FB2025_05 , released December 11, 2025
Gene: Dmel\ifc
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\ifc
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
infertile crescent
Annotation Symbol
CG9078
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0001941
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
19 publicly available
Enzyme Name (EC)
sphingolipid 4-desaturase (1.14.19.17)
Gene Summary
Has sphingolipid-delta-4-desaturase activity. Converts sphinganine-containing sphingolipids (such as N-acylsphinganines or dihydroceramides) into sphingolipids containing the delta-4-desaturated sphingoid base (E)-sphing-4-enine (such as N-acylsphing-4-enines or ceramides), which are required for many different functions (structural functions as well as signaling) (PubMed:11937514). Required to initiate spermatid differentiation among other signals (PubMed:9003299). Required for central spindle assembly and cytokinesis during male meiosis, may act as part of an anchoring mechanism that links membrane-bounded cellular compartments to components of the cytoskeleton (PubMed:9819060). (UniProt, Q94515)
Contribute a Gene Snapshot for this gene.
All Summaries
Also Known As

Des1, des, l(2)gdh-2, degenerative spermatocyte, DES-1

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
26B2-26B2
Sequence location
Recombination map
2-18
RefSeq locus
NT_033779 REGION:5986348..5988854
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (9 terms)
Molecular Function (1 term)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables sphingolipid delta-4 desaturase activity
inferred from direct assay
(Ternes et al., 2002)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables sphingolipid delta-4 desaturase activity
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR011388
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001767866
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Biological Process (4 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in negative regulation of lipophagy
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Jung et al., 2017)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in ceramide biosynthetic process
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001767866
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in lipid metabolic process
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR005804
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
involved_in sphingolipid biosynthetic process
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR011388
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Cellular Component (4 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in endoplasmic reticulum
inferred from direct assay
(Jung et al., 2017)
located_in late endosome
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Jung et al., 2017)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in membrane
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR011388
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
located_in plasma membrane
inferred from sequence or structural similarity
(Endo et al., 1996)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the fatty acid desaturase type 1 family. DEGS subfamily. (Q94515)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Catalytic Activity (EC/Rhea)
sphingolipid delta-4 desaturase activity
an N-acylsphinganine + 2 Fe(II)-[cytochrome b5] + O2 + 2 H(+) = an N-acylsphing-4-enine + 2 Fe(III)-[cytochrome b5] + 2 H2O (1.14.19.17)
RHEA 46544:
Summaries
Gene Group (FlyBase)
DESATURASES -
Desaturase enzymes introduce a double bond at a specific carbon in a fatty acid chain, with the desaturase usually named after the position in the carbon chain where the double bond is inserted. For example, a delta-9 desaturase inserts a double bond at the 9th carbon of palmitic or stearic acid, creating a monounsaturated fatty acid. The repertoire of fatty acid desaturase enzymes that an organism possesses varies greatly. While insects have relatively few desaturases, there has been a unique proliferation and diversification of delta-9 desaturases. This is thought to to be integral for the production of gender and species-specific sex pheromones. (Adapted from FBrf0221274.)
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Has sphingolipid-delta-4-desaturase activity. Converts sphinganine-containing sphingolipids (such as N-acylsphinganines or dihydroceramides) into sphingolipids containing the delta-4-desaturated sphingoid base (E)-sphing-4-enine (such as N-acylsphing-4-enines or ceramides), which are required for many different functions (structural functions as well as signaling) (PubMed:11937514). Required to initiate spermatid differentiation among other signals (PubMed:9003299). Required for central spindle assembly and cytokinesis during male meiosis, may act as part of an anchoring mechanism that links membrane-bounded cellular compartments to components of the cytoskeleton (PubMed:9819060).
(UniProt, Q94515)
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
2
Number of Unique Polypeptides
2

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\ifc for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q94515)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Annotated transcripts do not represent all supported alternative splices within 5' UTR.

Gene model reviewed during 5.45

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
ifc-RA
FBtr0079179
NM_057246
1784
321
ifc-RB
FBtr0332599
NM_001273189
1656
102
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)

2 (northern blot)

(Endo et al., 1996)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
ifc-PA
FBpp0078810
37.2
321
9.43
Q94515
NP_476594
AAF52318
ifc-PB
FBpp0304849
11.9
102
9.28
M9PC47
NP_001260118
AGB92654
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

None of the polypeptides share 100% sequence identity.

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)

321 (aa); 37 (kD observed); 37 (kD predicted)

(Basu and Li, 1998)

321 (aa); 37 (kD predicted)

(Endo et al., 1996)
Comments

Predicted from an alternate ifc transcript. Significantly smaller than ifc+P321. Length unspecified.

(Endo et al., 1996)
External Data
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\ifc using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

0.26

Transcript Expression
in situ
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
embryonic stage 1 -- 3
pole plasm

Comment: maternally deposited

(Fisher et al., 2012)
organism

Comment: maternally deposited

(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 4 -- 6
organism | ubiquitous

Comment: apically cleared

(Fisher et al., 2012)
primordial germ cell
(Fisher et al., 2012)
pole plasm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 7 -- 8
primordial germ cell
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 9 -- 10
germline cell
(Fisher et al., 2012)
head mesoderm
(Fisher et al., 2012)
organism | faint | ubiquitous
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 11 -- 12
anterior midgut primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
central brain primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
garland cell primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
Malpighian tubule primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
plasmatocyte primordium

Comment: reported as plasmatocytes anlage

(Fisher et al., 2012)
posterior midgut primordium
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic stage 13 -- 16
embryonic brain
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic hindgut
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic Malpighian tubule
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic proventriculus
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic/larval garland cell
(Fisher et al., 2012)
embryonic/larval midgut
(Fisher et al., 2012)
germline cell
(Fisher et al., 2012)
northern blot
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
spermatogenesis & adult stage
spermatocyte
(Endo et al., 1996)
testis
(Endo et al., 1996)
Additional Descriptive Data

The 2.0kb ifc transcript is strongly expressed in testes. Transcripts are first detected at low levels in newly formed primary spermatocytes located close to the apical tip of the testis. The signal is at a maximum in the large primary spermatocytes located slightly further away from the apical tip and decreases in the mature primary spermatocytes. Only trace levels are detected in mutant testes.

(Endo et al., 1996)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
No Assay Recorded
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage | male
spermatocyte
(Basu and Li, 1998)
spermatid
(Basu and Li, 1998)
Nebenkern
(Basu and Li, 1998)
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
larval stage
embryonic/larval salivary gland
(Jung et al., 2017)
adult stage
rhabdomeric photoreceptor cell
(Jung et al., 2017)
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult head
(Aradska et al., 2015)
Additional Descriptive Data

ifc protein appears to be associated with mitochondria during the meiotic cycle as its distribution parallels the distribution of mitochondria as the cycle proceeds. During anaphase/telophase, labelling of the contractile ring is seen. As meiosis is completed, ifc protein becomes localized to the mitochondrial derivatives (Nebenkern) of the spermatids.

(Jung et al., 2017, Basu and Li, 1998)

ifc protein is associated with mitochondria during the meiotic cycle and later with the contractile ring. As meiosis is completed, it becomes localized to the Nebenkern.

(Basu and Li, 1998)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in endoplasmic reticulum
inferred from direct assay
(Jung et al., 2017)
located_in late endosome
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Jung et al., 2017)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\ifc in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)
  • Stages(s) 4-6
  • Stages(s) 7-8
  • Stages(s) 9-10
  • Stages(s) 11-12
  • Stages(s) 13-16
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 36 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 15 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of ifc
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of ifc
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 10 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
lethal
lethal | recessive
lethal - all die during embryonic stage | recessive
partially lethal - majority die, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
partially lethal - majority die | recessive
viable, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
Sterility
Allele
male sterile
male sterile | recessive
Other Phenotypes
Allele
abnormal cytokinesis | male | recessive
abnormal developmental rate | larval stage
abnormal neuroanatomy | larval stage
abnormal neurophysiology | adult stage | progressive | somatic clone | conditional
abnormal neurophysiology | adult stage | somatic clone
abnormal starvation stress response | adult stage
increased cell size | adult stage
some die during embryonic stage | recessive
some die during pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
adult fat body
aster
autophagosome | adult stage | somatic clone
eye | somatic clone
eye photoreceptor cell | adult stage | progressive | somatic clone | conditional
eye photoreceptor cell | somatic clone
larval central nervous system
lipid droplet | adult stage
lipid droplet | adult stage | somatic clone
meiotic cell cycle
retina | adult stage | progressive | somatic clone | conditional
retina | somatic clone
rhabdomere of eye photoreceptor cell | adult stage | progressive | somatic clone | conditional
rhabdomere of eye photoreceptor cell | somatic clone
spermatid
spermatid & nucleus
spermatocyte
spindle
testis
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (2)
Hsap\DEGS2
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Hsap\DEGS1
13 of 14
No
Yes
 
2  
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (4)
Rnor\Degs2
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Rnor\Degs1
13 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\RGD1564463
13 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\LOC498300
8 of 14
No
Yes
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (3)
Mmus\Degs2
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Mmus\Degs1
13 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\9130409I23Rik
11 of 14
No
Yes
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (6)
Xtro\degs1
10 of 13
Yes
Yes
Xtro\degs3
10 of 13
Yes
Yes
Xtro\degs2
7 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\dpp3
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\LOC100498607
1 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\mpp1
1 of 13
No
Yes
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (2)
Drer\degs2
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Drer\degs1
12 of 14
No
Yes
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (2)
Cele\ttm-5
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Cele\F33D4.4
12 of 14
No
Yes
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (2)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP012111
10 of 12
Yes
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP011402
9 of 12
No
Yes
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (1)
Atha\DES-1-LIKE
13 of 13
Yes
Yes
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (1)
Spom\dsd1
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:ifc. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 3 )
Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 1 )
Human Ortholog
Disease
Evidence
References
DEGS1; delta 4-desaturase, sphingolipid 1
model of  hypomyelinating leukodystrophy 18
IEA
(FlyBase, 2019-)
Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 2 )
Allele
Disease
Interaction
References
ifcRNAi.UAS.cUa
model of  obesity
is ameliorated by Diap1UAS.cHa
(Walls et al., 2013)
ifcKO
model of  neurodegenerative disease
is ameliorated by NoxHMS00429
(Tzou et al., 2021)
is ameliorated by NoxHMS00691
(Tzou et al., 2021)
is ameliorated by Rac1JF02813
(Tzou et al., 2021)
is ameliorated by Sod1UAS.cWa
(Tzou et al., 2021)
Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
Homo sapiens (Human)
Gene name
Score
OMIM
OMIM Phenotype
DO term
Complementation?
Transgene?
DEGS2; delta 4-desaturase, sphingolipid 2
14 of 14
610862
      DEGS1; delta 4-desaturase, sphingolipid 1
      13 of 14
      DELTA(4)-DESATURASE, SPHINGOLIPID, 1; DEGS1
       
      Functional Complementation Data
      Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
      Dmel gene
      Ortholog showing functional complementation
      Supporting References
      ifc
      Hsap\DEGS1
      (Jung et al., 2017)
      Interactions
      Summary of Physical Interactions
      Interaction Browsers
      Summary of Genetic Interactions
      Interaction Browsers
      View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
      Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
      Starting gene(s)
      Interaction type
      Interacting gene(s)
      Reference
      ifc
      suppressible
      schlank
      (Jung et al., 2017)
      ifc
      enhanceable
      Sk2
      (Walls et al., 2013)
      Starting gene(s)
      Interaction type
      Interacting gene(s)
      Reference
      Sk2
      enhanceable
      ifc
      (Walls et al., 2013)
      External Data
      Linkouts
      DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
      Pathways
      Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
      Metabolic Pathways
      FlyBase
      External Links
      FlyCyc Pathways - Pathways from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
      KEGG Metabolic Pathways - A collection of manually drawn metabolic pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
      Reactome Metabolic Pathways - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed metabolic pathway database.
      External Data
      Linkouts
      KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
      Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
      Class of Gene
      Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
      Chromosome (arm)
      2L
      Recombination map
      2-18
      Cytogenetic map
      26B2-26B2
      Sequence location
      FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
      Cytogenetic map
      Evidence for location
      26B2-26B2
      Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}chicEP713&P{EP}chicEP1095 and P{lacW}Gef26k13720
      Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
      Cytogenetic map
      Notes
      References
      26A1-26A9
      (determined by in situ hybridisation)
      (Spradling et al., 1999)
      26A-26A
      (determined by in situ hybridisation)
      (Basu and Li, 1998, Endo et al., 1996)
      26A1-26A9
      (BDGP Project Members, 1994-1999)
      Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
      Location

      2-18

      (FlyBase, 2016)

      2-19.2

      (Comeron et al., 2012)

      2-20.6

      Left of (cM)
      Right of (cM)
      (Kotarski et al., 1983)
      Notes
      Stocks and Reagents
      Stocks (19)
      Genomic Clones (17)
       

      Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

      cDNA Clones (137)
       

      Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

      cDNA clones, fully sequenced
      BDGP DGC clones
      Other clones
        Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

        For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

        cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
        BDGP DGC clones
        Other clones
        RNAi and Array Information
        Linkouts
        DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
        Antibody Information
        Laboratory Generated Antibodies
         

        polyclonal

        (Jung et al., 2017, Basu and Li, 1998)
        Commercially Available Antibodies
         
        Cell Line Information
        Publicly Available Cell Lines
         
          Other Stable Cell Lines
           
            Other Comments

            ifc encodes a protein that may act as part of an anchoring mechanism that links membrane-bounded cellular compartments to components of the cytoskeleton.

            (Basu and Li, 1998)

            ifc may be required for the initiation of meiosis during spermatogenesis, and may be required for interactions between primary spermatocytes and surrounding somatic cells.

            (Endo et al., 1996)

            Growth phase defect locus.

            (Castrillon et al., 1993)
            Relationship to Other Genes
            Source for database merge of
            Additional comments
            Nomenclature History
            Source for database identify of
            Nomenclature comments
            Etymology
            Synonyms and Secondary IDs (18)
            Datasets (0)
            Study focus (0)
            Experimental Role
            Project
            Project Type
            Title
            Study result (0)
            Result
            Result Type
            Title
            External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 53 )
            Sequence Crossreferences
            NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
            GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
            GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
            RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
            UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
            UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
            UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
            Other crossreferences
            AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
            BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
            DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
            EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
            FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
            FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
            InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
            KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
            MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
            Linkouts
            Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
            DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
            DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
            Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
            FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
            FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
            FlyCyc Pathways - Pathways from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
            Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
            Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
            FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.
            iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
            KEGG Metabolic Pathways - A collection of manually drawn metabolic pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
            KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
            Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
            Reactome Metabolic Pathways - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed metabolic pathway database.
            References (85)