FB2025_05 , released December 11, 2025
Gene: Dmel\DptA
Open Close
General Information
Symbol
Dmel\DptA
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Diptericin A
Annotation Symbol
CG12763
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0004240
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
16 publicly available
Gene Summary
Diptericin A (DptA) encodes an immune inducible antibacterial peptide with activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is expressed in the fat body during the systemic immune response and in various epithelia. Its expression is regulated at the transcriptional level by the immune deficiency pathway. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)
All Summaries
Also Known As

Diptericin, Dpt, Dipt, DiptA, Dip

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
55F8-55F8
Sequence location
Recombination map
2-86
RefSeq locus
NT_033778 REGION:18865765..18866260
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (6 terms)
Molecular Function (0 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Biological Process (6 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (5 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in antibacterial humoral response
inferred from expression pattern
(Lemaitre et al., 1997, Wicker et al., 1990)
involved_in defense response to Gram-negative bacterium
inferred from direct assay
(Zhou et al., 2022)
inferred from high throughput mutant phenotype
(Cronin et al., 2009)
inferred from expression pattern
(Lemaitre et al., 1997)
involved_in positive regulation of innate immune response
inferred from high throughput mutant phenotype
(Cronin et al., 2009)
involved_in response to bacterium
inferred from high throughput expression pattern
(Levy et al., 2004)
inferred from direct assay
(Berkey et al., 2009)
involved_in response to hyperoxia
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Zhao et al., 2010)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in defense response to bacterium
inferred from sequence or structural similarity
(Wicker et al., 1990)
Cellular Component (0 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the attacin/sarcotoxin-2 family. (P24492)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
    -
    Summaries
    Gene Snapshot
    Diptericin A (DptA) encodes an immune inducible antibacterial peptide with activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It is expressed in the fat body during the systemic immune response and in various epithelia. Its expression is regulated at the transcriptional level by the immune deficiency pathway. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07]
    Gene Group (FlyBase)
    UNCLASSIFIED ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES -
    This group comprises antimicrobial peptides that are single gene family members in D. melanogaster. (Adapted from FBrf0241672.)
    Protein Function (UniProtKB)
    Antimicrobial peptide required to resist Gram-negative bacterial infections, regulated by Dredd.
    (UniProt, P24492)
    Gene Model and Products
    Number of Transcripts
    1
    Number of Unique Polypeptides
    1

    Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\DptA for information on other features

    To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

    Protein Domains (via Pfam)
    Isoform displayed:
    Pfam protein domains
    InterPro name
    classification
    start
    end
    Protein Domains (via SMART)
    Isoform displayed:
    SMART protein domains
    InterPro name
    classification
    start
    end
    Structure
    Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry P24492)

    If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
    Model Confidence:
    • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
    • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
    • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
    • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

    AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

    Experimentally Determined Structures
    Crossreferences
    Comments on Gene Model

    Gene model reviewed during 5.50

    Transcript Data
    Annotated Transcripts
    Name
    FlyBase ID
    RefSeq ID
    Length (nt)
    Assoc. CDS (aa)
    DptA-RA
    FBtr0086620
    NM_057460
    496
    106
    Additional Transcript Data and Comments
    Reported size (kB)
    Comments
    External Data
    Crossreferences
    Polypeptide Data
    Annotated Polypeptides
    Name
    FlyBase ID
    Predicted MW (kDa)
    Length (aa)
    Theoretical pI
    UniProt
    RefSeq ID
    GenBank
    DptA-PA
    FBpp0085802
    11.3
    106
    6.77
    P24492
    NP_476808
    AAF57619
    Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

    There is only one protein coding transcript and one polypeptide associated with this gene

    Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
    Reported size (kDa)

    106 (aa)

    (Reichhart et al., 1992)

    106 (aa); 9 (kD predicted)

    (Wicker et al., 1990)
    Comments
    External Data
    Crossreferences
    Linkouts
    Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
    Mapped Features

    Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\DptA using the Feature Mapper tool.

    External Data
    Crossreferences
    Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
    Linkouts
    Expression Data
    Testis-specificity index

    The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

    -0.63

    Transcript Expression
    Additional Descriptive Data

    Dpt transcripts are expressed in response to inoculation with a bacterial suspension. They are detected in adult males 2 hours after inoculation and reach a peak at 4 hours after inoculation. A similar response was observed in larvae and late pupae. A low level of Dpt transcripts was observed in untreated pupae and adults.

    (Wicker et al., 1990)
    Marker for
     
    Subcellular Localization
    CV Term
    Polypeptide Expression
    Additional Descriptive Data
    Marker for
     
    Subcellular Localization
    CV Term
    Evidence
    References
    Expression Deduced from Reporters
    Reporter: P{Dipt2.2-lacZ}
    Stage
    Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
    Reference
    adult stage
    adult anterior midgut
    (Bonnay et al., 2013)
    High-Throughput Expression Data
    Associated Tools

    JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

    View Dmel\DptA in JBrowse
    RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
    Bulk Downloads
    RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
    Reference
    See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
    Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
    Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
    External Data and Images
    Linkouts
    BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
    DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
    EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
    FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
    FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
    Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
    Images
    FlyBase Wiki
    Image Based Resources
    Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
    Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 12 )
    For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
     
    Other relevant insertions
    Transgenic Constructs ( 12 )
    For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
    Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of DptA
    Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of DptA
    Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 2 )
    Inferred from experimentation ( 2 )
    Gene disrupted in
    Df(2R)Dpt-SK1
    (Hanson et al., 2019)
    Df(2R)Exel6067
    (Ryder, 2004.4.26)
    Inferred from location ( 5 )
    Variants
    Variant Molecular Consequences
    Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
    Phenotypes
    Orthologs
    Downloads
    Download All DIOPT Orthologs
    Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
    Species\Gene Symbol
    Score
    Best Score
    Best Reverse Score
    Source
    Compara
    Domainoid
    eggNOG
    Hieranoid
    Homologene
    Inparanoid
    OMA
    OrthoDB
    OrthoFinder
    OrthoInspector
    orthoMCL
    Panther
    Phylome
    SonicParanoid
    Alignment
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Homo sapiens (Human) (0)
    Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
    Species\Gene Symbol
    Score
    Best Score
    Best Reverse Score
    Source
    Compara
    Domainoid
    eggNOG
    Hieranoid
    Homologene
    Inparanoid
    OMA
    OrthoDB
    OrthoFinder
    OrthoInspector
    orthoMCL
    Panther
    Phylome
    SonicParanoid
    Alignment
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (0)
    Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (0)
    Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (0)
    Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (0)
    Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (0)
    Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (0)
    Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)
    Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)
    Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)
    Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
    Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
    Data provided directly from OrthoDB:DptA. Refer to their site for version information.
    Paralogs
    Downloads
    Download All DIOPT Paralogs
    Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
    Gene Symbol
    Score
    Source
    Compara
    Domainoid
    eggNOG
    Homologene
    Inparanoid
    OMA
    OrthoDB
    OrthoFinder
    OrthoInspector
    orthoMCL
    Panther
    Phylome
    SonicParanoid
    Alignment
    Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (3)
    DptB
    3 of 13
    AttA
    1 of 13
    AttB
    1 of 13
    Human Disease Associations
    FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
      Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
      Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
      Allele
      Disease
      Evidence
      References
      Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
      Human Ortholog
      Disease
      Evidence
      References
      Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 3 )
      Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
      Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
      Homo sapiens (Human)
      Gene name
      Score
      OMIM
      OMIM Phenotype
      DO term
      Complementation?
      Transgene?
      Functional Complementation Data
      Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
      Interactions
      Summary of Physical Interactions
      Summary of Genetic Interactions
      Interaction Browsers
      Starting gene(s)
      Interaction type
      Interacting gene(s)
      Reference
      Starting gene(s)
      Interaction type
      Interacting gene(s)
      Reference
      External Data
      Linkouts
      DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
      Pathways
      Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
      Metabolic Pathways
      FlyBase
      External Links
      External Data
      Linkouts
      KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
      Class of Gene
      Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
      Chromosome (arm)
      2R
      Recombination map
      2-86
      Cytogenetic map
      55F8-55F8
      Sequence location
      FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
      Cytogenetic map
      Evidence for location
      55F8-55F8
      Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}l(2)0370903709 and P{lacW}prodk08810
      Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
      Cytogenetic map
      Notes
      References
      56A-56A
      (determined by in situ hybridisation)
      (Reichhart et al., 1992, Wicker et al., 1990)
      Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
      Location

      2-86

      (FlyBase, 2016)

      2-92.2

      (Comeron et al., 2012)
      Left of (cM)
      Right of (cM)
      Notes
      Stocks and Reagents
      Stocks (16)
      Genomic Clones (19)
      cDNA Clones (19)
       

      Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

      cDNA clones, fully sequenced
      BDGP DGC clones
      Other clones
      Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

      For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

      cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
      BDGP DGC clones
      Other clones
      RNAi and Array Information
      Linkouts
      DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
      Antibody Information
      Laboratory Generated Antibodies
       
      Commercially Available Antibodies
       
      Cell Line Information
      Publicly Available Cell Lines
       
        Other Stable Cell Lines
         
          Other Comments

          Identified as a gene with significant level of mRNA cycling as assessed by expression analysis using high density oligonucleotide arrays with probe generated from adult heads harvested over six time points over the course of a day. Shows alteration in expression in a Clk mutant background.

          (McDonald and Rosbash, 2001)

          In a sample of 79 genes with multiple introns, 33 showed significant heterogeneity in G+C content among introns of the same gene and significant positive correspondence between the intron and the third codon position G+C content within genes. These results are consistent with selection adding against preferred codons at the start of genes.

          (Kliman and Eyre-Walker, 1998)

          Ecol\lacZDpt.PR adults are pricked with a sterile needle dipped in culture pellets of various living microorganisms (distinct bacterial strains, fungal spores or hyphae). Pricking results in a low but clearly detectable expression of all antimicrobial genes and these genes are induced above the background level by specific classes of microorganism.

          (Lemaitre et al., 1997)

          Antibacterial genes are not induced in L.boulardi resistant strains of Drosophila suggesting they cannot be involved directly in the antiparasitoid response.

          (Coustau et al., 1996)

          The κB motifs of Dpt and CecA1 are not functionally equivalent. Mutants carrying no copies of dl and a single copy of Dif retain their full capacity to express the Dpt and CecA1 genes in response to bacterial challenge.

          (Gross et al., 1996)

          Genes encoding antibacterial peptides are regulated in a manner distinct from that of Drs, encoding the antifungal peptide.

          (Lemaitre et al., 1996)

          The response to Dipt::lacZ reporter constructs to bacterial challenge is ecdysteroid-dependent, being much reduced on a ecd1 or dor mutant background.

          (Meister and Richards, 1996)

          The increase, or maturation, of Dpt promoter activity during the third larval instar in response to bacterial challenge is ecdysteroid- dependent, as demonstrated using wild type and ecd1 or dor22 mutant larvae.

          (Meister and Richards, 1996)

          Transcription is not strongly induced by hymenopteran parasitoids.

          (Nicolas et al., 1996)

          A 45kD protein that binds sequence-specifically to the Dpt promoter GAAANN motif in fat body and blood cell extracts has been identified.

          (Georgel et al., 1995)

          Ecol\lacZ reporter gene constructs demonstrate that a 2.2kb upstream sequence can only confer full bacterial inducibility when it carries both 17bp motifs in the proximal promoter region.

          (Meister et al., 1994)

          Analysis of the Dpt promoter defined two 17bp repeats essential for LPS inducibility. Addition of extra copies of the 17bp repeat increases the level of transcription on LPS induction. A specific DNA-protein binding activity present only in induced blood cells and fat body suggests an induction mechanism similar to that of mammalian NF-κB.

          (Kappler et al., 1993)

          Dpt shows at least 4 distinct expression phases: young larvae, late third instar larvae, pupae and adults. The complexity may be related to the presence of multiple copies of response elements in the Dpt upstream sequences.

          (Reichhart et al., 1992)

          Isolated from a cDNA library using probes complementary to residues 38-43 of Phormia diptericin A.

          (Wicker et al., 1990)
          Relationship to Other Genes
          Source for database merge of
          Additional comments
          Nomenclature History
          Source for database identify of

          Source for identity of: DptA Dpt

          (Hedengren et al., 2000)
          Nomenclature comments
          Etymology
          Synonyms and Secondary IDs (34)
          Reported As
          Symbol Synonym
          143443_at
          (Kristensen et al., 2005)
          CG12763
          (Yadav and Eleftherianos, 2019, Beebe et al., 2015, Hosono et al., 2015, Dantoft et al., 2013, Petersen et al., 2012, Douglas et al., 2011, Ni et al., 2010.12.1, Gendrin et al., 2009, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Perkins et al., 2009, Hernandez-Romano et al., 2008, Tsai et al., 2008, Pal et al., 2007, Wang et al., 2006, Levy et al., 2004, De Gregorio et al., 2001, Irving et al., 2001)
          DIM 27
          (Levy et al., 2004)
          DIPT
          (McGettigan et al., 2005, Tzou et al., 2000)
          DPT
          (Kwiatkowski, 2005)
          Dep
          (Libert et al., 2006)
          Dip
          (Goto et al., 2008, Lesch et al., 2007, Kim et al., 2006, Goto et al., 2003, Coustau et al., 1996)
          DipA
          (Shin et al., 2005)
          Dipt
          (Kim et al., 2024, Luo et al., 2024, Loudhaief et al., 2023, Odnokoz et al., 2023, Delventhal et al., 2022, De Groef et al., 2021, Harsh et al., 2020, Martínez et al., 2020, Belmonte et al., 2019, Molaei et al., 2019, Yang et al., 2019, Badinloo et al., 2018, Min and Tatar, 2018, Kurz et al., 2017, Odnokoz et al., 2017, Allen et al., 2016, Helenius et al., 2016, Shen et al., 2016, Li and Dijkers, 2015, Sudmeier et al., 2015, Wu et al., 2015, Dantoft et al., 2013, Radyuk et al., 2013, Jones et al., 2012, Nakamoto et al., 2012, Petersen et al., 2012, Akhouayri et al., 2011, Clark et al., 2011, Esfahani and Engström, 2011, Walker et al., 2011, Aymeric et al., 2010, Paquette et al., 2010, Radyuk et al., 2010, Yagi et al., 2010, Thevenon et al., 2009, Bergeret et al., 2008, Maillet et al., 2008, Vonkavaara et al., 2008, Dijkers and O'Farrell, 2007, Bischoff et al., 2006, Jang et al., 2006, Leulier et al., 2006, Apidianakis et al., 2005, Johansson et al., 2005, Zambon et al., 2005, Hay et al., 2004, Landis et al., 2004, Naitza et al., 2002, Boulanger et al., 2001, Lindmark et al., 2001, Benassi et al., 2000, Hita et al., 1999, Braun et al., 1998, Nicolas et al., 1998, Clark, 1997.8.12, Clark, 1997.8.12, Clark, 1997.8.12, Clark, 1997.8.12, Clark, 1997.8.12, Clark, 1997.8.12, Clark, 1997.8.12, Clark, 1997.8.12, Clark, 1997.8.12, Clark, 1997.8.12, Clark, 1997.8.12, Clark, 1997.8.12, Clark, 1997.8.12, Clark, 1997.8.12, Clark, 1997.8.12, Lemaitre et al., 1997, Lemaitre et al., 1996, Meister et al., 1994)
          Dipt A
          (Lee et al., 2022)
          DiptA
          (Duneau et al., 2025, Hersperger et al., 2024, Neophytou et al., 2023, Salem Wehbe et al., 2021, Dantoft et al., 2013, Radyuk et al., 2010)
          Diptericin
          (Wang et al., 2024, Madi et al., 2021, Ma et al., 2021, Sciambra and Chtarbanova, 2021, Duneau et al., 2017)
          Dit
          (Kuraishi et al., 2011)
          Dpt
          (Duan et al., 2025, Qin et al., 2025, Wang et al., 2025, Yang et al., 2025, Huang et al., 2024, Hu et al., 2024, Kim et al., 2024, Li et al., 2024, Polunina et al., 2024, Gupta et al., 2023, He et al., 2023, Lassetter et al., 2023, Loudhaief et al., 2023, Pan et al., 2023, Wang et al., 2023, Yao et al., 2023, Chen et al., 2022, Lu and Chtarbanova, 2022, Shen et al., 2022, Zhou et al., 2022, Kanoh et al., 2021, Ramond et al., 2021, Wang et al., 2021, Watson et al., 2021, Zhou et al., 2021, Kosakamoto et al., 2020, Lin et al., 2020, Nonaka et al., 2020, Sharma et al., 2020, Yuan et al., 2020, Yurkevych et al., 2020, Zhang et al., 2020, Araki et al., 2019, Chowdhury et al., 2019, Hanson et al., 2019, Hanson et al., 2019, Kano and Yagi, 2019, Kopp and Park, 2019, Singh and Tapadia, 2019, Troha et al., 2019, Abhyankar et al., 2018, Barajas-Azpeleta et al., 2018, Troha et al., 2018, Ueda et al., 2018, Bozler et al., 2017, Dostálová et al., 2017, Kim et al., 2017, Wang et al., 2017, Costechareyre et al., 2016, Guillou et al., 2016, Liu et al., 2016, Neyen et al., 2016, Piegholdt et al., 2016, Sekihara et al., 2016, Unckless et al., 2016, Zhou et al., 2016, Beebe et al., 2015, Dudzic et al., 2015, Fan et al., 2015, Jones et al., 2015, Kanoh et al., 2015, Momiuchi et al., 2015, Xia et al., 2015, Yamamoto-Hino et al., 2015, Chen et al., 2014, Engel et al., 2014, Guo et al., 2014, Haller et al., 2014, Ruiz et al., 2014, Stronach et al., 2014, Varma et al., 2014, Zhu et al., 2014, Aparicio et al., 2013, Clark et al., 2013, Durdevic et al., 2013, Favrin et al., 2013, Gendrin et al., 2013, Short and Lazzaro, 2013, Yagi et al., 2013, An et al., 2012, Bosco-Drayon et al., 2012, Chakrabarti et al., 2012, Choi and Hyun, 2012, Kalajdzic et al., 2012, Marek and Kagan, 2012, Neyen et al., 2012, Rera et al., 2012, Tsuzuki et al., 2012, Wu et al., 2012, Fullaondo et al., 2011, Kikuchi et al., 2011, Zaidman-Rémy et al., 2011, Zhao and Haddad, 2011, Becker et al., 2010, Buchon et al., 2010, Zhao et al., 2010, Buchon et al., 2009, Charroux and Royet, 2009, Cronin et al., 2009, Ha et al., 2009, Sackton and Clark, 2009, Wei et al., 2009, Wiklund et al., 2009, Zhang and Palli, 2009, Aggarwal et al., 2008, Deddouche et al., 2008, Flatt et al., 2008, Jin et al., 2008, Lhocine et al., 2008, Libert et al., 2008, Linder et al., 2008, Reed et al., 2008, Ryu et al., 2008, Scherfer et al., 2008, Sekiya et al., 2008, Tang et al., 2008, Wigby et al., 2008, Domanitskaya et al., 2007, Harari-Steinberg et al., 2007, Reiter et al., 2007, Brun et al., 2006, Kaneko et al., 2006, Scherfer et al., 2006, Tang et al., 2006, Greene et al., 2005, Kocks et al., 2005, Lee et al., 2005, Park et al., 2005, Domazet-Loso and Tautz, 2003, Leulier et al., 2003, Leulier et al., 2003, Yajima et al., 2003, Rutschmann et al., 2002, Tauszig-Delamasure et al., 2002)
          DptA
          (Golubev et al., 2025, Kang et al., 2025, Lee et al., 2025, Qush et al., 2025, Rommelaere et al., 2025, Sheng et al., 2025, Zheng et al., 2025, Arias-Rojas et al., 2024, Beghelli et al., 2024, Guo et al., 2024, Hachfi et al., 2024, Isaacson et al., 2024, Krejčová et al., 2024, Liang et al., 2024, Meyer et al., 2024, Nicolson et al., 2024, Nigg et al., 2024, Prakash et al., 2024, Salminen et al., 2024, Vesala et al., 2024, Yao et al., 2024, Arias-Rojas et al., 2023, Bossen et al., 2023, Chen et al., 2023, Elguero et al., 2023, Hsieh and Chiang, 2023, Huang et al., 2023, Kuyateh and Obbard, 2023, Lee et al., 2023, Muita and Baxter, 2023, Stączek et al., 2023, Touré et al., 2023, Deshpande et al., 2022, Eickelberg et al., 2022, Hong et al., 2022, Kim et al., 2022, Li et al., 2022, Liu et al., 2022, Shit et al., 2022, Takeuchi et al., 2022, Vaibhvi et al., 2022, Waring et al., 2022, Wu and Yan, 2022, Wu et al., 2022, Hall et al., 2021, Yamashita et al., 2021, Zhou et al., 2021, Cai et al., 2020, Kwon et al., 2020, Lim et al., 2020, Seong et al., 2020, Sun et al., 2020, Swanson et al., 2020, Swanson et al., 2020, Asri et al., 2019, Baenas and Wagner, 2019, Chambers et al., 2019, Chen et al., 2019, Houtz et al., 2019, Moskalev et al., 2019, Si et al., 2019, Štětina et al., 2019, Troha and Buchon, 2019, Wen et al., 2019, Gene Disruption Project members, 2018-, Hemphill et al., 2018, Kamareddine et al., 2018, Li et al., 2018, Mlih et al., 2018, Schretter et al., 2018, Early et al., 2017, Huang et al., 2017, Kiss et al., 2016, Gendrin et al., 2013, Galac and Lazzaro, 2011, Sackton et al., 2010, Feng et al., 2009, Hill-Burns and Clark, 2009, Hedengren-Olcott et al., 2004, Lazzaro et al., 2004, Hedengren et al., 2000)
          DtpA
          (Shin et al., 2005)
          dip
          (Corbo and Levine, 1996)
          dipt
          (Yu et al., 2024, Wagner et al., 2021, Dubey and Tapadia, 2018, Chen et al., 2017, Fink et al., 2016, Park et al., 2016, Regan et al., 2016, Sansone et al., 2015, Fernando et al., 2014, Igboin et al., 2012, Meinander et al., 2012, Wang et al., 2012, Igboin et al., 2011, Karpac et al., 2011, Abdelsadik and Roeder, 2010, Fan et al., 2010, Berkey et al., 2009, Bond and Foley, 2009, Brown et al., 2009, Guntermann et al., 2009, Shia et al., 2009, Lee and Edery, 2008, Ratnaparkhi et al., 2008, Flatt et al., 2006, Munier et al., 2004, Georgel et al., 2001, Wu et al., 2001, Leulier et al., 2000, Williams et al., 1997)
          diptA
          (Snee et al., 2023, Orme et al., 2016)
          diptericin
          (Sharma et al., 2021, Maki et al., 2017)
          dpt
          (Mullinax et al., 2025, Chen et al., 2024, Hardiyanti et al., 2024, Chan et al., 2023, Fan et al., 2023, Tian et al., 2022, Jacqueline et al., 2020, P et al., 2020, Li et al., 2018, Kingsolver et al., 2013, Nelson et al., 2013, Shi et al., 2012, Garbuzov and Tatar, 2010, Zsindely et al., 2009, Mulinari et al., 2006, Tsuda et al., 2005, Ligoxygakis et al., 2002, McDonald and Rosbash, 2001, Lemaitre, 2000.12.20)
          dpt A
          (Suh et al., 2020)
          dptA
          (Zhang et al., 2020)
          dpta
          (Usman et al., 2024)
          Name Synonyms
          Dipt
          (Rommelaere et al., 2024, Nehme et al., 2007)
          Diptercin
          (Wang et al., 2024, Wang et al., 2024, Song et al., 2021, Westfall et al., 2018)
          Diptericin
          (Knop et al., 2025, Toubarro et al., 2025, Yuan et al., 2025, Darby et al., 2024, Feng et al., 2024, Nainu et al., 2024, Nguyen et al., 2024, Tsap et al., 2024, Zhu et al., 2024, Arch et al., 2023, Chen et al., 2023, Parks et al., 2023, Chen et al., 2022, Delventhal et al., 2022, Eleftherianos and Tafesh-Edwards, 2022, Pratomo et al., 2022, Singh and Tapadia, 2022, Yu et al., 2022, Eleftherianos and Heryanto, 2021, Harnish et al., 2021, Marra et al., 2021, Ozakman and Eleftherianos, 2021, Rydbom et al., 2021, Deng et al., 2020, Hanson and Lemaitre, 2020, Iwashita et al., 2020, Ozakman and Eleftherianos, 2020, Younes et al., 2020, Aalto et al., 2019, Ji et al., 2019, Sanchez Bosch et al., 2019, Westfall et al., 2019, Yadav and Eleftherianos, 2019, Akagi et al., 2018, Garschall and Flatt, 2018, Hleihel et al., 2018, Hori et al., 2018, Sherri et al., 2018, Su et al., 2018, Yuan et al., 2018, Capo et al., 2017, Duneau et al., 2017, Jones et al., 2017, Tavignot et al., 2017, Akbar et al., 2016, Allen et al., 2016, Helenius et al., 2016, Ji et al., 2016, Neyen et al., 2016, Sekihara et al., 2016, Xiong et al., 2016, Arefin et al., 2015, Bandarra et al., 2015, Castillo et al., 2015, Pragya et al., 2015, Shirinian et al., 2015, Terhzaz et al., 2015, Wu et al., 2015, Yamamoto-Hino et al., 2015, Binggeli et al., 2014, Chakrabarti et al., 2014, Goto et al., 2014, Haller et al., 2014, Ji et al., 2014, Tan et al., 2014, Varma et al., 2014, Zhou et al., 2014, Aparicio et al., 2013, Clark et al., 2013, Dantoft et al., 2013, Ferrandon, 2013, Furihata et al., 2013, Gendrin et al., 2013, Oh et al., 2013, Quintin et al., 2013, Vandersmissen et al., 2013, Yagi et al., 2013, An et al., 2012, Bier and Guichard, 2012, Bosco-Drayon et al., 2012, Choi and Hyun, 2012, Keebaugh and Schlenke, 2012, Longworth et al., 2012, Marek and Kagan, 2012, Neyen et al., 2012, Petersen et al., 2012, Tsuzuki et al., 2012, Wu et al., 2012, Akbar et al., 2011, Akhouayri et al., 2011, Chtarbanova and Imler, 2011, Clark et al., 2011, Esfahani and Engström, 2011, Fellous and Lazzaro, 2011, Kuraishi et al., 2011, Limmer et al., 2011, Mulcahy et al., 2011, Opota et al., 2011, Ragab et al., 2011, Schmidt et al., 2011, Wang et al., 2011, Zaidman-Rémy et al., 2011, Zhao et al., 2011, Aymeric et al., 2010, Becker et al., 2010, Buchon et al., 2010, Goto et al., 2010, Haghayeghi et al., 2010, Kurata, 2010, Lemos et al., 2010, Moule et al., 2010, Paquette et al., 2010, Radyuk et al., 2010, Tanji et al., 2010, Yagi et al., 2010, Zhao et al., 2010, Buchon et al., 2009, Buchon et al., 2009, Carpenter et al., 2009, Charroux and Royet, 2009, Choi et al., 2009, Costa et al., 2009, Diangelo et al., 2009, Ertürk-Hasdemir et al., 2009, Gendrin et al., 2009, Wei et al., 2009, Wiklund et al., 2009, Aggarwal et al., 2008, Bergeret et al., 2008, Deddouche et al., 2008, Flatt et al., 2008, Goto et al., 2008, Jin et al., 2008, Lhocine et al., 2008, Maillet et al., 2008, Reed et al., 2008, Ryu et al., 2008, Scherfer et al., 2008, Schmidt et al., 2008, Sekiya et al., 2008, Tang et al., 2008, Vonkavaara et al., 2008, Dijkers and O'Farrell, 2007, Harari-Steinberg et al., 2007, Helenius et al., 2007, Lesch et al., 2007, Pal et al., 2007, Tanji et al., 2007, Taylor and Kimbrell, 2007, Valanne et al., 2007, Waterhouse et al., 2007, Wu et al., 2007, Kambris et al., 2006, Leulier et al., 2006, Libert et al., 2006, Liehl et al., 2006, Matova and Anderson, 2006, Mulinari et al., 2006, Senger et al., 2006, Zraly et al., 2006, Johansson et al., 2005, Sano et al., 2005, Shin et al., 2005, Zhou et al., 2005, Bassett et al., 2003, Leulier et al., 2003, Yajima et al., 2003, Chen et al., 2002, Ligoxygakis et al., 2002, Naitza et al., 2002, Roxstrom-Lindquist et al., 2002, Rutschmann et al., 2002, Tauszig-Delamasure et al., 2002, Kimbrell and Beutler, 2001, Lindmark et al., 2001, Luo et al., 2001, Rutschmann et al., 2000, Reichhart, 1992.2.19)
          Diptericin (A)
          (Li et al., 2020)
          Diptericin A
          (Krejčová et al., 2024, Gao et al., 2021, Lazzaro et al., 2020, Suh et al., 2020, Unckless and Lazzaro, 2016, Galac and Lazzaro, 2011, Fellous and Lazzaro, 2010, Buchon et al., 2009, Lazzaro et al., 2006, Wang et al., 2006, Shin et al., 2005, Lazzaro et al., 2004)
          Diptericin precursor
          (Hernandez-Romano et al., 2008)
          Diptericin-A
          (Mallick et al., 2024, Bonnay et al., 2014, Tsai et al., 2008)
          DiptericinA
          (Abubaker et al., 2022, Hill-Burns and Clark, 2009)
          Diptericine
          (Espaillat et al., 2016)
          diptericin
          (Kumar et al., 2025, Shiratsuchi et al., 2024, Aalto et al., 2023, Lee et al., 2023, Benoit et al., 2022, Kong et al., 2021, Mishra et al., 2021, Wagner et al., 2021, Zhu et al., 2021, Badinloo et al., 2018, Wei et al., 2018, Lee et al., 2017, Shaw et al., 2017, Park et al., 2016, Regan et al., 2016, Shiratsuchi et al., 2016, Bandarra et al., 2015, Kutch and Fedorka, 2015, Shirinian et al., 2015, Verma and Tapadia, 2015, Hang et al., 2014, Verma and Tapadia, 2014, Bonnay et al., 2013, Fontenele et al., 2013, Gonzalez et al., 2013, Kemp et al., 2013, Nelson et al., 2013, Bier and Guichard, 2012, Bitra et al., 2012, Chambers et al., 2012, Hamilos et al., 2012, Igboin et al., 2012, Jones et al., 2012, Kounatidis and Ligoxygakis, 2012, Lemaitre et al., 2012, Meinander et al., 2012, Overend et al., 2012, Rera et al., 2012, Verma and Tapadia, 2012, Wang et al., 2012, Douglas et al., 2011, Igboin et al., 2011, Anbutsu and Fukatsu, 2010, Garbuzov and Tatar, 2010, Mabery and Schneider, 2010, Radyuk et al., 2010, Avadhanula et al., 2009, Berkey et al., 2009, Brown et al., 2009, Guntermann et al., 2009, Hashimoto et al., 2009, Luce-Fedrow et al., 2009, Merkle et al., 2009, Okado et al., 2009, Saleh et al., 2009, Shia et al., 2009, Stergiopoulos et al., 2009, Wagner et al., 2009, Zhang and Palli, 2009, Jones et al., 2008, Kapelnikov et al., 2008, Lee and Edery, 2008, Malagoli et al., 2008, Ratnaparkhi and Courey, 2008, Ratnaparkhi et al., 2008, Sibley et al., 2008, Silverman et al., 2008, Avet-Rochex et al., 2007, Brennan et al., 2007, Copley et al., 2007, Domanitskaya et al., 2007, Ferrarese et al., 2007, Hallem et al., 2007, Huh et al., 2007, Ren et al., 2007, Bischoff et al., 2006, Delaney et al., 2006, Johansson et al., 2006, Kaneko et al., 2006, Kim et al., 2006, Kim et al., 2006, Avet-Rochex et al., 2005, Delaney et al., 2005, Tsuda et al., 2005, Zerofsky et al., 2005, Leclerc and Reichhart, 2004, Agaisse et al., 2003, Cha et al., 2003, Janssens and Beyaert, 2003, Leulier et al., 2003, Fauvarque et al., 2002, Ligoxtgakis, 2002, Mukae et al., 2002, Wicker et al., 1990)
          diptericin A
          (Takeuchi et al., 2022, Snigdha et al., 2021, Koltun et al., 2017, Radyuk et al., 2010, Feng et al., 2009)
          diptericin-A
          (Hastings et al., 2023, Shiratsuchi et al., 2016)
          diptericinA
          (El-Saadi et al., 2023)
          Secondary FlyBase IDs
            Datasets (0)
            Study focus (0)
            Experimental Role
            Project
            Project Type
            Title
            Study result (0)
            Result
            Result Type
            Title
            External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 61 )
            Sequence Crossreferences
            NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
            GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
            GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
            RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
            UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
            UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
            Other crossreferences
            AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
            BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
            DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
            EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
            FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
            FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
            KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
            MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
            Linkouts
            Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
            DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
            DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
            Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
            FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
            FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
            Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
            KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
            References (790)