FlyBase Gene Report: Dmel\E(spl)mγ-HLH

FB2025_02 , released April 17, 2025

FB2025_02 , released April 17, 2025

Gene: Dmel\E(spl)mγ-HLH

General Information

Symbol

Dmel\E(spl)mγ-HLH

Species

D. melanogaster

Name

Enhancer of split mγ, helix-loop-helix

Annotation Symbol

CG8333

Feature Type

protein_coding_gene

FlyBase ID

FBgn0002735

Gene Model Status

Stock Availability

13 publicly available

Gene Summary

Transcriptional repressor of genes that require a bHLH protein for their transcription (PubMed:24618901). May serve as a transcriptional regulator of the Achaete-scute complex (AS-C) genes (PubMed:1528887). Contributes to the neural-epidermal lineage decision during early neurogenesis (PubMed:1427040). Part of the Notch signaling pathway, plays a role in neuroblasts proliferation in embryos and larvae (PubMed:10790334, PubMed:22357926). In the larval brain, together with other self-renewal transcriptional repressors such as klu and dpn, required for type II neuroblast self-renewal and for maintaining erm in an inactive state in intermediate neural progenitors (INP) derived from type II neuroblasts (PubMed:24618901). (UniProt, Q01070)

Contribute a Gene Snapshot for this gene.

All Summaries

Alliance
Auto summary
Gene Group
UniProtKB
Interactive Fly

Also Known As

mγ, E(spl)mγ, HLHmγ, HLHmgamma, E(spl) region transcript mγ

Key Links

Genomic Location

Cytogenetic map

Sequence location

3R:25,999,851..26,000,761 [+]

Recombination map

3-89

RefSeq locus

NT_033777 REGION:25999851..26000761

Sequence

Get Decorated FASTA

Genomic Maps

Other Genome Views

The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.

Function

Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (16 terms)

Molecular Function (8 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (5 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

enables cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

inferred from direct assay

(Janssens et al., 2017)

enables DNA-binding transcription factor activity

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Li et al., 2017)

enables DNA-binding transcription factor binding

inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:sc; FB:FBgn0004170

(Giagtzoglou et al., 2003)

inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:da; FB:FBgn0267821

(Giagtzoglou et al., 2003)

enables sequence-specific DNA binding

inferred from direct assay

(Janssens et al., 2017)

inferred from direct assay

(Jennings et al., 1999)

enables sequence-specific double-stranded DNA binding

inferred from direct assay

(Li et al., 2017)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

enables DNA binding

inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR003650

(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)

enables protein dimerization activity

inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR011598, InterPro:IPR036638

(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)

enables RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN004213585

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

Biological Process (7 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (5 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

involved_in negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Li et al., 2017)

inferred from direct assay

(Giagtzoglou et al., 2003)

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Giagtzoglou et al., 2003)

involved_in neuronal stem cell population maintenance

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Liu et al., 2017)

inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:Su(Tpl); FB:FBgn0014037

(Liu et al., 2017)

inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:Cdk9; FB:FBgn0019949

(Liu et al., 2017)

inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:lilli; FB:FBgn0041111

(Liu et al., 2017)

involved_in positive regulation of neuroblast proliferation

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Berger et al., 2012)

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Zacharioudaki et al., 2012)

involved_in regulation of neuroblast proliferation

inferred from genetic interaction with UniProtKB:Q9VQ56

(Janssens et al., 2014)

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Janssens et al., 2017)

inferred from genetic interaction with UniProtKB:Q94517

(Janssens et al., 2017)

involved_in wing disc dorsal/ventral pattern formation

inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:Bx; FB:FBgn0265598,FLYBASE:ap; FB:FBgn0267978

(Bejarano et al., 2008)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

involved_in regulation of DNA-templated transcription

inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR003650

(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)

involved_in regulation of neurogenesis

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000105428

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

Cellular Component (1 term)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)

CV Term

Evidence

References

located_in nucleus

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Li et al., 2017)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)

CV Term

Evidence

References

is_active_in nucleus

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN004213585

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

Gene Group (FlyBase)

ENHANCER OF SPLIT GENE COMPLEX

BASIC HELIX-LOOP-HELIX TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS

Protein Family (UniProt)

-

Protein Signatures (InterPro)

Summaries

Gene Group (FlyBase)

ENHANCER OF SPLIT GENE COMPLEX -: The Enhancer of split complex (E(spl)-C) of D.mel is a well characterized genetic locus on chromosome 3R containing 12 genes - with the exception of Kaz-m1, all are Notch responsive. Seven genes are basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors, four are bearded family genes. Kaz-m1 is unrelated, sharing some sequence similarity to Kazal class protease inhibitors. (Adapted from FBrf0211195).
BASIC HELIX-LOOP-HELIX TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS -: Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors are sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins that regulate transcription. They are characterized by a 60 amino acid region comprising a basic DNA binding domain followed by a HLH motif formed from two amphipathic α-helices connected by a loop. bHLH transcription factors form homo- and hetero-dimeric complexes, which bind to a E box consensus sequence. (Adapted from PMID:15186484).

Protein Function (UniProtKB)

Transcriptional repressor of genes that require a bHLH protein for their transcription (PubMed:24618901). May serve as a transcriptional regulator of the Achaete-scute complex (AS-C) genes (PubMed:1528887). Contributes to the neural-epidermal lineage decision during early neurogenesis (PubMed:1427040). Part of the Notch signaling pathway, plays a role in neuroblasts proliferation in embryos and larvae (PubMed:10790334, PubMed:22357926). In the larval brain, together with other self-renewal transcriptional repressors such as klu and dpn, required for type II neuroblast self-renewal and for maintaining erm in an inactive state in intermediate neural progenitors (INP) derived from type II neuroblasts (PubMed:24618901).

(UniProt, Q01070)

Gene Model and Products

Number of Transcripts

1

Number of Unique Polypeptides

1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\E(spl)mγ-HLH for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)

Isoform displayed:

Pfam protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Protein Domains (via SMART)

Isoform displayed:

SMART protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Structure

Protein 3D structure (Predicted by AlphaFold) (AlphaFold entry Q01070)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.

Model Confidence:

Very high (pLDDT > 90)
Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures

Crossreferences

Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.42

Gene model reviewed during 5.53

Transcript Data

Annotated Transcripts

Name

FlyBase ID

RefSeq ID

Length (nt)

Assoc. CDS (aa)

E(spl)mγ-HLH-RA

FBtr0084955

911

205

Additional Transcript Data and Comments

Reported size (kB)

Comments

External Data

Crossreferences

Polypeptide Data

Annotated Polypeptides

Name

FlyBase ID

Predicted MW (kDa)

Length (aa)

Theoretical pI

UniProt

RefSeq ID

GenBank

E(spl)mγ-HLH-PA

FBpp0084329

23.1

205

7.24

Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

There is only one protein coding transcript and one polypeptide associated with this gene

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments

Reported size (kDa)

Comments

The predicted protein products of the seven HLH

genes in the E(spl) complex exhibit a great degree of sequence

similarity extending over the first 120 amino acids of the proteins. The

carboxy terminus is unique for each except for the terminal 4 amino acids,

which are identical in all of the proteins.

(Delidakis and Artavanis-Tsakonas, 1992)

External Data

Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Homodimer (PubMed:22357926). Heterodimer with dpn (PubMed:22357926). Might form higher-order oligomers (PubMed:22357926). Transcription repression requires formation of a complex with a corepressor protein (Groucho) (By similarity).

(UniProt, Q01070)

Domain

Has a particular type of basic domain (presence of a helix-interrupting proline) that binds to the N-box (CACNAG), rather than the canonical E-box (CANNTG).

The C-terminal WRPW motif is a transcriptional repression domain necessary for the interaction with Groucho, a transcriptional corepressor recruited to specific target DNA by Hairy-related proteins.

(UniProt, Q01070)

Crossreferences

InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites

Linkouts

Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model

Nucleotide / Polypeptide Records

Q01070

Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\E(spl)mγ-HLH using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data

Crossreferences

Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.

E(spl)mgamma-HLH_1

Linkouts

Expression Data

Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.32

Transcript Expression

in situ

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

embryonic stage 7 -- 8

antennal anlage

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage

(Fisher et al., 2012)

central brain anlage

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage

(Fisher et al., 2012)

dorsal head epidermis anlage

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage

(Fisher et al., 2012)

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage

(Fisher et al., 2012)

ventral ectoderm

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic stage 8 -- 11

ventral neurectoderm

(Wech et al., 1999)

proneural cluster

(Wech et al., 1999)

embryonic stage 9

Comment: transiently expressed

(Wech et al., 1999)

embryonic stage 9 -- 10

antennal primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

central brain primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

visual primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

dorsal head epidermis primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

lateral head epidermis primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

ventral head epidermis primordium

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

ventral ectoderm

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic stage 11 -- 12

antennal primordium

Comment: reported as procephalon primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

central brain primordium

Comment: reported as procephalon primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

dorsal head epidermis primordium

Comment: reported as procephalon primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

lateral head epidermis primordium

Comment: reported as procephalon primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

ventral head epidermis primordium

Comment: reported as procephalon primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

visual primordium

Comment: reported as procephalon primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

anterior midgut primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

hindgut proper primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

pars intercerebralis primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

stomatogastric nervous system primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic stage 12 -- 15

embryonic head segment

(Wech et al., 1999)

embryonic thoracic segment

(Wech et al., 1999)

embryonic stage 13 -- 16

embryonic pars intercerebralis

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic primordium of adult eye

Comment: reported as visual system

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic stomatogastric nervous system

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic optic lobe primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

third instar larval stage

proneural cluster | subset of wing disc

(Nellesen et al., 1999)

prepupal stage P4

external sensory organ precursor cell of wing margin bristle

(Nellesen et al., 1999)

RT-PCR

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

wandering third instar larval stage

(Maeder et al., 2009)

(Maeder et al., 2009)

Additional Descriptive Data

E(spl) genes were found to be differentially expressed during metamorphosis. E(spl)mγ-HLH is the only gene to decrease in expression at puparium formation.

(Maeder et al., 2009)

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Polypeptide Expression

Additional Descriptive Data

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Evidence

References

located_in nucleus

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Li et al., 2017)

Expression Deduced from Reporters

Reporter: P{E(spl)mγ-HLH-GFP}

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

third instar larval stage

larval inner optic anlage | restricted

(Weng et al., 2012)

larval outer optic anlage | restricted

(Weng et al., 2012)

Reporter: P{E(spl)mγ-HLH-lacZ.1.2}

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

embryonic stage 9 -- 10

ventral neurectoderm

(Nellesen et al., 1999)

third instar larval stage

proneural cluster | subset of wing disc

Comment: not expressed in proneural clusters of mesothoracic tergum primordium or presumptive wing margin

(Nellesen et al., 1999)

prepupal stage P4

external sensory organ precursor cell of wing margin bristle

Comment: reference states 6-8 hours APF; expressed in developing sense organs but excluded from developing neurons

(Nellesen et al., 1999)

external sensory organ precursor cell of mesothoracic bristle

Comment: reference states 10 hours APF; expression excluded from microchaeta precursors

(Nellesen et al., 1999)

external sensory organ precursor cell of microchaeta of adult ventral external mesothorax

Comment: reference states 19 hours APF

(Nellesen et al., 1999)

High-Throughput Expression Data

Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\E(spl)mγ-HLH in JBrowse

RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region

View exonic expression by developmental stage for Dmel\E(spl)mγ-HLH

View exonic expression by tissue for Dmel\E(spl)mγ-HLH

Bulk Downloads

RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes

Reference

See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.

Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle

Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis

External Data and Images

Linkouts

BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis

FBgn0002735

DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species

43151/tissue=All

EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species

FBgn0002735

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

FBgn0002735

FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data

FBgn0002735

Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut

FBgn0002735

Images

Image Based Resources

Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations

Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 9 )

For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show

Other relevant insertions

Transgenic Constructs ( 28 )

For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show

Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of E(spl)mγ-HLH

Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of E(spl)mγ-HLH

Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 13 )

Inferred from experimentation ( 13 )

Gene disrupted in

(Heitzler et al., 1996)

Df(3R)E(spl)δ-6

(Bardin et al., 2010, Chanet et al., 2009)

Df(3R)E(spl)Δmγ-mβ-DK33-10.1

(Babaoğlan et al., 2013)

(Heitzler et al., 1996)

Df(3R)gro^b32.2

(Ligoxygakis et al., 1998, de Celis et al., 1997, de Celis et al., 1996, Heitzler et al., 1996)

(Cooper and Bray, 1999)

(Nagel et al., 2000)

Gene duplicated in

Dp(3;2)E(spl)δ-8Δα46

(Chanet et al., 2009)

Dp(3;2)E(spl)δ-8

(Chanet et al., 2009)

Dp(3;2)E(spl)-m3^null,mβ^null

(Bivik et al., 2016)

Dp(3;2)E(spl)-m3^null,mδ^null

(Bivik et al., 2016)

Dp(3;2)E(spl)-m3^null

(Bivik et al., 2016)

Gene partially disrupted in

(Wurmbach and Preiss, 2014)

Inferred from location ( 6 )

Variants

Variant Molecular Consequences

Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants

Phenotypes

For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.

Lethality

Allele

lethal - all die during embryonic stage, with Scer\GAL4^elav-C155

E(spl)mγ-HLH^UAS.cLa

viable, with Dcr-2^UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu

E(spl)mγ-HLH^GD4459

viable, with Scer\GAL4^Mef2.PR

E(spl)mγ-HLH^GD4459

viable, with Scer\GAL4^pnr-MD237

E(spl)mγ-HLH^GD4459

viable, with Scer\GAL4^tin.CΔ4

E(spl)mγ-HLH^GD4459

Other Phenotypes

Allele

abnormal neuroanatomy, with Scer\GAL4^GMR9D11

E(spl)mγ-HLH^UAS.cLa

abnormal neuroanatomy | embryonic stage (with Df(3R)BSC751)

E(spl)mγ-HLH^null

abnormal neuroanatomy | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^insc-Mz1407

E(spl)mγ-HLH^UAS.cLb

increased cell number, with Scer\GAL4^insc-Mz1407

E(spl)mγ-HLH^UAS.cBa

increased cell number | embryonic stage (with Df(3R)BSC751)

E(spl)mγ-HLH^null

increased cell number | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^insc-Mz1407

E(spl)mγ-HLH^UAS.cLb

visible, with Scer\GAL4^32B

E(spl)mγ-HLH^UAS.cLa

visible, with Scer\GAL4^455.2

E(spl)mγ-HLH^UAS.cLa

visible, with Scer\GAL4^ap-md544

E(spl)mγ-HLH^UAS.cLa

visible, with Scer\GAL4^Bx-MS1096

E(spl)mγ-HLH^{UAS.ORF.GW.Tag:HA}

visible, with Scer\GAL4^h-1J3

E(spl)mγ-HLH^UAS.cLa

visible, with Scer\GAL4^pnr-MD237

E(spl)mγ-HLH^KNEQ.UAS

visible, with Scer\GAL4^sca-537.4

E(spl)mγ-HLH^UAS.cLa

Phenotype manifest in

Allele

adult thorax, with Scer\GAL4^pnr-MD237

E(spl)mγ-HLH^KNEQ.UAS

apterous-expressing neuron of the lateral cluster of the thorax | embryonic stage | increased number (with Df(3R)BSC751)

E(spl)mγ-HLH^null

chordotonal organ precursor cell & ventral thoracic disc, with Scer\GAL4^sca-109-68

E(spl)mγ-HLH^UAS.cLa

dorsal row & sensory mother cell, with Scer\GAL4^ap-md544

E(spl)mγ-HLH^UAS.cLa

larval brain | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^insc-Mz1407

E(spl)mγ-HLH^UAS.cLb

larval EL neuron | embryonic stage | increased number (with Df(3R)BSC751)

E(spl)mγ-HLH^null

larval neuroblast | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^insc-Mz1407

E(spl)mγ-HLH^UAS.cBa

macrochaeta, with Scer\GAL4^pnr-MD237

E(spl)mγ-HLH^KNEQ.UAS

macrochaeta, with Scer\GAL4^sca-537.4

E(spl)mγ-HLH^UAS.cLa

microchaeta, with Scer\GAL4^pnr-MD237

E(spl)mγ-HLH^KNEQ.UAS

neuroblast | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^insc-Mz1407

E(spl)mγ-HLH^UAS.cLb

scutellar bristle, with Scer\GAL4^455.2

E(spl)mγ-HLH^UAS.cLa

scutum & macrochaeta, with Scer\GAL4^ap-md544

E(spl)mγ-HLH^UAS.cLa

scutum & macrochaeta, with Scer\GAL4^h-1J3

E(spl)mγ-HLH^UAS.cLa

scutum & microchaeta, with Scer\GAL4^32B

E(spl)mγ-HLH^UAS.cLa

scutum & microchaeta, with Scer\GAL4^ap-md544

E(spl)mγ-HLH^UAS.cLa

type II neuroblast, with Scer\GAL4^GMR9D11

E(spl)mγ-HLH^UAS.cLa

wing, with Scer\GAL4^Bx-MS1096

E(spl)mγ-HLH^{UAS.ORF.GW.Tag:HA}

wing margin bristle, with Scer\GAL4^32B

E(spl)mγ-HLH^UAS.cLa

wing vein, with Scer\GAL4^32B

E(spl)mγ-HLH^UAS.cLa

Orthologs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Orthologs

Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Species\Gene Symbol

Score

Best Score

Best Reverse Score

Source

Alignment

Complementation?

Transgene?

Homo sapiens (Human) (19)

5 of 14

Yes

No

5 of 14

Yes

No

5 of 14

Yes

No

1

5 of 14

Yes

Yes

4 of 14

No

Yes

4 of 14

No

Yes

2

4 of 14

No

Yes

3 of 14

No

No

3 of 14

No

No

3 of 14

No

No

3 of 14

No

No

1

3 of 14

No

No

1

3 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1

1 of 14

No

No

1

1 of 14

No

No

4

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

Yes

Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Species\Gene Symbol

Score

Best Score

Best Reverse Score

Source

Alignment

Complementation?

Transgene?

Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (16)

6 of 14

Yes

Yes

5 of 14

No

No

5 of 14

No

No

4 of 14

No

Yes

4 of 14

No

Yes

3 of 14

No

Yes

3 of 14

No

No

3 of 14

No

No

3 of 14

No

No

3 of 14

No

No

2 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

Yes

Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (15)

6 of 14

Yes

No

5 of 14

No

No

4 of 14

No

Yes

4 of 14

No

Yes

4 of 14

No

Yes

4 of 14

No

Yes

3 of 14

No

No

3 of 14

No

Yes

3 of 14

No

No

3 of 14

No

No

3 of 14

No

No

3 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (30)

4 of 13

Yes

Yes

3 of 13

No

No

3 of 13

No

No

3 of 13

No

Yes

3 of 13

No

No

2 of 13

No

Yes

2 of 13

No

No

2 of 13

No

No

2 of 13

No

No

2 of 13

No

No

2 of 13

No

Yes

Xtro\LOC116412194

2 of 13

No

Yes

1 of 13

No

Yes

1 of 13

No

Yes

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

Xtro\gnrhr2/nmi

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

Yes

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

Yes

Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (31)

7 of 14

Yes

Yes

7 of 14

Yes

Yes

6 of 14

No

Yes

6 of 14

No

Yes

5 of 14

No

No

5 of 14

No

No

5 of 14

No

Yes

4 of 14

No

Yes

4 of 14

No

Yes

4 of 14

No

Yes

4 of 14

No

Yes

3 of 14

No

No

3 of 14

No

No

3 of 14

No

Yes

3 of 14

No

No

3 of 14

No

No

3 of 14

No

No

3 of 14

No

No

3 of 14

No

No

3 of 14

No

No

3 of 14

No

No

2 of 14

No

No

2 of 14

No

No

2 of 14

No

No

2 of 14

No

No

2 of 14

No

No

2 of 14

No

Yes

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

1 of 14

No

No

Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (2)

5 of 14

Yes

Yes

1 of 14

No

Yes

Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (7)

Agam\AgaP_AGAP012342

10 of 12

Yes

Yes

Agam\AgaP_AGAP006699

3 of 12

No

No

Agam\AgaP_AGAP012346

3 of 12

No

No

Agam\AgaP_AGAP003844

2 of 12

No

No

Agam\AgaP_AGAP007450

2 of 12

No

No

Agam\AgaP_AGAP005655

1 of 12

No

No

Agam\AgaP_AGAP012873

1 of 12

No

No

Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (10)

1 of 13

Yes

Yes

1 of 13

Yes

Yes

1 of 13

Yes

No

1 of 13

Yes

Yes

1 of 13

Yes

Yes

1 of 13

Yes

Yes

1 of 13

Yes

Yes

1 of 13

Yes

Yes

1 of 13

Yes

No

1 of 13

Yes

No

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)

Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)

Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)

Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)

Data provided directly from OrthoDB:E(spl)mγ-HLH. Refer to their site for version information.

Paralogs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Paralogs

Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Gene Symbol

Score

Source

Alignment

Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (13)

11 of 13

9 of 13

9 of 13

7 of 13

6 of 13

6 of 13

6 of 13

6 of 13

5 of 13

5 of 13

5 of 13

4 of 13

1 of 13

Human Disease Associations

FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports

cancer, neural stem cell, HES (bHLH TF)-related

Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations

Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 3 )

Allele

Disease

Evidence

References

E(spl)mγ-HLH^GFP

model of central nervous system cancer

CEA

(Voutyraki et al., 2022)

E(spl)mγ-HLH^UAS.cLa

model of central nervous system cancer

CEA

(Zacharioudaki et al., 2016)

E(spl)mγ-HLH^UAS.Tag:HA

model of central nervous system cancer

CEA with E(spl)m8-HLH^UAS.Tag:HA

(Magadi et al., 2020)

CEA

(Voutyraki et al., 2022)

Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )

Human Ortholog

Disease

Evidence

References

Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )

Allele

Disease

Interaction

References

Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)

Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.

Homo sapiens (Human)

Gene name

Score

OMIM

OMIM Phenotype

DO term

Complementation?

Transgene?

HES1; hes family bHLH transcription factor 1

5 of 14

HES2; hes family bHLH transcription factor 2

5 of 14

HES4; hes family bHLH transcription factor 4

5 of 14

HES6; hes family bHLH transcription factor 6

5 of 14

BHLHE40; basic helix-loop-helix family member e40

4 of 14

BHLHE41; basic helix-loop-helix family member e41

4 of 14

SHORT SLEEP, FAMILIAL NATURAL, 1; FNSS1

HES3; hes family bHLH transcription factor 3

4 of 14

HELT; helt bHLH transcription factor

3 of 14

HES5; hes family bHLH transcription factor 5

3 of 14

HES7; hes family bHLH transcription factor 7

3 of 14

SPONDYLOCOSTAL DYSOSTOSIS 4, AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE; SCDO4

spondylocostal dysostosis 4

HEY1; hes related family bHLH transcription factor with YRPW motif 1

3 of 14

HEY2; hes related family bHLH transcription factor with YRPW motif 2

3 of 14

HEYL; hes related family bHLH transcription factor with YRPW motif like

3 of 14

Functional Complementation Data

Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.

Interactions

Summary of Physical Interactions

Interaction Browsers

View in FlyBase Interactions Browser View in MIST tool (external link)

Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details

RNA-RNA

Physical Interaction

Assay

References

E(spl)mγ-HLH - mir-4

fluorescence technology

(Lai et al., 2005)

E(spl)mγ-HLH - mir-7

fluorescence technology

(Lai et al., 2005)

E(spl)mγ-HLH - mir-79

fluorescence technology

(Lai et al., 2005)

protein-protein

Physical Interaction

Assay

References

(Alifragis et al., 1997)

E(spl)mγ-HLH - CG8388

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

E(spl)mγ-HLH - E(spl)m3-HLH

(Alifragis et al., 1997)

E(spl)mγ-HLH - E(spl)m5-HLH

(Alifragis et al., 1997)

E(spl)mγ-HLH - E(spl)m7-HLH

(Alifragis et al., 1997)

E(spl)mγ-HLH - E(spl)m8-HLH

(Zarifi et al., 2012, Alifragis et al., 1997)

E(spl)mγ-HLH - E(spl)mβ-HLH

(Alifragis et al., 1997)

E(spl)mγ-HLH - E(spl)mδ-HLH

(Alifragis et al., 1997)

E(spl)mγ-HLH - Ets65A

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

E(spl)mγ-HLH - Gsc

(Hu et al., 2017.6.13)

E(spl)mγ-HLH - Hey

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

E(spl)mγ-HLH - Rel

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

E(spl)mγ-HLH - Ubx

bimolecular fluorescence complementation, fluorescence microscopy

(Bischof et al., 2018)

E(spl)mγ-HLH - ac

(Alifragis et al., 1997)

E(spl)mγ-HLH - ase

(Alifragis et al., 1997)

E(spl)mγ-HLH - da

one hybrid, two hybrid

(Zarifi et al., 2012, Alifragis et al., 1997)

E(spl)mγ-HLH - dgrn

pull down, autoradiography

(Barry et al., 2011)

E(spl)mγ-HLH - dpn

electrophoretic mobility shift assay, electrophoretic mobility supershift assay, autoradiography, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot

(Komori et al., 2018, Zacharioudaki et al., 2012)

E(spl)mγ-HLH - gro

two hybrid, pull down, autoradiography, inferred by curator

(Jennings et al., 2006, Poortinga et al., 1998, Alifragis et al., 1997)

E(spl)mγ-HLH - insb

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot, two hybrid

(Komori et al., 2018, Hu et al., 2017.6.13)

E(spl)mγ-HLH - sc

one hybrid, two hybrid

(Zarifi et al., 2012, Poortinga et al., 1998, Alifragis et al., 1997)

E(spl)mγ-HLH - sina

(Hu et al., 2017.6.13)

E(spl)mγ-HLH - vnd

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

Summary of Genetic Interactions

Interaction Browsers

View in FlyBase Interactions Browser View in MIST tool (external link)

Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

suppressible

(Liu et al., 2017)

suppressible

(Janssens et al., 2014)

suppressible

(Liu et al., 2017)

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

suppressible

(Janssens et al., 2014)

enhanceable

(Janssens et al., 2014)

enhanceable

(Janssens et al., 2014)

suppressible

Cdk9|E(spl)mγ-HLH

(Liu et al., 2017)

enhanceable

(Ligoxygakis et al., 1999)

suppressible

(Ligoxygakis et al., 1999)

suppressible

(Rajan et al., 2023)

suppressible

(Giagtzoglou et al., 2003)

enhanceable

(Liu et al., 2017)

External Data

Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Homodimer (PubMed:22357926). Heterodimer with dpn (PubMed:22357926). Might form higher-order oligomers (PubMed:22357926). Transcription repression requires formation of a complex with a corepressor protein (Groucho) (By similarity).

(UniProt, Q01070 )

Linkouts

BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.

68051

DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.

FBgn0002735

MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

43151

MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

43151

Pathways

Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)

Metabolic Pathways

FlyBase

External Links

External Data

Linkouts

Class of Gene

protein_coding_gene

Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data

Chromosome (arm)

3R

Recombination map

3-89

Cytogenetic map

Sequence location

3R:25,999,851..26,000,761 [+]

FlyBase Computed Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Evidence for location

96F9-96F9

Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}l(3)rQ197^rQ197 and P{lacW}scrib^j7B3

Experimentally Determined Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Notes

References

96F11-96F14

(Lai, 1997.7.30)

Experimentally Determined Recombination Data

Location

3-89

(FlyBase, 2016, Lai, 1997.7.30)

3-87.4

(Comeron et al., 2012)

3-89.1

Left of (cM)

Right of (cM)

Notes

Stocks and Reagents

Stocks (13)

Aberrations including deletions of this gene Aberrations including duplications of this gene

46372

w¹¹¹⁸; P{GMR57D02-GAL4}attP2

25978

y¹ v¹; P{TRiP.JF02000}attP2

66401

y¹ w^*; P{E(spl)mγ-HLH-GFP.FPTB}attP40/CyO

43606

y¹ w^*; Mi{MIC}E(spl)mγ-HLH^MI07190

91815

y¹ sc^* v¹ sev²¹; P{TOE.GS02345}attP40

61158

w^*; E(spl)mγ-HLH^G50D/TM3, P{GAL4-twi.G}2.3, P{UAS-2xEGFP}AH2.3, Sb¹ Ser¹

F003321

M{UAS-E(spl)mγ-HLH.ORF-CC}ZH-21F

F000131

M{UAS-E(spl)mγ-HLH.ORF.3xHA.GW}ZH-86Fb

8333R-1

HMC03315

y¹ sc^* v¹ sev²¹; P{TRiP.HMC03315}attP2

v10950

w¹¹¹⁸; P{GD4459}v10950/TM3

v341694

P{hsFLP}1, y¹ w¹¹¹⁸; P{HD_CFD00798}attP40/CyO-GFP

More stocks available...

Genomic Clones (14)

Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

cDNA Clones (11)

Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

cDNA clones, fully sequenced

BDGP DGC clones

IP08862

Other clones

DPiM_IP08862

Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

FBgn0002735

cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)

BDGP DGC clones

Other clones

RNAi and Array Information

Linkouts

DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens

FBgn0002735

Antibody Information

Laboratory Generated Antibodies

Commercially Available Antibodies

Cell Line Information

Publicly Available Cell Lines

Other Stable Cell Lines

Other Comments

The distinct expression patterns of genes of the E(spl) complex in imaginal tissues depend to a significant degree on the capacity of their transcriptional cis-regulatory apparatus to respond selectively to direct proneural and Su(H)-mediated activation, often in a subset of the territories and cells in which proneural and Su(H) regulation is occurring. The m4 and HLHmγ enhancers are distinctly similar though the genes are expressed in dissimilar patterns in the wing disc. The HLHmγ enhancer shows a selective response to the N signalling pathway.

(Nellesen et al., 1999)

N-inducible expression of HLHmδ and HLHmγ both in cultured cells and in vivo is dependent on functional Su(H) protein.

(Eastman et al., 1997)

The bHLH domains of the gene products encoded by the E(spl)-C and AS-C differ in their ability to form homo- and/or heterodimers. The interactions established through the bHLH link the products of the two complexes in a single interaction network which may function to ensure that a given cell retains the capacity to choose between epidermoblast and neuroblast fates until the cell becomes definitively determined.

(Gigliani et al., 1996)

Clones mutant for E(spl)-C bHLH-encoding genes or for gro display bristle hyperplasia. The E(spl)-C genes participate in the N signalling pathway. E(spl)-C mutants are epistatic over a gain of function mutant of N and ac-sc mutants are epistatic over E(spl)-C mutants.

(Heitzler et al., 1996)

The expression pattern of proneural genes of the AS-C and neurogenic genes of the E(spl)-C are examined in the procephlon and a map of the cells is constructed.

(Younossi-Hartenstein et al., 1996)

Almost all E(spl)-complex bHLH proteins can homo-hetero-dimerise, but not with the same efficiency. All E(spl)-complex bHLH proteins interact with gro protein via their C-terminal domain. E(spl)-complex bHLH proteins interact with proneural proteins, with members of the E(spl) family exhibiting distinct preferences for different proneural proteins.

(Alifragis et al., 1995)

The bristle loss phenotype of H mutants can be suppressed by deleting components of the E(spl)-complex. The degree of suppression depends on both the number and identity of E(spl)-complex transcription units removed.

(Bang et al., 1995)

Gel retardation experiments demonstrate the 5' regulatory region contains putative in vitro binding sites for Su(H).

(Lecourtois and Schweisguth, 1995)

Arrangement and sequence of E(spl)-complex genes in D.melanogaster and D.hydei revealed that the E(spl)-gene, and the structure of complex are highly conserved, suggesting that each individual gene, as well as the organization of the complex, is of functional importance.

(Maier et al., 1993)

E(spl) region gene encoding HLH protein identified by low stringency hybridization to previously defined HLHm5 and HLHm7 probes. On basis of cross-hybridization and sequence data the E(spl) HLH genes can be placed into 3 groups. The first includes E(spl) and HLHm5, the second includes HLHm7, HLHm3, HLHmA and HLHmB and the last includes HLHmC.

(Delidakis and Artavanis-Tsakonas, 1992)

Direction of transcription of HLHmγ reported is at odds with that reported in Delidakis et al., PNAS 89:8731--8735 .

(Knust et al., 1992)

Molecular analysis established identity of HLHmβ, HLHmγ and HLHmδ with HLHmA, HLHmB and HLHmC of Delidakis et al., respectively. HLHm3, HLHmβ, HLHmγ and HLHmδ encode helix-loop-helix proteins, bringing the total of such proteins in the E(spl) complex to seven.

(Knust et al., 1992)

Genes of the E(spl) complex act as a functional unit composed of redundant genes which can partially substitute for each other. Eight E(spl)-region genes are required for the development of neurectodermal cells: HLHmδ, HLHmβ, HLHmγ, HLHm3, HLHm5, HLHm7, E(spl) and gro. The E(spl)-region gene m4 may also play a role in this process.

(Schrons et al., 1992)

Relationship to Other Genes

Source for database merge of

Additional comments

Nomenclature History

Source for database identify of

Source for identity of: E(spl)mγ-HLH HLHmγ

(Artavanis-Tsakonas et al., 2012.8.8)

Nomenclature comments

Etymology

Synonyms and Secondary IDs (42)

Reported As

Symbol Synonym

CG8333

(Hosono et al., 2015, Ibrahim et al., 2013, Ni et al., 2010.12.1, Krejcí et al., 2009, Perkins et al., 2009.1.15, Bhutkar et al., 2008, Stevens et al., 2008, Stevens et al., 2008, Schlatter and Maier, 2005)

Dm-mB

(Trott et al., 2001)

E(Spl) HLH-m gamma

(Knust, 1992.6.22)

E(spl) m gamma

(Yedvobnick and Kumar, 2001)

E(spl) mg

(Kux et al., 2013)

E(spl) mgamma

(Eastman and Maeder, 2008, Bray et al., 1997)

E(spl) mγ

(Zhan et al., 2013)

E(spl)-Mγ

(Jozwick and Bidwai, 2023)

E(spl)-mγ

(Bahrampour and Thor, 2020, Nellesen and Posakony, 1997)

E(spl)Mγ

(Liu et al., 2017, Jennings et al., 1999)

E(spl)m-gamma

(Caygill and Brand, 2017)

E(spl)mB

(Ledent and Vervoort, 2001, Liang and Biggin, 1998)

E(spl)mgamma

(Michaut et al., 2011, Eastman and Eby, 2004)

E(spl)mgamma-HLH

(Collins et al., 2024, Drewell et al., 2024, Brunet Avalos et al., 2019, Bischof et al., 2018, Transgenic RNAi Project members, 2017-)

E(spl)mγ

(Sood et al., 2024, Tam and Rand, 2024, Keegan et al., 2023, Rajan et al., 2023, Voutyraki et al., 2023, Ray and Li, 2022, Voutyraki et al., 2022, Rajan et al., 2021, Feng et al., 2020, Li et al., 2020, Magadi et al., 2020, Contreras et al., 2018, Komori et al., 2018, Wissel et al., 2018, Janssens et al., 2017, Prince and Rand, 2017, Zacharioudaki et al., 2016, Janssens et al., 2014, Tseng et al., 2014, Babaoğlan et al., 2013, Carney et al., 2012, Engel et al., 2012, Weng et al., 2012, Zacharioudaki et al., 2012, Barry et al., 2011, Duan et al., 2011, Monastirioti et al., 2010, Krejcí et al., 2009, del Alamo and Mlodzik, 2008, Powell et al., 2008, Lai et al., 2005, Giagtzoglou et al., 2003, Lai, 2002, Rebeiz et al., 2002, Bishop et al., 1999, Cooper and Bray, 1999, Ligoxygakis et al., 1999, Fisher and Caudy, 1998, Lai et al., 1998, Leviten et al., 1997, Sun and Artavanis-Tsakonas, 1996)

E(spl)mγ-HLH

(Josserand et al., 2023, Logeay et al., 2022, Ferguson et al., 2021, Cho et al., 2020, Shokri et al., 2019, Hu et al., 2017.6.13, Xu et al., 2017, Schertel et al., 2015, Wurmbach and Preiss, 2014)

E(spl)γ

(Bejarano et al., 2008, Bray et al., 1998)

EE(spl)mγ-HLH

(Slaidina et al., 2021)

Enhancer of split mγ

(Rice et al., 2020)

HLH-mγ

(Campos-Ortega, 1993)

HLHMγ

(Schaaf et al., 2013)

HLHmB

HLHmgamma

(Neville et al., 2014, Schaaf et al., 2013, Short and Lazzaro, 2013, Southall et al., 2013, Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21, Johnson et al., 2011, Toku et al., 2011, Aerts et al., 2010, Cunha et al., 2010, Krejcí et al., 2009, Magalhaes et al., 2007, Hoskins et al., 2005)

HLHmγ

(Hassan et al., 2020, Eroglu et al., 2014, Ibrahim et al., 2013, Southall et al., 2013, Berger et al., 2012, Duncan and Dearden, 2010, Monastirioti et al., 2010, Schaaf et al., 2009, Southall and Brand, 2009, Bhutkar et al., 2008, Lu et al., 2008, Maeder et al., 2007, Reeves and Posakony, 2005)

HlHmg

(Ibrahim et al., 2013)

Mγ

(Bandyopadhyay et al., 2016, Delwig and Rand, 2008, Nagel et al., 1999)

anon-EST:Liang-1.49

bHLHb34

(Stevens et al., 2008)

clone 1.49

(Liang and Biggin, 1998)

e(spl)mgamma

(Michaut et al., 2003)

mB

(Delidakis and Artavanis-Tsakonas, 1992)

mg

(Kux et al., 2013)

mgamma

(Eastman et al., 2007, Eastman and Eby, 2003)

mγ

(Couturier et al., 2019, Singh et al., 2019, Bivik et al., 2016, Horvath et al., 2016, Kux et al., 2013, Rebeiz et al., 2012, San Juan et al., 2012, Zarifi et al., 2012, Cave et al., 2011, Bardin et al., 2010, Duncan and Dearden, 2010, Chanet et al., 2009, Maeder et al., 2009, Rand et al., 2008, Goodfellow et al., 2007, Krejci and Bray, 2007, Giagtzoglou et al., 2005, Kan and Kessler, 2005, Macdonald and Long, 2005, Macdonald et al., 2005, Schlatter and Maier, 2005, Nagel et al., 2004, Kumar and Moses, 2001, Kumar and Moses, 2001, Kumar and Moses, 2000, Lai et al., 2000, Nellesen et al., 1999, Wech et al., 1999, Wurmbach et al., 1999, zur Lage and Jarman, 1999, Lai and Posakony, 1998, Ligoxygakis et al., 1998, Ligoxygakis et al., 1998, Eastman et al., 1997, Eastman et al., 1997, Preiss et al., 1997, Baker et al., 1996, de Celis et al., 1996, Gigliani et al., 1996, Hartenstein et al., 1996, Heitzler et al., 1996, Alifragis et al., 1995, Alifragis et al., 1995, Bailey and Posakony, 1995, Bang et al., 1995, Lecourtois and Schweisguth, 1995, Tepass and Hartenstein, 1995, Knust et al., 1991)

γ

(Ibrahim et al., 2013)

Name Synonyms

E(spl) region transcript g

(Ibrahim et al., 2013)

E(spl) region transcript mγ

(Krejcí et al., 2009, Zhou et al., 2008, Rehmsmeier et al., 2004)

Enhancer of split

(Castillo et al., 2015)

Enhancer of split mgamma

(Lai, 1997.7.30)

Enhancer of split mγ, helix-loop-helix

Enhancer of split region transcript HLHmB

mgamma

(Castillo et al., 2015)

split locus enhancer protein mB

(Delidakis, 1992.9.29)

Secondary FlyBase IDs

Datasets (0)

Study focus (0)

Experimental Role

Project

Project Type

Title

Study result (0)

Result

Result Type

Title

External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 70 )

Sequence Crossreferences

NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.

43151

GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.

GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.

RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.

UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.

Q01070

UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information

Q01070

Other crossreferences

AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.

Q01070

BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis

FBgn0002735

DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species

43151/tissue=All

EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species

FBgn0002735

FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data

FBgn0002735

FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics

FBgn0002735

InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites

KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.

dme:Dmel_CG8333

MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)

43151

Linkouts

BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.

68051

Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones

FBgn0002735

DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.

FBgn0002735

DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens

FBgn0002735

Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.

E(spl)mgamma-HLH_1

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

FBgn0002735

FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel

FBGN0002735

Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut

FBgn0002735

iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)

MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

43151

MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

43151

References (231)