreferences

Polypeptide Data

Annotated Polypeptides

Name

FlyBase ID

Predicted MW (kDa)

Length (aa)

Theoretical pI

UniProt

RefSeq ID

GenBank

Gs1-PB

FBpp0077773

44.4

399

6.38

FBpp0077774

44.4

399

6.38

FBpp0289795

44.4

399

6.38

P20477

NP_001162839

ACZ94131

Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

399 aa isoforms: Gs1-PB, Gs1-PC, Gs1-PD

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments

Reported size (kDa)

399 (aa); 44.5 (kD predicted)

(Caizzi et al., 1990)

Comments

External Data

Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Homooctamer.

(UniProt, P20477)

Crossreferences

InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites

Linkouts

Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model

Nucleotide / Polypeptide Records

UniProt

Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Gs1 using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data

Crossreferences

Linkouts

Expression Data

Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.45

Transcript Expression

in situ

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

embryonic stage 1 -- 3

organism

Comment: maternally deposited

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic stage 4 -- 6

organism | ubiquitous

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic stage 7 -- 8

primordial germ cell

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic stage 9 -- 10

amnioserosa primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

yolk nucleus

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic stage 11 -- 12

amnioserosa

(Fisher et al., 2012)

dorsal pharyngeal muscle primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

fat body primordium

Comment: reported as fat body specific anlage

(Fisher et al., 2012)

fat body/gonad primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

somatic muscle primordium

Comment: reported as muscle system primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

trunk visceral muscle primordium

Comment: reported as muscle system primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

trunk mesoderm

(Fisher et al., 2012)

yolk nucleus

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic stage 13 -- 16

apoptotic amnioserosa

(Fisher et al., 2012)

dorsal pharyngeal muscle cell

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic dorsal epidermis

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic ventral epidermis

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic/larval dorsal vessel

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic/larval fat body

(Fisher et al., 2012)

larval muscle system

(Fisher et al., 2012)

larval somatic muscle cell

(Fisher et al., 2012)

northern blot

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

embryonic stage

(Caizzi et al., 1990)

first instar larval stage

(Caizzi et al., 1990)

second instar larval stage

(Caizzi et al., 1990)

pupal stage

organism

(Caizzi et al., 1990)

Additional Descriptive Data

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Polypeptide Expression

mass spectroscopy

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

adult stage

adult head

• membrane

(Aradska et al., 2015)

day 7 of adulthood -- day 49 of adulthood

adult heart

(Cammarato et al., 2011)

Additional Descriptive Data

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Evidence

References

is_active_in mitochondrion

inferred from direct assay

(Caizzi et al., 1990)

located_in mitochondrion

inferred from direct assay

(Caggese et al., 1994)

inferred from high throughput direct assay

(Alonso et al., 2005)

Expression Deduced from Reporters

High-Throughput Expression Data

Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Gs1 in JBrowse

RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region

View exonic expression by developmental stage for Dmel\Gs1

View exonic expression by tissue for Dmel\Gs1

Bulk Downloads

RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes

Reference

See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.

Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle

Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis

External Data and Images

Linkouts

BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis

FBgn0001142

DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species

33172/tissue=All

EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species

FBgn0001142

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

FBgn0001142

FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data

FBgn0001142

Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns

CG2718

Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut

FBgn0001142

Images

FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)

Show all FlyExpress processed images for Dmel\Gs1

Stages(s) 4-6
Stages(s) 9-10
Stages(s) 11-12
Stages(s) 13-16

FlyBase Wiki

Image Based Resources

Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations

Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 15 )

For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show

Other relevant insertions

Transgenic Constructs ( 9 )

For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show

Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Gs1

Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Gs1

Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 23 )

Inferred from experimentation ( 23 )

Gene partially disrupted in

Df(2L)CRIMIC-CR71349

(Gene Disruption Project members, 2018-)

Inferred from location ( 3 )

Variants

Variant Molecular Consequences

Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants

Phenotypes

For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.

Lethality

Allele

lethal

lethal (with Df(2L)ED5878)

lethal (with Df(2L)PMG)

Gs1¹

lethal (with Gs1¹)

Gs1^G3347

lethal (with Gs1^G3347)

Gs1¹

lethal - all die during embryonic stage | maternal effect | recessive

lethal - all die during embryonic stage | non-rescuable maternal effect

Gs1^PM11-19

lethal - all die during pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4^Cg.PA

Gs1^HMS02002

viable, with Dcr-2^UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu

Gs1^GD9817

viable, with Scer\GAL4^Mef2.PR

Gs1^GD9817

viable, with Scer\GAL4^pnr-MD237

Gs1^GD9817

viable, with Scer\GAL4^tin.CΔ4

Gs1^GD9817

Sterility

Allele

female sterile

Gs1^PM11-19

female sterile (with Gs1¹)

Gs1^MI09526

female sterile (with Gs1^MI09526)

Gs1¹

female sterile | recessive

Gs1^PM1

Other Phenotypes

Allele

abnormal immune response | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4^Hml.Δ

Gs1^HMS02002

abnormal size | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^Cg.PA

Gs1^HMS02002

chemical sensitive

Gs1^fsP52

electrophoretic variant

Gs1^c

electrophoretic variant | fast

Gs1^f

electrophoretic variant | slow

Gs1^s

some die during embryonic stage | non-rescuable maternal effect

Gs1^PM11-19

some die during embryonic stage | recessive | maternal effect | recessive

visible | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4^eya.enh1+E+2

Gs1^HMS02002

wild-type

Gs1^+t4.8

Phenotype manifest in

Allele

embryonic/larval fat body | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^Cg.PA

Gs1^HMS02002

embryonic somatic muscle cell (with Df(2L)PM1)

Gs1¹

eye, with Scer\GAL4^eya.enh1+E+2

Gs1^HMS02002

mitochondrion | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^Cg.PA

Gs1^HMS02002

muscle attachment site (with Df(2L)PM1)

Gs1¹

muscle cell of A1-7 dorsal oblique muscle 2 (with Df(2L)PM1)

Gs1¹

Orthologs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Orthologs

Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Species\Gene Symbol

Score

Best Score

Best Reverse Score

Source

Alignment

Complementation?

Transgene?

Homo sapiens (Human) (2)

Hsap\GLUL

11 of 14

Yes

Hsap\LGSN

2 of 14

Yes

Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Species\Gene Symbol

Score

Best Score

Best Reverse Score

Source

Alignment

Complementation?

Transgene?

Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (2)

Rnor\Glul

11 of 14

Yes

Rnor\Lgsn

2 of 14

Yes

Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (2)

Mmus\Glul

10 of 14

Yes

Mmus\Lgsn

2 of 14

Yes

Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (4)

Xtro\glul-like.1

8 of 13

Yes

Xtro\LOC100498257

3 of 13

Yes

Xtro\glul

2 of 13

Xtro\cfd

1 of 13

Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (5)

Drer\glulb

10 of 14

Yes

Drer\glulc

10 of 14

Yes

Drer\glula

9 of 14

Drer\lgsn

2 of 14

Yes

Drer\LOC100535016

1 of 14

Yes

Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (5)

Cele\gln-1

9 of 14

Yes

Cele\gln-3

9 of 14

Yes

Cele\gln-2

8 of 14

Cele\gln-5

8 of 14

Cele\gln-6

8 of 14

Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (2)

Agam\AgaP_AGAP008988

12 of 12

Yes

Agam\AgaP_AGAP002355

5 of 12

Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (7)

Atha\GLN1;4

13 of 13

Yes

Atha\GSR 1

13 of 13

Yes

Atha\GSR2

13 of 13

Yes

Atha\GLN1;5

12 of 13

Yes

Atha\GLN1.3

12 of 13

Atha\GS2

12 of 13

Yes

Atha\NodGS

2 of 13

Yes

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (1)

Scer\GLN1

12 of 13

Yes

Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (1)

Spom\gln1

12 of 12

Yes

Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (2)

Ecol\glnA

5 of 11

Yes

Ecol\puuA

2 of 11

Yes

Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)

Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Gs1. Refer to their site for version information.

Paralogs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Paralogs

Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Gene Symbol

Score

Source

Alignment

Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (1)

Gs2

10 of 13

Human Disease Associations

FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports

Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations

Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )

Allele

Disease

Evidence

References

Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 2 )

Human Ortholog

Disease

Evidence

References

GLUL; glutamate-ammonia ligase

model of congenital glutamine deficiency

IEA

(FlyBase, 2019-)

model of developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 116

IEA

(FlyBase, 2019-)

Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 2 )

Allele

Disease

Interaction

References

Gs1^G3347

ameliorates Huntington's disease

modeled by Hsap\HTT^Q93.ex1.UAS

(Vernizzi et al., 2020)

Gs1^HMS02002

exacerbates Huntington's disease

modeled by Hsap\HTT^Q93.ex1.UAS

(Vernizzi et al., 2020)

Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)

Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.

Homo sapiens (Human)

Gene name

Score

OMIM

OMIM Phenotype

DO term

Complementation?

Transgene?

GLUL; glutamate-ammonia ligase

11 of 14

138290

Functional Complementation Data

Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.

Interactions

Summary of Physical Interactions

Interaction Browsers

View in FlyBase Interactions Browser View in MIST tool (external link)

Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details

protein-protein

Physical Interaction

Assay

References

Gs1 - Amyrel

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Gs1 - CG32486

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Gs1 - CG32631

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Gs1 - CG7737

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Gs1 - Clic

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Gs1 - Dronc

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Gs1 - HIP-R

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Gs1 - Hibch

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Gs1 - RabX1

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Gs1 - Rim2

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Gs1 - Synd

experimental knowledge based

(Guruharsha et al., 2011)

Gs1 - kel

proximity-dependent biotin identification, Identification by mass spectrometry

(Mannix et al., 2019)

Summary of Genetic Interactions

Interaction Browsers

View in FlyBase Interactions Browser View in MIST tool (external link)

Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

Acc

suppressible

Gs1

(Amartuvshin et al., 2025)

External Data

Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Homooctamer.

(UniProt, P20477 )

Linkouts

BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.

59433

DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.

FBgn0001142

MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

33172

Pathways

Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)

Metabolic Pathways

FlyBase

L-GLUTAMATE AND L-GLUTAMINE METABOLISM

External Links

FlyCyc Pathways - Pathways from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel

L-glutamine biosynthesis I

KEGG Metabolic Pathways - A collection of manually drawn metabolic pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.

Reactome Metabolic Pathways - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed metabolic pathway database.

Glutamate and glutamine metabolism

External Data

Linkouts

KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.

Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.

Class of Gene

nuclear_gene

protein_coding_gene

retrogene

(dos Santos, 2014, Pan and Zhang, 2009, Bai et al., 2007, Langille and Clark, 2007)

Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data

Chromosome (arm)

Recombination map

2-0.5

Cytogenetic map

21B2-21B3

Sequence location

2L:132,077..134,472 [+]

FlyBase Computed Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Evidence for location

21B2-21B3

Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}spen^k06805&P{lacW}l(2)k13604^k13604 and P{lacW}U2af38^k14504

Experimentally Determined Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Notes

References

21B3-21B6

(Caizzi, 1992.12.2)

21B3-21B6

(determined by in situ hybridisation)

(Larsson et al., 1996)

Experimentally Determined Recombination Data

Location

2-0.5

(FlyBase, 2016)

2-0.0

(Comeron et al., 2012)

2-0.0-0.1

Left of (cM)

(Caggese et al., 1988)

Right of (cM)

(Caggese et al., 1988)

Notes

Stocks and Reagents

Stocks (13)

Aberrations including deletions of this gene Aberrations including duplications of this gene

Bloomington

83161

P{hsneo}Gs1^fsP52

6248

w¹; Gs1¹/CyO

40836

y¹ v¹; P{TRiP.HMS02002}attP40

52974

y¹ v¹; P{TRiP.HMJ21659}attP40

27940

y¹ w^*; P{EP}Gs1^G3347/CyO

81313

y¹ sc^* v¹ sev²¹; P{TOE.GS01649}attP40

82571

y¹ sc^* v¹ sev²¹; P{TKO.GS03351}attP40

53124

y¹ w^*; Mi{MIC}Gs1^MI09526 ND-15^MI09526/SM6a

NIG-Fly

2718R-1

P{NIG.2718R}1

HMJ21659

y¹ v¹; P{TRiP.HMJ21659}attP40/CyO

VDRC

v330310

P{VSH330310}attP40

v40174

w¹¹¹⁸; P{GD9817}v40174

More stocks available...

Genomic Clones (16)

Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

cDNA Clones (204)

Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

cDNA clones, fully sequenced

BDGP DGC clones

LD47536

Other clones

DPiM_LD47536

Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

FBgn0001142

cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)

BDGP DGC clones

Other clones

RNAi and Array Information

Linkouts

DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens

FBgn0001142

Antibody Information

Laboratory Generated Antibodies

Commercially Available Antibodies

Cell Line Information

Publicly Available Cell Lines

Other Stable Cell Lines

Other Comments

Gs1 has a role during embryogenesis.

(Frenz and Glover, 1996)

Gs1 and Gs2 have been isolated and sequenced. Evolutionary analysis is in agreement with the hypothesis that the two genes are derived from a duplication event that occurred near the time of divergence between Insecta and Vertebrata. Both isoforms catalyse all reactions catalysed by other glutamine synthetases, but the different kinetic parameters and the different cellular compartmentalisation suggests strong functional specialisation. Gs1 and Gs2 gene products are essential for the early stages of embryonic development. Preliminary results show strikingly distinct spatial and temporal patterns of expression of the two isoforms at later stages of development.

(Caggese et al., 1994)

Gs1 has been cloned and sequenced.

(Caizzi et al., 1990)

Embryos from Gs1^thg mothers have excess nuclei in their yolk.

(Shamanski and Orr-Weaver, 1989)

Recombinational and deletion mapping have been performed on Gs1.

(Caggese et al., 1988)

Mutations in Gs1 do not affect the Gs2 enzyme (Caggese et al., 1988).

Relationship to Other Genes

Source for database merge of

Additional comments

The Gs1 gene may have been derived from the Gs2 gene by retroposition.

(Pan and Zhang, 2009, Bai et al., 2007, Langille and Clark, 2007)

Nomenclature History

Source for database identify of

Source for identity of: Gs1 CG2718

(Kodira, 1999.11)

Nomenclature comments

Etymology

Synonyms and Secondary IDs (23)

Reported As

Symbol Synonym

CG2718

(Zhou et al., 2019, Meadows, 2017.1.11, Cammarato et al., 2011, Ni et al., 2010.12.1, Pan and Zhang, 2009, Pan and Zhang, 2009, Riedl et al., 2005)

GS1

(Minervini et al., 2022, Moschetti et al., 2020, Vernizzi et al., 2020, de la Cova et al., 2014, Yan et al., 2014, Gonzalez et al., 2013, Parisi et al., 2013, Shim et al., 2009, Caizzi, 1992.12.2, Caizzi et al., 1990)

GSI

(Frenz and Glover, 1996, Caggese et al., 1988, Caggese et al., 1986)

GsI

fs(2)P52

(Frenz and Glover, 1996)

fs(2)throng

(Frenz and Glover, 1996)

gs-m

(Caggese et al., 1994)

gsI

(Caggese et al., 1992)

l(2)21Bc

mt-gs

(Viggiano et al., 1997)

thg

Name Synonyms

GLUTAMINE SYNTHETASE 1

(Alonso et al., 2005)

Glutamate-ammonia ligase

(Gu, 1998)

Glutamine Synthetase

(Losada-Perez, 2018)

Glutamine synthetase

(Parisi et al., 2013, Baltzer et al., 2009)

Glutamine synthetase 1

(Cammarato et al., 2011)

glutamine synthase 1

(de la Cova et al., 2014)

glutamine synthetase 1

(Shim et al., 2009)

glutamine synthetase I

(Glover, 1998.10.30)

glutamine synthetase-1

(Gonzalez et al., 2013)

mitochondrial glutamine synthetase

(Viggiano et al., 1997, Caggese et al., 1994)

throng

Secondary FlyBase IDs

FBgn0003695

Datasets (0)

Study focus (0)

Experimental Role

Project

Project Type

Title

Study result (0)

Result

Result Type

Title

External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 65 )

Sequence Crossreferences

NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.

33172

GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.

GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.

RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.

UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.

P20477

UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information

P20477

UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information

E1JHQ1

Other crossreferences

AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.

P20477

BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis

FBgn0001142

DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species

33172/tissue=All

EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species

FBgn0001142

FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data

FBgn0001142

FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics

FBgn0001142

InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites

KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.

dme:Dmel_CG2718

MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)

33172

Linkouts

BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.

59433

Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones

FBgn0001142

DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.

FBgn0001142

DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens

FBgn0001142

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

FBgn0001142

FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel

FBGN0001142

FlyCyc Pathways - Pathways from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel

L-glutamine biosynthesis I

Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns

CG2718

Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut

FBgn0001142

FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.

FBgn0001142

iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)

TC000218

KEGG Metabolic Pathways - A collection of manually drawn metabolic pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.

KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.

MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

33172

Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.

Reactome Metabolic Pathways - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed metabolic pathway database.

Glutamate and glutamine metabolism

References (103)

The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.

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