FB2025_02 , released April 17, 2025
Gene: Dmel\otu
Open Close
General Information
Symbol
Dmel\otu
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
ovarian tumor
Annotation Symbol
CG12743
Feature Type
FlyBase ID
FBgn0003023
Gene Model Status
Stock Availability
Gene Summary
Catalytic component of a deubiquitinase complex consisting of bam and otu (PubMed:26588485, PubMed:28484036). The complex deubiquitinates K63-linked polyubiquitinated proteins; this antagonizes the ubiquitination activity of Traf6 and regulates the IMD immune signaling pathway (PubMed:30879902). Otu-bam deubiquitinase activity is regulated by Traf6 dependent immune signaling regulation of bam expression levels; this forms a feedback loop that regulates the IMD immune signaling pathway and balances gut immune activity during aging (PubMed:30879902). The complex deubiquitinates and stabilizes CycA/cyclin-A to regulate CycA-dependent differentiation (PubMed:28484036). Involved in grk mRNA localization to the dorsal anterior region of the oocyte required for dorsal-ventral axis determination; may function as a ribonuclear protein complex together with sqd and Hrb27C (PubMed:15056611). May regulate actin cytoskeleton organization in differentiating cystocytes during fusome maturation; required for efficient nurse cell cytoplasmic dumping during oogenesis (PubMed:9344535). Essential for female fertility; involved in germ cell proliferation and germ cell differentiation (PubMed:1737618, PubMed:28484036, PubMed:7851643, PubMed:8436274). (UniProt, P10383)
Contribute a Gene Snapshot for this gene.
Also Known As

fs(1)231, K, fs(1)M101

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
Sequence location
Recombination map
1-23
RefSeq locus
NC_004354 REGION:8485008..8489535
Sequence
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (16 terms)
Molecular Function (4 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from direct assay
enables mRNA binding
inferred from direct assay
inferred from direct assay
inferred from mutant phenotype
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000276125
Biological Process (10 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (8 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
inferred from mutant phenotype
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
non-traceable author statement
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000276125
Cellular Component (2 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in cytosol
inferred from direct assay
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Protein Family (UniProt)
-
Summaries
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Negative Regulators of Imd Signaling Pathway -
Negative regulators of the immune deficiency (Imd) pathway result in the decreased activity of the NFκB-like transcription factor Rel in the nucleus. Negative regulators are important in preventing damage to the host from over-activation of the pathway; preventing inappropriate triggering or terminating the response. (Adapted from FBrf0224587 and FBrf0238555.)
SERINE-TYPE OTU DEUBIQUITINASES -
Serine-type OTU deubiquitinases belong to the ovarian tumour (OTU) sub-family of deubiquitinases and catalyze the removal of ubiquitin from ubiquitin chains and ubiquitinated proteins. They have a central serine in the catalytic triad within their OTU domain. (Adapted from FBrf0230214, FBrf0235835.)
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Catalytic component of a deubiquitinase complex consisting of bam and otu (PubMed:26588485, PubMed:28484036). The complex deubiquitinates K63-linked polyubiquitinated proteins; this antagonizes the ubiquitination activity of Traf6 and regulates the IMD immune signaling pathway (PubMed:30879902). Otu-bam deubiquitinase activity is regulated by Traf6 dependent immune signaling regulation of bam expression levels; this forms a feedback loop that regulates the IMD immune signaling pathway and balances gut immune activity during aging (PubMed:30879902). The complex deubiquitinates and stabilizes CycA/cyclin-A to regulate CycA-dependent differentiation (PubMed:28484036). Involved in grk mRNA localization to the dorsal anterior region of the oocyte required for dorsal-ventral axis determination; may function as a ribonuclear protein complex together with sqd and Hrb27C (PubMed:15056611). May regulate actin cytoskeleton organization in differentiating cystocytes during fusome maturation; required for efficient nurse cell cytoplasmic dumping during oogenesis (PubMed:9344535). Essential for female fertility; involved in germ cell proliferation and germ cell differentiation (PubMed:1737618, PubMed:28484036, PubMed:7851643, PubMed:8436274).
(UniProt, P10383)
Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)
otu: ovarian tumor (R. King)
Homozygous females defective in proliferation, differentition, or maturation of the germ line, depending on the level of activity of the particular allele. So-called quiescent alleles (QUI) produce ovarioles lacking in germ cells; oncogenic alleles (ONC) produce cystocytes that continue dividing and form tumors; differentiated alleles (DIF) produce chambers containing only "pseudonurse" cells (PNCs) or nurse cell/oocyte (NC/O) syncytia. In these, transport of nurse cell cytoplasm to the oocyte is inhibited and chambers are arrested at a pseudo-12 stage [Bishop and King, 1984, J. Cell Sci. 67: 87-119 (fig.)]. Mutant nurse cells that fail to pump their cytoplasm into the oocytes are also unable to form a system of actin microfilament bundles in their cortical cytoplasm during stage 10B (Storto and King, 1988, Dev. Genet. 9: 91-120). The proportions of ovarioles with the different phenotypes appear to reflect the level of function of the particular allele; homozygotes are less severely affected than hemizygotes (80% of ovarioles of females carrying otu1, otu4, otu5, or otu7 in combination with an otu deficiency lack germ cells, whereas 5% of the ovarioles of homozygotes lack germ cells); similarly, the levels of function of certain alleles decline as the developmental temperature is raised. Thus otu1 behaves like a DIF allele at 18, an ONC allele at 23, and a QUI allele at 28. The ovarian tumors which give the mutant gene its name are made up of large numbers of single cystocytes and small numbers of clones of 2-4 interconnected cells [King, 1979, Int. J. Insect Morphol. Embryol. 8: 297-309 (fig.)]. Most cystocytes undergo complete cytokinesis, and there are defects in the construction and functioning of the polyfusomal system during the cycles of cystocyte divisions [Storto and King, 1989, Dev. Genet. 10: 70-86 (fig.)]. Drosophila nurse cells normally undergo nine or ten cycles of DNA replication (Mulligan and Rasch, 1985, Histochemistry 82: 233-47), and the chromatids dissociate so that each nucleus is filled with a jumbled mass of oligotene threads. In otu PNCs, the chromatids remain in register, generating banded polytene chromosomes [Dabbs and King, 1980, Int. J. Insect Morphol. Embryol. 9: 215-29 (fig.)]. Homologues pair and rearrangement configurations can be discerned [King, Riley, Cassidy, White, and Paik, 1981, Science 212: 441-43 (fig.)]. The largest polytenes have undergone 12 cycles of endonuclear replication (Rasch, King, and Rasch, 1984, Histochemistry 81: 105-10). The banding pattern of PNC polytenes is similar to that of the polytenes from larval salivary gland cells (Sinha, Mishra, and Lakhotia, 1987, Chromosoma 95: 108-16; Heino, 1989, Chromosoma 97: 363-73). At 25, otu11 behaves as an ONC allele, the cells dividing to form tumors, but at 18, homozygous females produce oocytes that reach a pseudo-14 stage, contain beta yolk spheres and can undergo early embryogenesis. In the case of DIF alleles such as otu4, females generate pseudo-12 eggs which lack beta yolk spheres and never initiate development. When otu11 is combined with alleles from the QUI class such as otu2, the heteroallelic females are sterile. Heteroalleles between otu11 and certain DIF alleles show various degrees of fertility [Storto and King, 1987, Roux's Arch. Dev. Biol. 196: 210-21 (fig.)]. otu11/otu14 females are fully fertile although the nurse cells, unlike those of wild-type females, contain banded chromosomes (Storto and King, 1988). Oocyte differentiation is destabilized in certain otu alleles; for example, the presumptive oocytes in about 20% of otu7 homozygotes resemble nurse cells in their polytenization, although they lag behind the remaining nurse cells by at least one replication cycle [King, Rasch, Riley, O'Grady, and Storto, 1985, Histochemistry 82: 131-34 (fig.)]. Germ line autonomy has been demonstrated for otu3, otu4, and otu7 (Wieschaus, Audit, and Masson, 1981, Dev. Biol. 88: 92-103; unpublished work cited in King et al., 1986).
Summary (Interactive Fly)

novel protein required in oogenesis - ensures the survival of female germ cells in pupae, cyst formation in germ-line cells, the attainment of mature chromosome structure in nurse cells and egg maturation.

Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
5
Number of Unique Polypeptides
2

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\otu for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry P10383)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.46

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
FBtr0071236
3101
811
FBtr0071237
3227
853
FBtr0071238
3241
853
FBtr0333146
3006
811
FBtr0333147
3118
811
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)

4.0, 3.2, 1.3, 1.1 (northern blot)

Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
FBpp0071180
92.6
811
7.03
FBpp0071181
97.5
853
7.06
FBpp0089325
97.5
853
7.06
FBpp0305351
92.6
811
7.03
FBpp0305352
92.6
811
7.03
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

811 aa isoforms: otu-PA, otu-PD, otu-PE
853 aa isoforms: otu-PB, otu-PC
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)

853 (aa); 104, 98 (kD observed); 93 (kD predicted)

110 (kD observed); 93 (kD predicted)

Comments

The ability of the 98kD otu protein isoform as expressed from a cDNA construct to restore fertility to an otu mutant is inversely correlated with the severity of the mutation. Evidence suggests that the 104kD isoform and not the 98kD isoform preferentially localizes to the oocyte.

The 104kD otu protein isoform as expressed from

a cDNA construct can rescue all classes of otu mutations. Evidence

suggests that the 104kD isoform and not the 98kD isoform preferentially

localizes to the developing oocyte. This suggests that the amino acids

encoded by the alternate exon are required for oocyte localization.

Two antibodies were made to different regions of the otu protein. Both antibodies recognize both otu protein isoforms.

External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Self aggregates, forming amyloid-like fibrillar helical structures; protein aggregation is mediated by the C-terminal LC domain, is enhanced by RNA binding and is essential for deubiquitinase activity (PubMed:30879902). Interacts (via OTU domain) with bam (via C-terminus); the interaction enhances otu aggregation and deubiquitinase activity (PubMed:28484036, PubMed:30879902). Together with bam interacts with CycA/cyclin-A; the interaction stabilizes CycA by promoting its deubiquitination (PubMed:28484036). Together with bam interacts with Traf6 (PubMed:30879902). Interacts with Hrb27C; the interaction is RNA-independent (PubMed:15056611). Associates (via N-terminus) with mRNP complexes; the interaction is weak (PubMed:11287191).

(UniProt, P10383)
Domain

The N-terminal 423 amino acids, which includes the OTU deubiquitinase domain and the tudor domain, is essential for germ cell proliferation and early germ cell differentiation up to stage 10 of oogenesis.

Possesses a C-terminal low complexity (LC) domain that promotes protein coalescence, probably by forming amyloid-like aggregates (PubMed:30879902). Protein coalescence mediated by this domain is indispensable for deubiquitinase activity (PubMed:30879902). The C-terminal domain is required for oocyte maturation (PubMed:11287191).

(UniProt, P10383)
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\otu using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.28

Transcript Expression
dissected tissue
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
northern blot
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
RT-PCR
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
western blot
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
Additional Descriptive Data

The 104kD otu isoform is more abundant than the 98kD isoform in ovaries from late pupae, is about equal in abundance in 2-5hr adult ovaries, and is substantially less abundant in 2-5 day adult ovaries. Thus, the 98kD isoform increases as differentiation progresses. Confocal microscopy on larval and adult whole mount ovaries (after staining with an antibody which recognizes both protein isoforms) reveals that otu protein is uniformly distributed in the cytoplasm of germ-line cells in germarial regions 1 and 2. In stage S1 egg chambers and through the vitellogenic stages, otu protein staining is more intense in the cytoplasm of the oocyte. As egg chambers mature, otu protein staining in nurse cells steadily rises. The distribution of otu protein in nurse cells becomes reorganized such that by stage S10, all otu protein staining is restricted to a subcortical region of the nurse cells at the nurse cell/follicle cell boundary.

The 104kD otu isoform is more abundant than the 98kD isoform in ovaries from late pupae, is about equal in abundance in 2-5hr adult ovaries, and is substantially less abundant in 2-5 day adult ovaries. Thus, the 104kD isoform predominates in predifferentiated germ-line cells. Confocal microscopy on larval and adult whole mount ovaries (after staining with an antibody which recognizes both protein isoforms) reveals that otu protein is uniformly distributed in the cytoplasm of germ-line cells in germarial regions 1 and 2. In stage S1 egg chambers and through the vitellogenic stages, otu protein staining is more intense in the cytoplasm of the oocyte. As egg chambers mature, otu protein staining in nurse cells steadily rises. The distribution of otu protein in nurse cells becomes reorganized such that by stage S10, all otu protein staining is restricted to a subcortical region of the nurse cells at the nurse cell/follicle cell boundary.

otu protein is detected in cystocytes, nurse cells, and oocytes but not in follicle cells. Staining is strong in germaria and remains constant or decreases slightly up to stage S4. Staining increases again from stage S5 or S6, reaches a plateau at stages S9-10B and is gone by stage S11. The 98kD isoform is significantly more abundant in ovaries than the 104kD form. The antibodies used recognize both protein isoforms.

Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in cytosol
inferred from direct assay
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\otu in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 42 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 32 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of otu
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of otu
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 11 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
Sterility
Allele
Other Phenotypes
Allele
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
nurse cell & nuclear chromosome
nurse cell & nuclear chromosome (with otu11)
nurse cell & nuclear chromosome (with otu13)
nurse cell & nucleus
polytene chromosome band & nurse cell | ectopic
Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (7)
8 of 14
Yes
Yes
7 of 14
No
Yes
3 of 14
No
Yes
3 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
1  
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (6)
9 of 14
Yes
Yes
3 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (8)
9 of 14
Yes
Yes
5 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
Yes
3 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (10)
8 of 13
Yes
Yes
6 of 13
No
Yes
6 of 13
No
Yes
2 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (7)
7 of 14
Yes
No
7 of 14
Yes
Yes
3 of 14
No
No
3 of 14
No
No
2 of 14
No
Yes
2 of 14
No
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (3)
2 of 14
Yes
No
1 of 14
No
Yes
1 of 14
No
No
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (4)
7 of 12
Yes
Yes
7 of 12
Yes
Yes
7 of 12
Yes
Yes
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (8)
3 of 13
Yes
No
2 of 13
No
Yes
2 of 13
No
Yes
2 of 13
No
Yes
2 of 13
No
Yes
2 of 13
No
Yes
2 of 13
No
Yes
1 of 13
No
No
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (1)
1 of 13
Yes
No
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (1)
1 of 12
Yes
No
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:otu. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (4)
8 of 13
4 of 13
3 of 13
1 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 1 )
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Functional Complementation Data
    Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
    Interactions
    Summary of Physical Interactions
    Summary of Genetic Interactions
    Interaction Browsers

    Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    Starting gene(s)
    Interaction type
    Interacting gene(s)
    Reference
    External Data
    Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
    Self aggregates, forming amyloid-like fibrillar helical structures; protein aggregation is mediated by the C-terminal LC domain, is enhanced by RNA binding and is essential for deubiquitinase activity (PubMed:30879902). Interacts (via OTU domain) with bam (via C-terminus); the interaction enhances otu aggregation and deubiquitinase activity (PubMed:28484036, PubMed:30879902). Together with bam interacts with CycA/cyclin-A; the interaction stabilizes CycA by promoting its deubiquitination (PubMed:28484036). Together with bam interacts with Traf6 (PubMed:30879902). Interacts with Hrb27C; the interaction is RNA-independent (PubMed:15056611). Associates (via N-terminus) with mRNP complexes; the interaction is weak (PubMed:11287191).
    (UniProt, P10383 )
    Linkouts
    BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
    DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
    MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
    MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
    Pathways
    Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
    Metabolic Pathways
    FlyBase
    External Links
    External Data
    Linkouts
    Class of Gene
    Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
    Chromosome (arm)
    X
    Recombination map
    1-23
    Cytogenetic map
    Sequence location
    FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Evidence for location
    7F1-7F1
    Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}CG1632EP1583 and P{EP}MoeEP1652
    Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
    Cytogenetic map
    Notes
    References
    7F1-7F4
    (determined by in situ hybridisation)
    7F1-7F1
    (determined by in situ hybridisation)
    Determined by deficiency mapping (details unspecified).
    Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
    Location
    Left of (cM)
    Right of (cM)
    Notes
    Stocks and Reagents
    Stocks (23)
    Genomic Clones (10)
     

    Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

    cDNA Clones (30)
     

    Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

    cDNA clones, fully sequenced
    BDGP DGC clones
    Other clones
    Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

    For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

    cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
    RNAi and Array Information
    Linkouts
    DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
    Antibody Information
    Laboratory Generated Antibodies
    Commercially Available Antibodies
     
    Cell Line Information
    Publicly Available Cell Lines
     
      Other Stable Cell Lines
       
        Other Comments

        Gene expression is increased in response to the presence of either one or two copies of Scer\GAL4hs.PB.

        dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene is tested in an RNAi screen for effects on actin-based lamella formation.

        An ovo protein binding site near the otu transcription start site is required for ovo-dependent otu transcription in vivo.

        otu is required during pupal and adult stages for the cystocyte divisions that give rise to the egg chamber. otu may also have a role in other oogenic functions.

        otu is required for the organisation of actin filaments during multiple stages of oogenesis.

        Female germ cells do not require otu function for survival before pupariation.

        Variation of a microsatellite within the otu locus has been studied in North American populations of D.melanogaster.

        The pseudonurse cells of otu mutants give rise to polytene chromosomes. Nurse cell-specific genes are functional in the pseudonurse cells, but the transport of pum, otu, ovo and bcd RNAs to the cytoplasm is affected. The nuclear localisation of otu and pum mRNA correlates with chromosome polytenisation.

        otu and ovo are required cell autonomously in the female germline for germ cell proliferation and differentiation. XY germ cells do not require otu when developing in testes, but become dependent on otu function for proliferation when placed in an ovary. The requirement for ovo is dependent on a cell autonomous signal derived from the X:A ratio. The differential regulation of the otu and ovo genes provides a mechanism for the female germline to incorporate both somatic and cell-autonomous inputs required for oogenesis.

        Alleles of otu can partially enhance the mutant phenotype of ovoD2/+ heterozygous ovaries.

        Examination of embryonic gonads indicates that reduction in zygotic otu activity sufficient to cause agametic adult ovaries does not affect the proliferation or viability of the embryonic germline. Pupal gonads fail to produce egg chambers indicating that the agametic adult phenotype is caused by a block in oogenesis before cyst formation, rather than the degeneration of existing egg chambers. otu function is not essential for germline viability before pupariation but is required in the pupal and adult ovaries. otu activity is limited to prepupal stages is not sufficient to support oogenesis, induction during pupal and adult stages causes suppression of the otu mutant phenotype.

        The 104kD isoform of otu is required for normal proliferation of female germline cells and perhaps for oocyte differentiation. The 98kD isoform appears to be dispensible but can provide an otu function needed for the completion of oocyte maturation.

        ovo, otu, snf and Sxl are not involved in the early events of germline sex determination, but are required later, during metamorphosis or in the adult for oogenesis.

        Tumorous cells produced by otu mutants are capable of female-specific transcription and RNA processing indicating the ovarian cells retain some female identity. It is proposed that mutations do not cause male transformation of the female germ line but instead either cause an ambiguous sexual identity or block specific stages of oogenesis.

        The 98kD isoform of otu is sufficient to allow proliferation of female germ cells during early oogenesis and is also involved in later stages of oogenesis. The 104kD isoform of otu is required for the differentiation of nurse cell and oocytes by some mechanism that involves Sxl. The 98kD isoform differs from the 104kD isoform in that it appears to act independently of Sxl.

        Mutants display germline hyperplastic phenotype.

        Partial germline sex transformation occurs in otu, snf, Sxl and bam ovarian tumors.

        Phenotypic complexity of otu mutant ovaries is due to a dosage-dependent requirement for otu activity.

        Reciprocal cross and expression analysis suggest a maternal requirement for otu+ in the development of the female germline.

        The genetic hierarchy regulating female germ-line sex determination includes tra, tra2, dsx, fu, otu, ovo, snf and Sxl. otu+, ovo+ and snf+ activities are required for female-specific Sxl+ pre-mRNA splicing within 2X germ-line cells.

        Mutant germ cells in otu ovaries have a morphology similar to primary spermatocytes and express male-specific reporter genes and have male-type Sxl splicing.

        otu acts upstream of Sxl in germline sex determination. Gene dosage studies demonstrate additional interaction with mutations at the ovo locus.

        Molecular analysis of otu locus and alleles reveals that the absence of otu function produces the most severe QUI class of phenotype (i.e. produce ovarioles lacking in germ cells), while the ONC mutants ( which produce cystocytes that continue dividing and form tumors) express lower levels of otu than those of the DIF class (which produce chambers containing only 'pseudonurse' cells).

        otu gene product performs several functions during oogenesis.

        Effects of otu mutations on male fertility were studied: there is a strong correlation between male sterility and severity of impairment in the female phenotype. Spermatogenesis is apparently normal, and male sterility was shown to be a consequence of failure in mating behaviour where wild type females refuse to react to the courtship attempts of mutant males.

        The banding pattern of pseudonurse cell polytenes is similar to that of the polytenes from larval salivary gland cells.

        Most cystocytes undergo complete cytokinesis and there are defects in the construction and functioning of the polyfusomal system during the cycles of cystocyte divisions.

        Mutant nurse cells that fail to pump their cytoplasm into the oocytes are also unable to form a system of actin microfilament bundles in their cortical cytoplasm during stage 10B.

        The 3' ends of Cp36 and otu map within 5kb of each other.

        otu is required for establishment of ovarian germ cells, for correct division of the germ cells and for normal development within the 15 nurse cell-oocyte syncytium.

        Oocyte differentiation is destabilized in certain otu alleles.

        Homozygous females are defective in proliferation, differentiation, or maturation of the germ line, depending on the level of activity of the particular allele. So-called quiescent alleles (QUI) produce ovarioles lacking in germ cells; oncogenic alleles (ONC) produce cystocytes that continue dividing and form tumors; differentiated alleles (DIF) produce chambers containing only 'pseudonurse' cells (PNCs) or nurse cell/oocyte (NC/O) syncytia. In these, transport of nurse cell cytoplasm to the oocyte is inhibited and chambers are arrested at a pseudo-12 stage.

        Drosophila nurse cells normally undergo nine or ten cycles of DNA replication and the chromatids dissociate so that each nucleus is filled with a jumbled mass of oligotene threads. In otu pseudonurse cells, the chromatids remain in register, generating banded polytene chromosomes. The largest polytenes have undergone 12 cycles of endonuclear replication.

        Drosophila nurse cells normally undergo nine or ten cycles of DNA replication and the chromatids dissociate so that each nucleus is filled with a jumbled mass of oligotene threads. In otu pseudonurse cells, the chromatids remain in register, generating banded polytene chromosomes.

        The proportions of ovarioles with the different phenotypes appear to reflect the level of function of the particular allele; homozygotes are less severely affected than hemizygotes; similarly, the levels of function of certain alleles decline as the developmental temperature is raised.

        Relationship to Other Genes
        Source for database merge of
        Additional comments

        Heteroallelic combinations usually produce intermediate phenotypes, but some show partial complementation.

        Nomenclature History
        Source for database identify of
        Nomenclature comments
        Etymology
        Synonyms and Secondary IDs (14)
        Reported As
        Symbol Synonym
        fs(1)23l
        fs(1)jA265
        Secondary FlyBase IDs
          Datasets (0)
          Study focus (0)
          Experimental Role
          Project
          Project Type
          Title
          Study result (0)
          Result
          Result Type
          Title
          External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 57 )
          Sequence Crossreferences
          NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
          GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
          GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
          RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
          UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
          UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
          UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
          Other crossreferences
          AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
          DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
          EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
          FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
          FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
          KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
          MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
          Linkouts
          BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
          Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
          DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
          DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
          Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
          FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
          FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
          Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
          Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
          iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
          Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution
          MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
          MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
          References (296)