FlyBase Gene Report: Dmel\Rel

General Information

Symbol

Dmel\Rel

Species

D. melanogaster

Name

Relish

Annotation Symbol

CG11992

Feature Type

protein_coding_gene

FlyBase ID

FBgn0014018

Gene Model Status

Stock Availability

27 publicly available

Gene Summary

Relish (Rel) encodes a transcription factor and the downstream component of the immune deficiency pathway, which regulates the antibacterial response and other less characterized cellular processes. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-14] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)

All Summaries

Gene Snapshot
Alliance
Auto summary
Pathway
Gene Group
UniProtKB
Interactive Fly

Also Known As

NF-κB, ird4, NFκB, l(3)neo36, Rel1

Key Links

Genomic Location

Cytogenetic map

Sequence location

3R:9,044,183..9,047,977 [-]

Recombination map

3-48

RefSeq locus

NT_033777 REGION:9044183..9047977

Sequence

Get Decorated FASTA

Genomic Maps

JBrowse GBrowse

Other Genome Views

The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.

Function

GO Summary Ribbons

Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (32 terms)

Molecular Function (5 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (4 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

enables DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific

inferred from direct assay

(Bonnay et al., 2014, Ertürk-Hasdemir et al., 2009, Junell et al., 2007)

enables DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific

inferred from direct assay

(Wiklund et al., 2009)

enables protein binding

inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:Q8IRY7

(assigned by UniProt )

(Leulier et al., 2000)

enables RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

inferred from direct assay

(Ertürk-Hasdemir et al., 2009, Copley et al., 2007)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

enables DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000652442

(assigned by GO_Central )

(Gaudet et al., 2011)

enables RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000652442

(assigned by GO_Central )

(Gaudet et al., 2011)

Biological Process (23 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (22 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

involved_in cellular response to amino acid starvation

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Wu et al., 2007)

involved_in cellular response to DNA damage stimulus

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Karpac et al., 2011)

involved_in defense response to bacterium

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Wong et al., 2017)

involved_in defense response to Gram-negative bacterium

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Meinander et al., 2012, Berkey et al., 2009, Goto et al., 2008, Leulier et al., 2006)

inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:PGRP-LE; FB:FBgn0030695

(Libert et al., 2006)

involved_in defense response to virus

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Slavik et al., 2021, Goto et al., 2018, Liu et al., 2018, Costa et al., 2009)

involved_in dendrite morphogenesis

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Iyer et al., 2013)

involved_in immune response

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Ryu et al., 2006)

inferred from expression pattern

(Han and Ip, 1999)

involved_in negative regulation of stem cell proliferation

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Wang et al., 2013)

involved_in peptidoglycan recognition protein signaling pathway

inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:SkpA; FB:FBgn0025637, FLYBASE:slmb; FB:FBgn0283468

(Khush et al., 2002)

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Wagner et al., 2021, Cao et al., 2013, Meinander et al., 2012, Ertürk-Hasdemir et al., 2009, Goto et al., 2008, Valanne et al., 2007, Leulier et al., 2006, Boutros et al., 2002, Cornwell and Kirkpatrick, 2001, Leulier et al., 2000)

inferred from high throughput mutant phenotype

(Kleino et al., 2005)

involved_in peripheral nervous system neuron development

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Ayyar et al., 2007)

involved_in positive regulation of antibacterial peptide biosynthetic process

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Cao et al., 2013, Hedengren et al., 1999, Wu and Anderson, 1998)

inferred from expression pattern

(assigned by UniProt )

(Dushay et al., 1996)

involved_in positive regulation of antifungal peptide biosynthetic process

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Hedengren et al., 1999)

involved_in positive regulation of antimicrobial peptide production

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Khush et al., 2002)

involved_in positive regulation of biosynthetic process of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-negative bacteria

inferred from high throughput mutant phenotype

(Kleino et al., 2005)

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Brown et al., 2009, Cornwell and Kirkpatrick, 2001)

involved_in positive regulation of defense response to virus by host

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Avadhanula et al., 2009)

involved_in positive regulation of gene expression

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Brown et al., 2009)

involved_in positive regulation of innate immune response

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Goto et al., 2008)

involved_in positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Brown et al., 2009)

involved_in positive regulation of phagocytosis

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Wong et al., 2017)

involved_in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Bonnay et al., 2014, Dantoft et al., 2013)

inferred from direct assay

(Ertürk-Hasdemir et al., 2009, Dushay et al., 1996)

involved_in regulation of innate immune response

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Bonnay et al., 2014)

inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:brm; FB:FBgn0000212

(Bonnay et al., 2014)

inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:mor; FB:FBgn0002783

(Bonnay et al., 2014)

involved_in response to bacterium

inferred from direct assay

(Wagner et al., 2009)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (1 term)

CV Term

Evidence

References

involved_in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000652442

(assigned by GO_Central )

(Gaudet et al., 2011)

Cellular Component (4 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (4 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

located_in cytoplasm

inferred from direct assay

(Cha et al., 2003, Bhattacharya and Steward, 2002, Stoven et al., 2000)

located_in cytosol

inferred from direct assay

(Cornwell and Kirkpatrick, 2001)

located_in euchromatin

inferred from direct assay

(Bonnay et al., 2014)

located_in nucleus

inferred from direct assay

(Delaney et al., 2006, Kleino et al., 2005, Cha et al., 2003, Bhattacharya and Steward, 2002, Cornwell and Kirkpatrick, 2001, Stoven et al., 2000)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)

Gene Group (FlyBase)

NUCLEAR FACTOR - KAPPA B

NUCLEAR FACTOR - KAPPA B INHIBITOR FAMILY

Pathway (FlyBase)

Imd Signaling Pathway Core Components

Protein Family (UniProt)

-

Protein Signatures (InterPro)

Summaries

Gene Snapshot

Relish (Rel) encodes a transcription factor and the downstream component of the immune deficiency pathway, which regulates the antibacterial response and other less characterized cellular processes. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-14]

Gene Group (FlyBase)

NUCLEAR FACTOR - KAPPA B -: The NF-κB transcription factor family share an N-terminal Rel homology domain. NF-κB transcription factors play a major role in development and immunity. (Adapted from FBrf0155649 and FBrf0210750).
NUCLEAR FACTOR - KAPPA B INHIBITOR FAMILY -: The activity of NF-κB transcription factors is regulated by interaction with inhibitory IκB proteins. IκB family members are characterized by multiple ankyrin repeat regions through which they bind Rel homology domain of NF-κB transcription factors. (Adapted from FBrf0233452.)

Pathway (FlyBase)

Imd Signaling Pathway Core Components -: The immune deficiency (Imd) pathway primarily mediates the humoral immune response to Gram-negative bacteria. Activation of the Imd pathway by diaminopimelic acid-type peptidoglycan initiates a signaling cascade that ultimately results in the release of the NFκB-like factor Rel from auto-inhibition and its translocation into the nucleus to activate the transcription of antimicrobial peptides. (Adapted from FBrf0224587 and FBrf0238555.)

Protein Function (UniProtKB)

Transcription factor that plays a key role in the humoral immune response as part of the peptidoglycan recognition protein (IMD) signaling pathway (PubMed:10619029, PubMed:8816802, PubMed:11269501, PubMed:11872802, PubMed:22022271, PubMed:29924997). Rel-p68 subunit translocates to the nucleus where it binds to the promoter of the Cecropin A1 gene and probably other antimicrobial peptide genes (PubMed:11269501, PubMed:29924997). I-kappa-B kinase complex (IKKbeta and key) and PGRP-LC are essential signaling components in transmitting the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) signal leading to cact degradation for NF-kappa-B (rel) activation (PubMed:11018014, PubMed:11872802). Part of a Toll-related receptor pathway that functions in the apoptosis of unfit cells during cell competition (PubMed:25477468). Also part of some antiviral immunity: activated downstream of Sting signaling, which detects double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) from viruses, and promotes expression of antiviral effector genes (PubMed:29934091, PubMed:30119996, PubMed:33262294, PubMed:34261127, PubMed:34261128). May be part of a NF-kappa-B and Tollo signaling cascade that regulates development of the peripheral nervous system (PubMed:18000549). Possibly post-transcriptionally regulates the neuron-specific genes sc and ase, by promoting the rapid turnover of their transcripts in the wing imaginal disk (PubMed:18000549).

(UniProt, Q94527)

Summary (Interactive Fly)

Ankyrin-repeat and NFkappaB domain protein - a key factor in the induction of the humoral immune response in Drosophila, including antibacterial as well as antifungal factors

Interactive Fly

Gene Model and Products

Number of Transcripts

4

Number of Unique Polypeptides

2

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Rel for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)

Isoform displayed:

Pfam protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Protein Domains (via SMART)

Isoform displayed:

SMART protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Structure New Section

Protein 3D structure (Predicted by AlphaFold) (AlphaFold entry Q94527)

If you don't see the viewer to the right, refresh your browser.

Model Confidence:

Very high (pLDDT > 90)
Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.48

Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene

protein_coding_gene

Transcript Data

Annotated Transcripts

Name

FlyBase ID

RefSeq ID

Length (nt)

Assoc. CDS (aa)

FBtr0089338

3499

971

FBtr0089339

3351

971

FBtr0089340

3042

971

FBtr0089341

2722

859

Additional Transcript Data and Comments

Reported size (kB)

3.5, 3.4, 3.1, 2.7 (northern blot)

(Hedengren et al., 1999)

3.4, 3.1, 2.7 (northern blot)

(Dushay et al., 1996)

Comments

External Data

Crossreferences

Polypeptide Data

Annotated Polypeptides

Name

FlyBase ID

Predicted MW (kDa)

Length (aa)

Theoretical pI

UniProt

RefSeq ID

GenBank

FBpp0088375

109.8

971

6.49

FBpp0088973

109.8

971

6.49

FBpp0088971

109.8

971

6.49

FBpp0088972

97.9

859

6.54

Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

971 aa isoforms: Rel-PA, Rel-PB, Rel-PC

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments

Reported size (kDa)

971, 859 (aa)

(Hedengren et al., 1999, Dushay et al., 1996)

Comments

External Data

Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Rel-p68 subunit interacts with Dredd (PubMed:11269502). Interacts with DMAP1 (PubMed:24947515). Interacts with akirin; interaction is immune stimulation-dependent; activates selected rel target gene promoters (PubMed:25180232).

(UniProt, Q94527)

Post Translational Modification

Phosphorylated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated I-kappa-B kinase complex before being cleaved. Rel-p110 subunit is cleaved within seconds of an immune challenge into Rel-p49 subunit and Rel-p68 subunit. Rel-p110 subunit reappears after 45 minutes.

(UniProt, Q94527)

Crossreferences

InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites

Linkouts

Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model

Nucleotide / Polypeptide Records

Q94527

Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Rel using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data

Crossreferences

Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.

Linkouts

Expression Data

Expression Summary Ribbons

Colored tiles in ribbon indicate that the Fly Cell Atlas project found the gene expressed in that cell type. Darker colors mean that more cells of that cell type express the gene:

low

high

Colorless tiles indicate that there is no scRNAseq data for the gene in that cell type.

Colored tiles in ribbon indicate that expression data (RNA and/or protein) has been curated by FlyBase for that anatomical location. Colorless tiles indicate that there is no curated data for that location.

Colored tiles in the ribbon indicate the average RNA expression level of the gene at the indicated stages:

low

high

as determined by RNA-seq (RPKM) using whole organism samples modENCODE, Brown et al., 2014. For complete stage-specific expression data, view the modENCODE Development RNA-Seq section under High-Throughput Expression below.

Transcript Expression

in situ

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

embryonic stage 1 -- 2

(Yatsu et al., 2008)

embryonic stage 1 -- 3

Comment: maternally deposited

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic stage 4 -- 6

anlage in statu nascendi

(Fisher et al., 2012)

organism | faint | ubiquitous

(Fisher et al., 2012)

primordial germ cell

(Fisher et al., 2012)

trunk mesoderm anlage

Comment: anlage in statu nascendi

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic stage 7 -- 8

(Fisher et al., 2012)

(Fisher et al., 2012)

organism | faint | ubiquitous

(Fisher et al., 2012)

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic stage 9 -- 10

anterior endoderm

(Fisher et al., 2012)

(Fisher et al., 2012)

(Fisher et al., 2012)

organism | faint | ubiquitous

(Fisher et al., 2012)

posterior endoderm

(Fisher et al., 2012)

(Fisher et al., 2012)

adult stage & oogenesis

(Hedengren et al., 1999)

northern blot

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

embryonic stage 1 -- 4

(Dushay et al., 1996)

late third instar larval stage -- prepupal stage P4(ii)

embryonic/larval salivary gland

Comment: 8 hr before - 12 hr after puparium formation

(Lehmann et al., 2002)

adult stage | female

(Dushay et al., 1996)

RT-PCR

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

adult Malpighian tubule

(McGettigan et al., 2005)

Additional Descriptive Data

Rel expression in salivary glands begins 8 hours prior to puparium formation, and ends 12 hours after puparium formation, with a peak 2 hours APF.

(Lehmann et al., 2002)

3.4kb Rel transcripts are expressed constitutively and are induced about 15-fold upon infection.

(Dushay et al., 1996)

The 3.1kb Rel transcripts are undetectable in untreated flies and are induced greater than 50-fold in infected flies.

(Dushay et al., 1996)

A 2.7kb Rel transcript is present in early embryos and uninjected adult females.

(Dushay et al., 1996)

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Polypeptide Expression

immunolocalization

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

third instar larval stage

Malpighian tubule

(Verma and Tapadia, 2014)

Additional Descriptive Data

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Evidence

References

located_in cytoplasm

inferred from direct assay

(Cha et al., 2003, Bhattacharya and Steward, 2002, Stoven et al., 2000)

located_in cytosol

inferred from direct assay

(Cornwell and Kirkpatrick, 2001)

located_in euchromatin

inferred from direct assay

(Bonnay et al., 2014)

located_in nucleus

inferred from direct assay

(Delaney et al., 2006, Kleino et al., 2005, Cha et al., 2003, Bhattacharya and Steward, 2002, Cornwell and Kirkpatrick, 2001, Stoven et al., 2000)

Expression Deduced from Reporters

High-Throughput Expression Data

Associated Tools

GBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Rel in GBrowse 2

RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region

View exonic expression by developmental stage for Dmel\Rel

View exonic expression by tissue for Dmel\Rel

Bulk Downloads

RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes

Reference

See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.

Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle

Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis

External Data and Images

Linkouts

BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis

FBgn0014018

DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species

41087/tissue=All

EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species

FBgn0014018

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

FBgn0014018

FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data

FBgn0014018

Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns

CG11992

Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut

FBgn0014018

Images

FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)

Show all FlyExpress processed images for Dmel\Rel

Stages(s) 1-3
Stages(s) 4-6
Stages(s) 7-8
Stages(s) 9-10
Stages(s) 11-12
Stages(s) 13-16

Image Based Resources

Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations

Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 18 )

For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show

Other relevant insertions

Transgenic Constructs ( 42 )

For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show

Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Rel

Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Rel

Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 2 )

Inferred from experimentation ( 2 )

Gene not disrupted in

(Spradling et al., 1999, BDGP Project Members, 1994-1999)

Gene disrupted in

(Ryder, 2004.4.26)

Inferred from location ( 0 )

Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants

Phenotypes

For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.

Lethality

Allele

lethal | recessive

lethal - all die before end of pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4^da.G32

Rel^{68.UAS.Tag:FLAG}

partially lethal - majority die | female, with Scer\GAL4^Ddc.PU

Rel^{68.UAS.Tag:FLAG}

partially lethal - majority die | female, with Scer\GAL4^elav.PU

Rel^{68.UAS.Tag:FLAG}

viable, with Dcr-2^UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu

Rel^GD1199

viable, with Scer\GAL4^arm.PS

Rel^UAS.EYFP

viable, with Scer\GAL4^Cg.PA

Rel^UAS.EYFP

viable, with Scer\GAL4^tin.CΔ4

Rel^GD1199

Sterility

Allele

Rel^EY08061

Other Phenotypes

Allele

abnormal feeding behavior | adult stage | recessive

Rel^E20

abnormal immune response

abnormal immune response, with Scer\GAL4^c564

Rel^KK109851

abnormal immune response, with Scer\GAL4^Cg.PA

Rel^{UAS.Tag:polyHis}

abnormal immune response, with Scer\GAL4^repo

Rel^HM05154

abnormal immune response (with Df(3R)ED5301)

Rel^E20

abnormal immune response | adult stage

abnormal immune response | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4^Act5C.PI

Rel^HMS00070

abnormal immune response | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4^c564

abnormal immune response | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4^da.PU

Rel^KK109851

abnormal immune response | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4^elav-C155

Rel^HMS00070

abnormal immune response | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4^He.PZ

Rel^HM05154

abnormal immune response | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4^Hml.Δ

Rel^HM05154

abnormal immune response | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4^repo

Rel^HMS00070

abnormal immune response | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4^Tk.PS

Rel^GD1199

abnormal immune response | adult stage | recessive

Rel^E20

abnormal immune response | recessive

abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage

Rel^E20

abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage | dominant

Rel^E20

abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage | progressive, with Scer\GAL4^da.G32

Rel^GD1199

abnormal neuroanatomy, with Scer\GAL4^ppk.1.9

abnormal neuroanatomy | adult stage | progressive, with Scer\GAL4^GMR.long

Rel^{68.UAS.Tag:FLAG}

abnormal neuroanatomy | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^ppk.PU

Rel^HMS00070

abnormal neurophysiology | third instar larval stage

Rel^E20

abnormal pain response | adult stage, with Dcr-2^UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu

Rel^GD1199

abnormal size | adult stage | recessive | nutrition conditional

Rel^E20

abnormal starvation stress response | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4^Cg.PA

abnormal starvation stress response | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4^ppl.PP

abnormal starvation stress response | adult stage | recessive

Rel^E20

decreased cell number | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4^Tk.PS

Rel^GD1199

increased cell death | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4^repo

Rel^D.UAS

increased cell number, with Scer\GAL4^cad-md509

Rel^{UAS.Tag:polyHis}

increased cell number | P-stage, with Scer\GAL4^repo

Rel^{68.UAS.Tag:FLAG}

increased mortality | adult stage

Rel^E20

increased mortality | adult stage | conditional

Rel^E20

increased mortality | conditional

Rel^E20

increased occurrence of cell division | adult stage

Rel^E20

increased occurrence of cell division | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4^cad-md509

Rel^{UAS.Tag:polyHis}

increased occurrence of cell division | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4^NP0001

Rel^{dsRNA.UAS.cUa}

increased occurrence of cell division | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4^NP5130

Rel^{dsRNA.UAS.cUa}

short lived | conditional

short lived | conditional, with Scer\GAL4^c564

Rel^KK109851

short lived | conditional, with Scer\GAL4^Tk.PS

Rel^GD1199

short lived | conditional (with Df(3R)ED5301)

Rel^E20

short lived | nutrition conditional

Rel^E20

short lived | RU486 conditional, with Scer\GAL4^da.Switch.PT

Rel^UAS.cUa

some die during pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4^da.G32

Rel^{68.UAS.Tag:FLAG}

visible, with Scer\GAL4^Bx-MS1096

visible, with Scer\GAL4^GMR.PU

Rel^{68.UAS.Tag:FLAG}

visible, with Scer\GAL4^sca-537.4

Rel^UAS.Tag:HA

visible | cold sensitive

Rel^E20

visible | dominant

Rel^E20

Phenotype manifest in

Allele

abdominal anterior ventral multidendritic neuron vdaa, with Scer\GAL4^ppk.1.9

abdominal segment motor neuron | third instar larval stage

Rel^E20

adult anterior midgut, with Scer\GAL4^Tk.PS

Rel^GD1199

adult brain, with Scer\GAL4^repo

Rel^D.UAS

adult enteroendocrine cell | decreased number, with Scer\GAL4^Tk.PS

Rel^GD1199

Rel^E20

adult fat body | nutrition conditional

Rel^E20

adult fat body | nutrition conditional, with Scer\GAL4^Cg.PA

adult fat body | nutrition conditional, with Scer\GAL4^ppl.PP

Rel^E20

adult posterior midgut epithelium

Rel^{UAS.Tag:polyHis}

autophagosome | adult stage | conditional

Rel^E38

crossvein, with Scer\GAL4^Bx-MS1096

Rel^{68.UAS.Tag:FLAG}

dorsal medial indirect flight muscle cell | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4^Mhc.PU

dorsocentral bristle | ectopic

Rel^E20

embryonic/larval neuromuscular junction | third instar larval stage

Rel^E20

embryonic/larval plasmatocyte | P-stage | increased number, with Scer\GAL4^repo

Rel^{68.UAS.Tag:FLAG}

eye, with Scer\GAL4^GMR.PU

Rel^{68.UAS.Tag:FLAG}

intestinal stem cell

Rel^E20

intestinal stem cell, with Scer\GAL4^NP0001

Rel^{dsRNA.UAS.cUa}

intestinal stem cell, with Scer\GAL4^NP5130

Rel^{dsRNA.UAS.cUa}

lamina, with Scer\GAL4^repo

Rel^D.UAS

larval dorsal multidendritic neuron ddaC, with Scer\GAL4^ppk.1.9

larval multidendritic class IV neuron | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^ppk.PU

Rel^HMS00070

lipid droplet | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4^Tk.PS

Rel^GD1199

lipid droplet | adult stage | nutrition conditional

Rel^E20

longitudinal vein, with Scer\GAL4^Bx-MS1096

Rel^{68.UAS.Tag:FLAG}

macrochaeta, with Scer\GAL4^sca-537.4

Rel^UAS.Tag:HA

macrochaeta | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4^sca-537.4

Rel^UAS.Tag:HA

macrochaeta | ectopic | cold sensitive

Rel^E20

mesothoracic tergum, with Scer\GAL4^sca-537.4

Rel^UAS.Tag:HA

mesothoracic tergum | ectopic | cold sensitive

Rel^E20

photoreceptor neuron | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4^GMR.long

Rel^{68.UAS.Tag:FLAG}

pupal central nervous system, with Scer\GAL4^repo

Rel^{68.UAS.Tag:FLAG}

retina, with Scer\GAL4^GMR.long

Rel^{68.UAS.Tag:FLAG}

wing, with Scer\GAL4^Bx-MS1096

Rel^KK109851

wing blade, with Scer\GAL4^Bx-MS1096

Rel^{68.UAS.Tag:FLAG}

wing blade, with Scer\GAL4^elav.PU

Rel^{68.UAS.Tag:FLAG}

Orthologs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Orthologs

Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0)

Homo sapiens (Human) (5)

Species\Gene Symbol

Score

Best Score

Best Reverse Score

Source

Alignment

Complementation?

Transgene?

7 of 15

Yes

Yes

6 of 15

No

Yes

2 of 15

No

No

3190

2 of 15

No

No

1

2 of 15

No

No

Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0)

Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (5)

Species\Gene Symbol

Score

Best Score

Best Reverse Score

Source

Alignment

Complementation?

Transgene?

7 of 15

Yes

Yes

6 of 15

No

Yes

1

2 of 15

No

No

1

2 of 15

No

No

2 of 15

No

No

Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (5)

6 of 13

Yes

Yes

5 of 13

No

Yes

2 of 13

No

No

2 of 13

No

No

1 of 13

No

No

Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (5)

4 of 12

Yes

Yes

4 of 12

Yes

Yes

2 of 12

No

No

2 of 12

No

No

1 of 12

No

No

Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (5)

8 of 15

Yes

Yes

2 of 15

No

No

2 of 15

No

No

2 of 15

No

No

2 of 15

No

No

Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (1)

1 of 15

Yes

No

Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)

No records found.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)

No records found.

Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)

No records found.

Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)

Paralogs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Paralogs

Paralogs (via DIOPT v8.0)

Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (2)

Gene Symbol

Score

Source

Alignment

2 of 10

2 of 10

Human Disease Associations

FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports

Disease Model Summary Ribbon

Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations

Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 2 )

Allele

Disease

Evidence

References

model of neurodegenerative disease

CEA

(Petersen et al., 2013)

model of opportunistic bacterial infectious disease

CEA

(Bonnay et al., 2014)

Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 1 )

Human Ortholog

Disease

Evidence

References

NFKB2; nuclear factor kappa B subunit 2

model of common variable immunodeficiency

IEA

(FlyBase, 2019-)

Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 7 )

Allele

Disease

Interaction

References

ameliorates Machado-Joseph disease

modeled by Hsap\ATXN3^{polyQ78.QUAS.Tag:HA}

(Li et al., 2018)

ameliorates Alzheimer's disease 1

modeled by Hsap\APP^{Aβ42.QUAS.Tag:SS(nec)}

(Li et al., 2018)

ameliorates neurodegenerative disease

modeled by tefu^atm-8

(Petersen et al., 2013)

ameliorates Machado-Joseph disease

modeled by Hsap\ATXN3^{polyQ78.QUAS.Tag:HA}

(Li et al., 2018)

ameliorates retinal disease

modeled by norpA^EE5

(Chinchore et al., 2012)

exacerbates carcinoma

modeled by dlg1^A40.2

(Parvy et al., 2019)

ameliorates intestinal cancer

modeled by Med^HD_CFD00386

(Zhou et al., 2021)

ameliorates neurodegenerative disease

modeled by tefu^atm-8

(Petersen et al., 2013)

ameliorates retinal disease

modeled by norpA^EE5

(Chinchore et al., 2012)

ameliorates adult T-cell leukemia

modeled by HTLV-1\Tax^UAS.Tag:MYC

(Akkouche et al., 2021, Shirinian et al., 2015)

ameliorates Machado-Joseph disease

modeled by Hsap\ATXN3^{polyQ78.QUAS.Tag:HA}

(Li et al., 2018)

ameliorates Alzheimer's disease 1

modeled by Hsap\APP^{Aβ42.QUAS.Tag:SS(nec)}

(Li et al., 2018)

Rel^{68.UAS.Tag:FLAG}

ameliorates hematologic cancer

modeled by mxc¹

(Araki et al., 2019)

ameliorates Machado-Joseph disease

modeled by Hsap\ATXN3^{tr.Q70.cc0.UAS.Tag:HA,Tag:MYC}

(Kwon et al., 2018)

exacerbates Machado-Joseph disease

modeled by Hsap\ATXN3^{polyQ78.QUAS.Tag:HA}

(Li et al., 2018)

ameliorates neurodegenerative disease

modeled by Zzzz\CAG^{127Q.UAS.Tag:HA}

(Dubey and Tapadia, 2018)

Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0 and OMIM)

Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.

Homo sapiens (Human)

Gene name

Score

OMIM

OMIM Phenotype

DO term

Complementation?

Transgene?

NFKB1; nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1

7 of 15

IMMUNODEFICIENCY, COMMON VARIABLE, 12, WITH AUTOIMMUNITY; CVID12

NFKB2; nuclear factor kappa B subunit 2

6 of 15

IMMUNODEFICIENCY, COMMON VARIABLE, 10; CVID10

common variable immunodeficiency

Functional Complementation Data

Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.

Interactions

Summary of Physical Interactions

esyN Network Diagram

Interactions Browser

View in Interactions Browser

Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details

protein-protein

Physical Interaction

Assay

References

two hybrid array, surface plasmon resonance

(Shokri et al., 2019, Bitra et al., 2012)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot

(Dijkers and O'Farrell, 2007)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot, western blot, peptide massfingerprinting, experimental knowledge based

(Ji et al., 2016, Morris et al., 2016, Rhee et al., 2014, Guruharsha et al., 2011)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot

(Goto et al., 2014)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

surface plasmon resonance, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot

(Chowdhury et al., 2019, Bitra et al., 2012)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

enzymatic study, western blot

(Kim et al., 2014, Ertürk-Hasdemir et al., 2009)

Rel - E(spl)m3-HLH

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

Rel - E(spl)m8-HLH

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

Rel - E(spl)mγ-HLH

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

pull down, autoradiography, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot

(Kim et al., 2005)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

enzymatic study, autoradiography, western blot, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting, experimental knowledge based

(Rhee et al., 2014, Guruharsha et al., 2011, Ertürk-Hasdemir et al., 2009)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot

(Tang et al., 2021)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting, experimental knowledge based

(Rhee et al., 2014)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot

(Cammarata-Mouchtouris et al., 2020, Bonnay et al., 2014)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot

(Verma and Tapadia, 2015)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid, surface plasmon resonance, pull down, anti tag western blot

(Bitra et al., 2012, Minakhina et al., 2003)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

surface plasmon resonance, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot

(Chowdhury et al., 2019, Bitra et al., 2012)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot

(Liu et al., 2012)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

bimolecular fluorescence complementation, fluorescence microscopy, two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

experimental knowledge based, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting

(Rhee et al., 2014, Guruharsha et al., 2011)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

Rel - l(2)k10201

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

Rel - polybromo

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot

(He et al., 2017)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array, bimolecular fluorescence complementation, fluorescence microscopy

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

bimolecular fluorescence complementation, fluorescence microscopy, two hybrid array

(Shokri et al., 2019)

Summary of Genetic Interactions

esyN Network Diagram

esyN Network Key:

Suppression

Enhancement

View in Interactions Browser

Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

suppressible

(Hanson et al., 2021)

suppressible

(Molaei et al., 2019)

enhanceable

(Ayyar et al., 2007)

suppressible

(Molaei et al., 2019)

enhanceable

(Harris et al., 2018)

suppressible

(Valanne et al., 2019)

enhanceable

(Wang et al., 2012)

suppressible

(Wang et al., 2012)

enhanceable

(Ayyar et al., 2007)

enhanceable

(De Gregorio et al., 2002)

enhanceable

(De Gregorio et al., 2002)

enhanceable

(Ayyar et al., 2007)

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

suppressible

(Rynes et al., 2012)

suppressible

(Wong et al., 2017)

enhanceable

(Parvy et al., 2019)

suppressible

(Parvy et al., 2019)

suppressible

(Cao et al., 2013)

enhanceable

(Ayyar et al., 2007)

suppressible

(Tsuda et al., 2010)

enhanceable

(Tsuda et al., 2010)

suppressible

(Chinchore et al., 2012)

suppressible

(Winkler et al., 2021, Libert et al., 2006)

suppressible

(Maillet et al., 2008)

enhanceable

(Lee et al., 2020)

enhanceable

(Ayyar et al., 2007)

enhanceable

(De Gregorio et al., 2002)

suppressible

(Petersen et al., 2013)

enhanceable

(Ayyar et al., 2007)

suppressible

(Du et al., 2016)

suppressible

(Liu et al., 2015)

External Data

Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Rel-p68 subunit interacts with Dredd (PubMed:11269502). Interacts with DMAP1 (PubMed:24947515). Interacts with akirin; interaction is immune stimulation-dependent; activates selected rel target gene promoters (PubMed:25180232).

(UniProt, Q94527 )

Linkouts

BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.

66255

DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.

FBgn0014018

MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

Rel

MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

Rel

Pathways

Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)

Imd Signaling Pathway Core Components -: The immune deficiency (Imd) pathway primarily mediates the humoral immune response to Gram-negative bacteria. Activation of the Imd pathway by diaminopimelic acid-type peptidoglycan initiates a signaling cascade that ultimately results in the release of the NFκB-like factor Rel from auto-inhibition and its translocation into the nucleus to activate the transcription of antimicrobial peptides. (Adapted from FBrf0224587 and FBrf0238555.)

Metabolic Pathways

External Data

Linkouts

KEGG Pathways - Wiring diagrams of molecular interactions, reactions and relations.

Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.

Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data

Chromosome (arm)

3R

Recombination map

3-48

Cytogenetic map

Sequence location

3R:9,044,183..9,047,977 [-]

FlyBase Computed Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Evidence for location

85C3-85C3

Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}l(3)L4740^L4740 and P{EP}D1^EP473

Experimentally Determined Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Notes

References

85C9-85C10

(determined by in situ hybridisation)

(Hedengren et al., 1999)

85C9-85C10

(Hedengren, 1999.9.14, Hedengren, 1999.9.14, Hedengren, 1999.9.14, Hedengren, 1999.9.14, Hedengren, 1999.9.14, Hedengren, 1999.9.14)

85C-85C

(Dushay, 1996.6.24)

85C1-85C13

(determined by in situ hybridisation)

(Spradling et al., 1999)

85C-85C

(determined by in situ hybridisation)

(Dushay et al., 1996, Cooley et al., 1988)

85C-85D

(Asling et al., 1996)

85C1-85C13

(BDGP Project Members, 1994-1999)

Experimentally Determined Recombination Data

Location

3-48

(FlyBase, 2016)

3-45.8

(Comeron et al., 2012)

3-

(Wu et al., 2001, Wu and Anderson, 1998, Asling et al., 1996)

Left of (cM)

p

(Wu et al., 2001)

sr

(Wu and Anderson, 1998)

Right of (cM)

st

(Wu et al., 2001, Wu and Anderson, 1998)

Notes

Stocks and Reagents

Stocks (27)

Aberrations including deletions of this gene Aberrations including duplications of this gene

55714

55779

w^*; P{UAS-Rel-V5.49}2

36547

P{UAS-Rel.HA-VP16}9F, w^*

9457

w¹¹¹⁸; Rel^E20 e^s

9458

w¹¹¹⁸; Rel^E38 e^s

F004829

M{UAS-Rel.ORF-VN}ZH-86Fb

F001780

M{UAS-Rel.ORF.3xHA.GW}ZH-86Fb

124426

w¹¹¹⁸; P{RS3}Rel^UM-8226-3

125786

w¹¹¹⁸; P{RS5}Rel^5-HA-3047

v49414

P{GD1199}v49414

v108469

P{KK109851}VIE-260B

v49413

w¹¹¹⁸; P{GD1199}v49413

More stocks available...

Genomic Clones (17)

Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

cDNA Clones (77)

Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see GBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

cDNA clones, fully sequenced

BDGP DGC clones

GH01881

Other clones

DPiM_GH01881

Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

FBgn0014018

cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)

BDGP DGC clones

RNAi and Array Information

Linkouts

DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens

FBgn0014018

GenomeRNAi - A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents

41087

Antibody Information

Laboratory Generated Antibodies

polyclonal

(He et al., 2017, Tanji et al., 2010)

Commercially Available Antibodies

Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank - Monoclonal antibodies for use in research

anti-Relish-C_21F3

Other Information

Relationship to Other Genes

Source for database identify of

Source for database merge of

Source for merge of: Rel l(3)neo36

(Spradling et al., 1999)

Source for merge of: Rel ird4

(Wu et al., 2001)

Additional comments

Other Comments

Rel is necessary to provide immunity to reactive oxygen species-resistant pathogens.

(Ryu et al., 2006)

RNAi screen using dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene causes a specific decrease in AttA activity in response to heat-killed E.coli, and a reduction of Drs response via the Tl pathway, when assayed in S2 cells.

(Kleino et al., 2005)

dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene tested in RNAi screen for effects on Kc167 and S2R⁺ cell morphology.

(Kiger et al., 2003)

Rel endoproteolysis appears to be carried out by the caspase Dredd.

(Stoven et al., 2003)

Area matching Drosophila relish gene (inverted), Acc No. U62005.

(Davies, 2001.3.15)

Mutants show no detectable induction of Dpt, CecA1 and CecA2. Attacin levels are reduced compared to wild type and Drs induction is normal.

(Lu et al., 2001)

Identified as a gene with significant level of mRNA cycling as assessed by expression analysis using high density oligonucleotide arrays with probe generated from adult heads harvested over six time points over the course of a day. Shows alteration in expression in a Clk mutant background.

(McDonald and Rosbash, 2001)

Identification: as a mutation that fails to induce expression of Ecol\lacZ^Dpt.PR normally in response to infection. 4 "ird4" alleles have been obtained.

(Wu et al., 2001)

The Rel protein is rapidly cleaved into two parts after immune challenge. An N-terminal fragment, containing the DNA-binding Rel homology domain, translocates to the nucleus, while the C-terminal IκB-like fragment remains in the cytoplasm.

(Stoven et al., 2000)

Identification: EMS screen for mutations that prevent Dpt expression in response to infection.

(Wu and Anderson, 1998)

Mutants exhibit a block of Dif nuclear localisation in response to infection.

(Wu and Anderson, 1998)

Rel is required for the signal-dependent localisation of Dif and has a less important or indirect role in nuclear localisation of dl.

(Wu and Anderson, 1998)

Rel encodes a protein containing both a rel homology domain and an IκB-like domain. Rel is strongly induced in infected flies, and a Rel transcript is also detected in early embryos. Rel can activate transcription from the CecA1 promoter of a CecA1-Ecol\lacZ reporter construct.

(Dushay et al., 1996)

Identified in a PCR differential display screen for genes induced when the immune system is activated.

(Asling et al., 1995)

Origin and Etymology

Discoverer

Etymology

Identification

External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 110 )

Sequence Crossreferences

NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.

41087

GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.

GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.

RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.

UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.

Q94527

UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information

Q94527

Other crossreferences

AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.

Q94527

BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis

FBgn0014018

Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones

FBgn0014018

DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species

41087/tissue=All

EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species

FBgn0014018

Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

FBgn0014018

FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data

FBgn0014018

Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns

CG11992

Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut

FBgn0014018

Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.

149179

GenomeRNAi - A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents

41087

iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)

TC011191

InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites

KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.

Dmel_CG11992

MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)

41087

modMine - A data warehouse for the modENCODE project

FBgn0014018

SignaLink - A signaling pathway resource with multi-layered regulatory networks.

Q94527

Linkouts

BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.

66255

DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.

FBgn0014018

DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens

FBgn0014018

Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank - Monoclonal antibodies for use in research

anti-Relish-C_21F3

FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel

FBGN0014018

FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics

FBgn0014018

Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution

Interactive Fly

KEGG Pathways - Wiring diagrams of molecular interactions, reactions and relations.

MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

Rel

MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

Rel

Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.

Synonyms and Secondary IDs (24)

Reported As

Symbol Synonym

CG11992

(Douglas et al., 2011, Marcu et al., 2011, Ni et al., 2010.12.1, Gendrin et al., 2009, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Perkins et al., 2009, Hernandez-Romano et al., 2008, Tsai et al., 2008, Valanne et al., 2007, Kleino et al., 2005, Wertheim et al., 2005, De Gregorio et al., 2002, De Gregorio et al., 2001, Whitfield, 2000.5.4, Whitfield, 2000.5.10)

NF-KB

(Ma et al., 2021)

NF-kappaB

(Bond and Foley, 2009)

NF-κΒ

(Kounatidis et al., 2017)

NFκB

(Losada-Perez et al., 2017, Piccirillo et al., 2014, Libert et al., 2006)

REL

(Yi et al., 2021, Galenza and Foley, 2019, Tsichritzis et al., 2007, Kwiatkowski, 2005)

RELI

(Cronin et al., 2009)

Rel

(Charroux and Royet, 2022, Koranteng et al., 2022, Liu et al., 2022, Wu et al., 2022, Ahmed-Braimah et al., 2021, Beňová-Liszeková et al., 2021, Buhlman et al., 2021, Cattenoz et al., 2021, Fabian et al., 2021, Ferguson et al., 2021, Gan et al., 2021, Hanson et al., 2021, Hsieh et al., 2021, Marra et al., 2021, Mishra et al., 2021, Park et al., 2021, Parra-Peralbo et al., 2021, Salem Wehbe et al., 2021, Tang et al., 2021, Wagner et al., 2021, Cho et al., 2020, Deng et al., 2020, Han et al., 2020, Hung et al., 2020, Jasper, 2020, Jeon et al., 2020, Karageorgiou et al., 2020, Khor and Cai, 2020, Krautz et al., 2020, Lim et al., 2020, Rust et al., 2020, Swanson et al., 2020, Aalto et al., 2019, Araki et al., 2019, Carty and Bowie, 2019, Chaudhary and Boutros, 2019, Chen et al., 2019, Chowdhury et al., 2019, Engel et al., 2019, Fahey-Lozano et al., 2019, Hanson et al., 2019, Houtz et al., 2019, Khan et al., 2019, Lang et al., 2019, Lin et al., 2019, Maitra et al., 2019, Melcarne et al., 2019, Meltzer et al., 2019, Sanchez Bosch et al., 2019, Shokri et al., 2019, Shukla et al., 2019, Si et al., 2019, Tang and Engström, 2019, Troha and Buchon, 2019, Wang et al., 2019, Westfall et al., 2019, Akishina et al., 2018, Anthoney et al., 2018, Bischof et al., 2018, Davie et al., 2018, Davis and Rebay, 2018, Goto et al., 2018, Harris et al., 2018, Kwon et al., 2018, Li et al., 2018, Shibata and Kawabata, 2018, Steele et al., 2018, Troha et al., 2018, Yu et al., 2018, Akishina et al., 2017, Bastos et al., 2017, Christesen et al., 2017, Daisley et al., 2017, Dostálová et al., 2017, Keesey et al., 2017, Khadilkar et al., 2017, Kim et al., 2017, Kurz et al., 2017, Maki et al., 2017, Park et al., 2017, Romero-Pozuelo et al., 2017, Transgenic RNAi Project members, 2017-, Chatterjee et al., 2016, Di Gregorio et al., 2016, Guillou et al., 2016, Kučerová et al., 2016, Lamiable et al., 2016, Mistry et al., 2016, Baëza et al., 2015, Fan et al., 2015, Jasper, 2015, Kanoh et al., 2015, Li and Dijkers, 2015, Liu et al., 2015, Ma et al., 2015, model organism Encyclopedia of Regulatory Network (modERN) Project, 2015-, Sansone et al., 2015, Schertel et al., 2015, Sudmeier et al., 2015, Vedanayagam and Garrigan, 2015, Verma and Tapadia, 2015, Xia et al., 2015, Xiao et al., 2015, Zhang et al., 2015, Binggeli et al., 2014, Bonnay et al., 2014, Chen et al., 2014, Engel et al., 2014, Goto et al., 2014, Guo et al., 2014, Kuo and Williams, 2014, Kuo and Williams, 2014, Terhzaz et al., 2014, Aparicio et al., 2013, Ayyaz and Jasper, 2013, Buchon et al., 2013, Christofi and Apidianakis, 2013, Clark et al., 2013, Dantoft et al., 2013, Fukuyama et al., 2013, Gendrin et al., 2013, Huang et al., 2013, Iyer et al., 2013, Kari et al., 2013, Katzenberger et al., 2013, Petersen et al., 2013, Sen et al., 2013, Sen et al., 2013, Short and Lazzaro, 2013, Shravage et al., 2013, Spokony and White, 2013.5.10, Stefanatos et al., 2013, Zhang et al., 2013, An et al., 2012, Berger et al., 2012, Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21, Liu et al., 2012, Pilátová and Dionne, 2012, Rincon-Arano et al., 2012, Vanha-Aho et al., 2012, Wu et al., 2012, Clark et al., 2011, Narbonne-Reveau et al., 2011, Paredes et al., 2011, Zaidman-Rémy et al., 2011, Zhang and Arnosti, 2011, Zhao et al., 2011, Becker et al., 2010, Blanco et al., 2010, Buechling et al., 2010, Chen et al., 2010, Hill-Burns and Clark, 2010, Kong et al., 2010, Kuo et al., 2010, Matova and Anderson, 2010, Tanji et al., 2010, Tsuda et al., 2010, Buchon et al., 2009, Buchon et al., 2009, Buchon et al., 2009, Defaye et al., 2009, Dijkers and O'Farrell, 2009, Gendrin et al., 2009, Ha et al., 2009, Ha et al., 2009, Ha et al., 2009, Harbison et al., 2009, Helenius et al., 2009, Jin et al., 2009, Prokupek et al., 2009, Wiklund et al., 2009, Aggarwal et al., 2008, Boltz and Carney, 2008, Choi et al., 2008, Davis et al., 2008, Goto et al., 2008, Jin et al., 2008, Lhocine et al., 2008, Linder et al., 2008, Ratnaparkhi and Courey, 2008, Ratnaparkhi et al., 2008, Vonkavaara et al., 2008, Xi et al., 2008, Yano et al., 2008, Yatsu et al., 2008, Ayyar et al., 2007, Bidla et al., 2007, Copley et al., 2007, Curtis et al., 2007, Dijkers and O'Farrell, 2007, Junell et al., 2007, Kim et al., 2007, Kuranaga and Miura, 2007, Sackton et al., 2007, Valanne et al., 2007, Weiler, 2007, Bergmann, 2006, Brun et al., 2006, Kambris et al., 2006, Kambris et al., 2006, Kim et al., 2006, Libert et al., 2006, Liehl et al., 2006, Matova and Anderson, 2006, Scherfer et al., 2006, Zaidman-Remy et al., 2006, Gesellchen et al., 2005, Kim et al., 2005, Lee et al., 2005, McGettigan et al., 2005, Thoetkiattikul et al., 2005, Yagi and Ip, 2005, Lau et al., 2003, Uvell and Engstrom, 2003, Cornwell and Kirkpatrick, 2001, Gim et al., 2001, Dushay et al., 1996)

Rel-p110

(Hernandez-Romano et al., 2008)

Rel/NF-κB

(Matova and Anderson, 2010)

Rel1

(Rosendo Machado et al., 2021, Sepúlveda-Salinas and Ramos-Castañeda, 2017)

Rel49

(Neyen et al., 2016)

RelA

(Tan et al., 2014)

ird

(Wasserman, 2000)

ird4

(Wu et al., 2001, Aderem and Ulevitch, 2000, Govind, 1999, Wu and Anderson, 1998)

l(3)neo36

(BDGP Project Members, 1994-1999, Cooley et al., 1988)

rel

(Gilbert et al., 2020, Palmer et al., 2020, Vandehoef et al., 2020, Harsh et al., 2019, Molaei et al., 2019, Palmer et al., 2019, Parvy et al., 2019, Al-Ramahi et al., 2018, Badinloo et al., 2018, Poirier et al., 2018, Shahrestani et al., 2018, He et al., 2017, Huang et al., 2017, Zhang et al., 2017, Du et al., 2016, Fink et al., 2016, Iatsenko et al., 2016, Iyer et al., 2016, Morris et al., 2016, Ji et al., 2014, Verma and Tapadia, 2014, Cao et al., 2013, Rancès et al., 2013, Wang et al., 2013, Bangi et al., 2012, Chinchore et al., 2012, Rynes et al., 2012, Buechling et al., 2011, Fullaondo et al., 2011, Karpac et al., 2011, van Uden et al., 2011, Fan et al., 2010, Radyuk et al., 2010, Berkey et al., 2009, Brown et al., 2009, Costa et al., 2009, Cronin et al., 2009, Guntermann et al., 2009, Luce-Fedrow et al., 2009, Markovic et al., 2009, Jones et al., 2008, Tan et al., 2008, Tresch and Markowetz, 2008, Hallem et al., 2007, Wu et al., 2007, Leclerc et al., 2006, Mulinari et al., 2006, Tang et al., 2006, Apidianakis et al., 2005, Mace et al., 2005, Mace et al., 2005, Peng et al., 2005, Park et al., 2004, Agaisse et al., 2003, Boutros et al., 2002, McKean and Nunney, 2001, Chen et al., 2000, Leulier et al., 2000)

relish

(Chen et al., 2020, Lauwers et al., 2009)

Name Synonyms

Nuclear Factor-kappa-B p110

(Castillo et al., 2015)

Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p110 subunit

(Hernandez-Romano et al., 2008)

RELISH

(Merkling and van Rij, 2013, Liu et al., 2012, Cornwell and Kirkpatrick, 2001)

Relish

(Bahuguna et al., 2022, Barati et al., 2022, Li et al., 2022, Akkouche et al., 2021, Eleftherianos and Heryanto, 2021, Kanoh et al., 2021, Maitra et al., 2021, Montanari and Royet, 2021, Ozakman and Eleftherianos, 2021, Schneider and Imler, 2021, Slavik et al., 2021, Song et al., 2021, Wang et al., 2021, Zhu et al., 2021, Zulazmi et al., 2021, Arora and Ligoxygakis, 2020, Blount et al., 2020, Han et al., 2020, Hill et al., 2020, Iwashita et al., 2020, Lee et al., 2020, Ma et al., 2020, Makhnovskii et al., 2020, Masuzzo et al., 2020, Ramond et al., 2020, Rodriguez-Fernandez et al., 2020, Shaposhnikov et al., 2020, Tafesh-Edwards and Eleftherianos, 2020, Toprak et al., 2020, Zhang et al., 2020, Zugasti et al., 2020, Chen et al., 2019, Chowdhury et al., 2019, Dudzic et al., 2019, Valanne et al., 2019, Wang et al., 2019, Badinloo et al., 2018, Cara et al., 2018, Goto et al., 2018, Hori et al., 2018, Kounatidis and Chtarbanova, 2018, Losada-Perez, 2018, Ly et al., 2018, Min and Tatar, 2018, Palmer et al., 2018, Shahrestani et al., 2018, Sherri et al., 2018, Su et al., 2018, Westfall et al., 2018, Yuan et al., 2018, Zhai et al., 2018, Allada et al., 2017, Keita et al., 2017, Kenmoku et al., 2017, Kounatidis et al., 2017, Kurz et al., 2017, Liu et al., 2017, Maki et al., 2017, Mussabekova et al., 2017, Tavignot et al., 2017, Yadav et al., 2017, Ji et al., 2016, Kaynar et al., 2016, Kumar et al., 2016, Lim and Tsuda, 2016, Troutwine et al., 2016, Yadav and Tapadia, 2016, Yadav et al., 2016, Bandarra et al., 2015, Castillo et al., 2015, Kanoh et al., 2015, Li and Dijkers, 2015, Liu et al., 2015, Liu et al., 2015, Momiuchi et al., 2015, Shirinian et al., 2015, Stratoulias and Heino, 2015, Terhzaz et al., 2015, Vedanayagam and Garrigan, 2015, Yu et al., 2015, Bonnay et al., 2014, Goto et al., 2014, Imler, 2014, Keebaugh and Schlenke, 2014, Kim et al., 2014, Kleino and Silverman, 2014, Lee and Lee, 2014, Lindsay and Wasserman, 2014, Myllymäki et al., 2014, Panayidou et al., 2014, Tan et al., 2014, Terhzaz et al., 2014, Verma and Tapadia, 2014, Xu and Cherry, 2014, Aparicio et al., 2013, Cao et al., 2013, Clark et al., 2013, Dantoft et al., 2013, Ferrandon, 2013, Fukuyama et al., 2013, Kemp et al., 2013, Kingsolver et al., 2013, Luo et al., 2013, Owusu-Ansah et al., 2013, Shravage et al., 2013, Wang et al., 2013, An et al., 2012, Bitra et al., 2012, Bosco-Drayon et al., 2012, Felix et al., 2012, Jones et al., 2012, Meinander et al., 2012, Overend et al., 2012, Tsuzuki et al., 2012, Vandenabeele and Bertrand, 2012, Vanha-Aho et al., 2012, Verma and Tapadia, 2012, Wang et al., 2012, Akhouayri et al., 2011, Fullaondo et al., 2011, Garcia and Stathopoulos, 2011, Karpac et al., 2011, Marcu et al., 2011, Narbonne-Reveau et al., 2011, Ragab et al., 2011, Sehgal and Mignot, 2011, van Uden et al., 2011, Zaidman-Rémy et al., 2011, Becker et al., 2010, Kallio et al., 2010, Kuo et al., 2010, O'Callaghan and Vergunst, 2010, Radyuk et al., 2010, Ryu et al., 2010, Sabin et al., 2010, Tanji et al., 2010, Valanne et al., 2010, Berkey et al., 2009, Buchon et al., 2009, Defaye et al., 2009, Diangelo et al., 2009, Dijkers and O'Farrell, 2009, Ertürk-Hasdemir et al., 2009, Gendrin et al., 2009, Geuking et al., 2009, Ha et al., 2009, Harbison et al., 2009, Helenius et al., 2009, Jin et al., 2009, Liu et al., 2009, Obbard et al., 2009, Towb et al., 2009, Wiklund et al., 2009, Aggarwal et al., 2008, Choi et al., 2008, Davis et al., 2008, Goto et al., 2008, Hernandez-Romano et al., 2008, Jin et al., 2008, Jones et al., 2008, Kleino et al., 2008, Krupinski et al., 2008, Lhocine et al., 2008, Maillet et al., 2008, Orr et al., 2008, Pal et al., 2008, Ratnaparkhi and Courey, 2008, Ratnaparkhi et al., 2008, Reed et al., 2008, Ryu et al., 2008, Sekiya et al., 2008, Silverman et al., 2008, Tsai et al., 2008, Vonkavaara et al., 2008, Xi et al., 2008, Yano et al., 2008, Ayyar et al., 2007, Busse et al., 2007, Copley et al., 2007, Dijkers and O'Farrell, 2007, Huh et al., 2007, Kim et al., 2007, Levine and Begun, 2007, Libert et al., 2007, Minidorff et al., 2007, Sackton et al., 2007, Valanne et al., 2007, Waterhouse et al., 2007, Williams et al., 2007, Wu and Silverman, 2007, Wu et al., 2007, Akira et al., 2006, Brun et al., 2006, Delaney et al., 2006, Kim et al., 2006, Kim et al., 2006, Leulier et al., 2006, Libert et al., 2006, Liehl et al., 2006, Matova and Anderson, 2006, Minakhina and Steward, 2006, Ryu et al., 2006, Saleh et al., 2006, Scherfer et al., 2006, Senger et al., 2006, Gesellchen et al., 2005, Greene et al., 2005, Kim et al., 2005, Lee et al., 2005, Wertheim et al., 2005, Yagi and Ip, 2005, Bettencourt et al., 2004, Roxstrom-Lindquist et al., 2004, Ryu et al., 2004, Cha et al., 2003, Minakhina et al., 2003, Park et al., 2003, Uvell and Engstrom, 2003, Yajima et al., 2003, Avila et al., 2002, Bhattacharya and Steward, 2002, Lehmann et al., 2002, Roxstrom-Lindquist et al., 2002, Gim et al., 2001, Lindmark et al., 2001, Silverman et al., 2000, Asling, 1999.9.13, Hedengren, 1999.9.14, Hedengren, 1999.9.14, Hedengren, 1999.9.14, Hedengren, 1999.9.14, Hedengren, 1999.9.14, Hedengren, 1999.9.14, Dushay et al., 1997, Dushay, 1996.6.24, Dushay et al., 1996, Hultmark, 1995.6.7)

immune response deficient 4

(Wu and Anderson, 1998)

relish

(Shafer and Keene, 2021, Belmonte et al., 2019, Hill et al., 2019, Dubey and Tapadia, 2018, Garschall and Flatt, 2018, Wei et al., 2018, Iyer et al., 2016, Bandarra et al., 2015, Wu et al., 2015, Bonnay et al., 2014, Taylor et al., 2014, Huang et al., 2013, Nelson et al., 2013, Potdar and Sheeba, 2013, Rancès et al., 2013, Stefanatos et al., 2013, Wang et al., 2013, Wang et al., 2012, Wu et al., 2012, Douglas et al., 2011, Mudiganti et al., 2010, Radyuk et al., 2010, Tsuda et al., 2010, Avadhanula et al., 2009, Brown et al., 2009, Costa et al., 2009, Guntermann et al., 2009, Luce-Fedrow et al., 2009, Wagner et al., 2009, Zsindely et al., 2009, Tan et al., 2008, Bidla et al., 2007, Mueller et al., 2007, Tanji et al., 2007, Tsichritzis et al., 2007, Leclerc et al., 2006, Castillejo-Lopez and Häcker, 2005, Johansson et al., 2005, Muller et al., 2005, Tatar et al., 2005, Tsuda et al., 2005, Zerofsky et al., 2005, Bhattacharya and Steward, 2002, McKean and Nunney, 2001, Chen et al., 2000, Lemaitre, 2000.12.20, Meister et al., 2000, Schlenke et al., 2000, Hoffmann et al., 1999)

Secondary FlyBase IDs

FBgn0011469
FBgn0024223

Datasets (0)

Study focus (0)

Experimental Role

Project

Project Type

Title

Study result (0)

Result

Result Type

Title

References (747)