FB2026_03 , released September 17, 2026
Gene: Dmel\PolA2
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\PolA2
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
DNA polymerase alpha subunit 2
Annotation Symbol
CG5923
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0005696
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
5 publicly available
Gene Summary
Accessory subunit of the DNA polymerase alpha complex (also known as the alpha DNA polymerase-primase complex) which plays an essential role in the initiation of DNA synthesis (PubMed:6403945, PubMed:6409898, PubMed:6773966, PubMed:7592543). During the S phase of the cell cycle, the DNA polymerase alpha complex (composed of a catalytic subunit PolA1, an accessory subunit PolA2 and two primase subunits, the catalytic subunit Prim1 and the regulatory subunit Prim2) is recruited to DNA at the replicative forks (By similarity). The primase subunit of the polymerase alpha complex initiates DNA synthesis by oligomerising short RNA primers on both leading and lagging strands. These primers are initially extended by the polymerase alpha catalytic subunit and subsequently transferred to polymerase delta and polymerase epsilon for processive synthesis on the lagging and leading strand, respectively (By similarity). (UniProt, Q9VB62)
Contribute a Gene Snapshot for this gene.
All Summaries
Also Known As

DNA polymerase α, DNApol-α73, DNApol-alpha73, Polα, Polα 73kDa

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
97E10-97E10
Sequence location
Recombination map
3-92
RefSeq locus
NT_033777 REGION:27239163..27241228
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (7 terms)
Molecular Function (1 term)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (0 terms)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables DNA binding
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR007185
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Biological Process (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in DNA-templated DNA replication
inferred from direct assay
(Kuroda et al., 1990, Kaguni et al., 1983)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in DNA replication initiation
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000551732
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P38121
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
involved_in DNA replication
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR007185
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
Cellular Component (3 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
part_of alpha DNA polymerase:primase complex
inferred from direct assay
(Kuroda et al., 1990, Kaguni et al., 1983, Kaguni et al., 1983)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
part_of alpha DNA polymerase:primase complex
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P38121
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000551732
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
located_in nuclear envelope
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P38121
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
located_in nucleus
inferred from sequence or structural similarity with UniProtKB:P38121
(Gene Ontology Curators, 2002-)
inferred from experiment
(Kuroda and Ueda, 1995)
Gene Group / Complex (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the DNA polymerase alpha subunit B family. (Q9VB62)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Gene Group / Complex (FlyBase)
DNA POLYMERASE ALPHA-PRIMASE COMPLEX -
DNA polymerase alpha-primase synthesizes short RNA-DNA primers on the lagging strand during DNA synthesis. It is a heterotetramer composed of two polymerase subunits (DNApol-α180 and DNApol-α73) and two primase subunits (DNApol-α50 and DNApol-α60). DNApol-α180 and DNApol-α50 encode the DNA polymerase and RNA primase catalytic activities, respectively, while DNApol-α73 and DNApol-α60 encode the regulatory subunits. (Adapted from PMID:30005324.)
DNA POLYMERASE SUBUNITS -
Multiple DNA polymerases are required for DNA replication in eukaryotic cells. The alpha-primase, delta and epsilon polymerases exist as multi-subunit complexes and are responsible for the bulk of nuclear DNA synthesis. Other specialized polymerases (including eta, iota, theta, zeta and Rev1) are required for nuclear DNA repair and/or translesion DNA synthesis. DNA polymerase gamma is responsible for the replication and repair of mitochondrial DNA. (Adapted from PMID:30005324.)
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Accessory subunit of the DNA polymerase alpha complex (also known as the alpha DNA polymerase-primase complex) which plays an essential role in the initiation of DNA synthesis (PubMed:6403945, PubMed:6409898, PubMed:6773966, PubMed:7592543). During the S phase of the cell cycle, the DNA polymerase alpha complex (composed of a catalytic subunit PolA1, an accessory subunit PolA2 and two primase subunits, the catalytic subunit Prim1 and the regulatory subunit Prim2) is recruited to DNA at the replicative forks (By similarity). The primase subunit of the polymerase alpha complex initiates DNA synthesis by oligomerising short RNA primers on both leading and lagging strands. These primers are initially extended by the polymerase alpha catalytic subunit and subsequently transferred to polymerase delta and polymerase epsilon for processive synthesis on the lagging and leading strand, respectively (By similarity).
(UniProt, Q9VB62)
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
1
Number of Unique Polypeptides
1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\PolA2 for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry Q9VB62)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.46

Gene model reviewed during 5.49

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
PolA2-RC
FBtr0114543
NM_170327
2066
609
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)

2.5 (northern blot)

(Cotterill et al., 1992)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
PolA2-PC
FBpp0113035
67.0
609
5.17
Q9VB62
NP_733206
AAF56680
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

There is only one protein coding transcript and one polypeptide associated with this gene

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)

653 (aa); 73 (kD observed)

(Cotterill et al., 1992)
Comments
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Component of the alpha DNA polymerase complex (also known as the alpha DNA polymerase-primase complex) consisting of four subunits: the catalytic subunit PolA1, the regulatory subunit PolA2, and the primase complex subunits Prim1 and Prim2 respectively (PubMed:6403945, PubMed:6409898, PubMed:6773966). PolA1 associates with the DNA primase complex before association with PolA2 (PubMed:6409898).

(UniProt, Q9VB62)
Post Translational Modification

Phosphorylated in embryos until cycle 13.

(UniProt, Q9VB62)
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\PolA2 using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-0.23

Transcript Expression
Additional Descriptive Data
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
fertilized egg stage
male pronucleus

Comment: interphase

(Loppin et al., 2001)
female pronucleus

Comment: interphase

(Loppin et al., 2001)
Additional Descriptive Data

PCNA and PolA2 proteins are detected associated with the nuclear chromatin of interphase apposed male and female pro-nuclei in newly fertilized eggs in preparation for the completion of DNA replication prior to the first zygotic division.

(Loppin et al., 2001)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
part_of alpha DNA polymerase:primase complex
inferred from direct assay
(Kuroda et al., 1990, Kaguni et al., 1983, Kaguni et al., 1983)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\PolA2 in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 1 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 5 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of PolA2
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of PolA2
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 2 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
viable, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
Other Phenotypes
Allele
visible, with Scer\GAL4ey.PU
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
eye, with Scer\GAL4ey.PU
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (2)
Hsap\POLA2
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
1  
Hsap\POLE2
1 of 14
No
No
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (2)
Rnor\Pola2
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Rnor\Pole2
1 of 14
No
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (1)
Mmus\Pola2
12 of 14
Yes
Yes
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (3)
Xtro\pola2
8 of 13
Yes
Yes
Xtro\vgll1
7 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\lman1l
6 of 13
No
Yes
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (2)
Drer\pola2
13 of 14
Yes
Yes
Drer\pole2
1 of 14
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (1)
Cele\div-1
10 of 14
Yes
Yes
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (2)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP004392
11 of 12
Yes
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP004614
1 of 12
No
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (1)
Atha\POLA2
12 of 13
Yes
Yes
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (1)
Scer\POL12
10 of 13
Yes
Yes
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (1)
Spom\spb70
9 of 12
Yes
Yes
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:PolA2. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (1)
PolE2
1 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Interaction
    References
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    POLA2; DNA polymerase alpha 2, accessory subunit
    13 of 14
    620063
         
        Functional Complementation Data
        Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
        Interactions
        Summary of Physical Interactions
        Summary of Genetic Interactions
        Interaction Browsers
        Starting gene(s)
        Interaction type
        Interacting gene(s)
        Reference
        Starting gene(s)
        Interaction type
        Interacting gene(s)
        Reference
        External Data
        Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
        Component of the alpha DNA polymerase complex (also known as the alpha DNA polymerase-primase complex) consisting of four subunits: the catalytic subunit PolA1, the regulatory subunit PolA2, and the primase complex subunits Prim1 and Prim2 respectively (PubMed:6403945, PubMed:6409898, PubMed:6773966). PolA1 associates with the DNA primase complex before association with PolA2 (PubMed:6409898).
        (UniProt, Q9VB62 )
        Linkouts
        BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
        DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
        MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
        Pathways
        Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
        Metabolic Pathways
        FlyBase
        External Links
        External Data
        Linkouts
        KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
        Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
        Class of Gene
        Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
        Chromosome (arm)
        3R
        Recombination map
        3-92
        Cytogenetic map
        97E10-97E10
        Sequence location
        FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
        Cytogenetic map
        Evidence for location
        97E10-97E10
        Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}sda03884 and P{PZ}btzrL203
        Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
        Cytogenetic map
        Notes
        References
        Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
        Location

        3-92

        (FlyBase, 2016)

        3-90.0

        (Comeron et al., 2012)
        Left of (cM)
        Right of (cM)
        Notes
        Stocks and Reagents
        Stocks (5)
        Genomic Clones (12)
         

        Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

        cDNA Clones (28)
         

        Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

        cDNA clones, fully sequenced
        BDGP DGC clones
        Other clones
        Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

        For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

        cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
        BDGP DGC clones
        Other clones
        RNAi and Array Information
        Linkouts
        DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
        Antibody Information
        Laboratory Generated Antibodies
         

        polyclonal

        (Cotterill et al., 1992)
        Commercially Available Antibodies
         
        Cell Line Information
        Publicly Available Cell Lines
         
          Other Stable Cell Lines
           
            Other Comments

            Analysis of DNApol-α73-Ecol\CAT deletion constructs shows that full promoter activity is located within the region from -285 to +129bp of DNApol-α73. Three DREs (DNA-replication related elements) are located within this region, and DNA footprinting analysis shows that Dref can bind to all three sites. Mutation of any one of the DRE sites causes extensive reductions in promoter activity and Dref binding to the promoter fragment.

            (Takahashi et al., 1996)

            A monoclonal antibody to the 72kD protein stains interphase nuclei, but not metaphase chromosomes. The protein is present in the embryo as a maternal product.

            (Kuroda and Ueda, 1995)

            Subunits of DNA polymerase α and δ are purified from embryos and characterised.

            (Mitsis et al., 1995)

            Expression pattern and subcellular distribution of the protein during development is studied using antibodies.

            (Yamaguchi et al., 1995)

            The properties of the DNA polymerase α enzyme have been studied.

            (Cai et al., 1993)

            The gene for the 73kD subunit of the DNA polymerase α primase has been cloned and nucleotide sequence motifs constituting control regions have been analysed.

            (Cotterill et al., 1992)

            25bp DNA oligomer containing m4T is used in a gel extension assay to measure the efficiency of incorporation of dATP and dGTP opposite m4T using a DNA polymerase α-primase complex. The DNA polymerase α shows a clear preference for pairing with dGTP.

            (Dosanjh et al., 1990)
            Relationship to Other Genes
            Source for database merge of
            Additional comments
            Nomenclature History
            Source for database identify of

            Source for identity of: PolA2 DNApol-α73

            (Marygold et al., 2020)
            Nomenclature comments
            Etymology
            Synonyms and Secondary IDs (28)
            Reported As
            Symbol Synonym
            CG5923
            (Lee et al., 2022, Çiçek et al., 2016, Suyari et al., 2012, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Perkins et al., 2009, Dimova et al., 2003, Schlenke, 2001.3.12)
            DNA pol-73
            (Foglietti et al., 2006)
            DNA polymerase α 73 kD
            (Érdi et al., 2012)
            DNA polα
            (Frolov et al., 2003)
            DNApol-alpha73
            (Guichard et al., 2023, Giot et al., 2003)
            DNApol-α
            (Shen et al., 1992)
            DNApol-α72
            (Kuroda and Ueda, 1995)
            DNApol-α73
            (Liang et al., 2014, Swaminathan et al., 2010, Cayirlioglu et al., 2003)
            DNApolα
            (Cai et al., 1993)
            Dmpol α
            (Takeuchi et al., 2004)
            POLA
            (Matsukage et al., 1995)
            Pol
            (Machida et al., 2005)
            PolA2
            (Urban et al., 2026, Molano-Fernández et al., 2025, Yamaguchi and Cotterill, 2023, Marygold et al., 2020, Gene Disruption Project members, 2018-, Transgenic RNAi Project members, 2017-)
            Polα
            (Urban et al., 2022, Fuss et al., 2001, Lehman, 1998)
            Polα 73KDa
            (Kohzaki et al., 2018)
            Polα 73kDa
            (Kohzaki and Murakami, 2018, Suyari et al., 2012)
            Polα73
            (Kohzaki et al., 2018)
            pol α
            (Mizushina et al., 2003, Singer and Dosanjh, 1990)
            polα
            (Royzman and Orr-Weaver, 1998)
            Name Synonyms
            B subunit
            (Kuroda and Ueda, 1999)
            DNA polymerase 73K
            (Hochheimer et al., 2002)
            DNA polymerase alpha 73kD subunit
            DNA polymerase alpha primase 73 kda subunit
            (Cotterill, 1992.11.13, Cotterill, 1992.11.13)
            DNA polymerase alpha subunit 2
            (Marygold et al., 2020)
            DNA polymerase α
            (Matsukage et al., 1995, Kamakaka et al., 1994, Marton et al., 1994, Mitsis et al., 1993)
            DNA polymerase α 73,000 α subunit
            (Kaguni et al., 1983)
            DNA polymerase α 73kD
            (Swaminathan et al., 2010)
            DNA-polymerase α
            (Leclerc et al., 1996)
            DNApol-alpha73
            (Williams et al., 2020)
            Secondary FlyBase IDs
              Datasets (0)
              Study focus (0)
              Experimental Role
              Project
              Project Type
              Title
              Study result (0)
              Result
              Result Type
              Title
              External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 45 )
              Sequence Crossreferences
              NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
              GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
              GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
              RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
              UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
              UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
              Other crossreferences
              AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
              DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
              EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
              FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
              FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
              InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
              KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
              MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
              Linkouts
              BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
              Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
              DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
              DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
              Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
              FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
              FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
              Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
              Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
              FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.
              iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
              KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.
              MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
              Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
              References (80)