W, Wrinkled, l(3)05014
induces programmed cell death - arbitrates collective cell death in the wing - Nanos-mediated repression of protects larval sensory neurons after a global switch in sensitivity to apoptotic signals
Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\hid for information on other features
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AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.
Gene model reviewed during 5.46
Gene model reviewed during 5.55
4.2 (northern blot)
410 (aa); 43 (kD predicted)
Interacts with Diap2 (via BIR2 and BIR3 domains).
Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\hid using the Feature Mapper tool.
Comment: anlage in statu nascendi
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium
Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm primordium
Comment: reported as gnathal lobes anlage
Comment: reported as procephalon primordium
Comment: reported as procephalon primordium
Comment: reported as head epidermis primordium
Comment: reported as head epidermis primordium
Comment: reported as head epidermis primordium
Comment: reported as procephalon primordium
Comment: 14 hr APF
W transcript is expressed in salivary glands after the prepupual ecdysone pulse.
W transcripts are expressed in a highly dynamic and complex pattern throughout embryogenesis. W is expressed in many regions where cell death occurs (as shown by acridine orange staining). For example, at stage 11, both acridine orange staining and W expression are observed in head and gnathal segments and in a segmentally repeated pattern throughout the germ band. In embryos undergoing head involution, a correspondence is seen between patterns of cell death and W expression. W expression and acridine orange staining are not always conincident. W expression is observed throughout the entire optic lobe primordium but only some of the cells undergo apoptosis. Little or no W expression is observed in the ventral nerve cord in late embryogenesis though extensive cell death occurs there.
hid protein is detected in the male genital disc in segments A8, A9, And A10 in third instar larvae but not in female genital discs. Expression is upregulated at the A/P borders and in the stalks.
A low level of W protein is observed in eye discs.
The only cells that express W protein in the stage 17 embryonic nerve cord are the surviving midline glial cells.
GBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals
View Dmel\hid in GBrowse 23-45
3-41.6
Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete
Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see GBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.
For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.
Source for identity of: hid W
Changed from 'W' to 'hid' to reflect common usage in the literature.
'W' ('Wrinkled') has been renamed to 'hid' ('head involution defective') as of FB2014_05 to reflect the overwhelming preference in the published literature.
W-induced apoptosis can occur without JNK activation.
The elimination of male-specific somatic gonadal precursors from females is controlled by W and possibly other genes of the H99 region.
In the absence of W midline glial cells are not reduced by cell death as in wild-type.
W can induce apoptosis in follicle cells.
The modulation of W expression serves to change the sensitivity of cells to the activity of other cell death inducers and allows for precise control of cell death during development.
Targetted expression of W or rpr alone in the midline cells is not sufficient to induce ectopic cell death. Coexpression rapidly induces cell death that results in axon scaffold defects characteristic of mutants with abnormal midline cell development. Results suggest that rpr and W are expressed together and cooperate to induce programmed cell death during development of the central nervous system midline.
Phenotypic analysis demonstrates W function is required for the normal pattern of programmed cell death (PCD) in the embryo.
During the morphogenetic reorganisation of the embryonic head region W+ function is necessary for the movement of the dorsal fold across the procephalon and clypeolabrum, a process that forms the frontal sac. The absence of the frontal sac affects the formation of the dorsal bridge and disrupts the development of the larval cephalopharyngeal skeleton. W+ function is also required during pupal development for the 360o rotation of the male terminalia and for a late step of wing blade morphogenesis.
Jollos, 1936.