FlyBase Gene Report: Dmel\grim

General Information

Symbol

Dmel\grim

Species

D. melanogaster

Name

grim

Annotation Symbol

CG4345

Feature Type

protein_coding_gene

FlyBase ID

FBgn0015946

Gene Model Status

Stock Availability

12 publicly available

Gene Summary

grim (grim) encodes a member of the inhibitor of apoptotic protein antagonists. In response to death signals, it induces apoptosis of cells in the central nervous system. It is important particularly for the apoptosis of specific juvenile neurons during metamorphosis. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)

All Summaries

Gene Snapshot
Alliance
Auto summary
Gene Group
UniProtKB
Interactive Fly

Key Links

Genomic Location

Cytogenetic map

Sequence location

3L:18,302,719..18,304,417 [-]

Recombination map

3-45

RefSeq locus

NT_037436 REGION:18302719..18304417

Sequence

Get Decorated FASTA

Genomic Maps

JBrowse GBrowse

Other Genome Views

The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.

Function

GO Summary Ribbons

Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (17 terms)

Molecular Function (1 term)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)

CV Term

Evidence

References

enables protein homodimerization activity

inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:grim; FB:FBgn0015946

(Yeh and Bratton, 2013)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)

Biological Process (12 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (10 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

involved_in apoptotic process

inferred from direct assay

(Christich et al., 2002)

inferred from expression pattern

(Chen et al., 1996)

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Chen et al., 1996)

involved_in apoptotic signaling pathway

inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:Diap1; FB:FBgn0260635

(Wang et al., 1999)

involved_in determination of adult lifespan

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Bauer et al., 2005)

involved_in melanization defense response

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Bidla et al., 2007)

involved_in negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Tan et al., 2011)

involved_in positive regulation of apoptotic process

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Yeh and Bratton, 2013)

involved_in positive regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in execution phase of apoptosis

inferred from direct assay

(Yan et al., 2004)

involved_in positive regulation of neuron death

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Lee et al., 2013)

involved_in positive regulation of programmed cell death

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Lee et al., 2013, Wu et al., 2010)

involved_in programmed cell death involved in cell development

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Lee et al., 2013)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

involved_in larval central nervous system remodeling

traceable author statement

(Tissot and Stocker, 2000)

NOT involved_in nurse cell apoptotic process

traceable author statement

(Richardson and Kumar, 2002)

Cellular Component (4 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (4 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

located_in cytoplasm

inferred from direct assay

(Shukla and Tapadia, 2011, Claveria et al., 1998)

located_in mitochondrion

inferred from direct assay

(Claveria et al., 1998)

located_in nucleus

inferred from direct assay

(Shukla and Tapadia, 2011)

located_in plasma membrane

inferred from direct assay

(Shukla and Tapadia, 2011)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)

Gene Group (FlyBase)

Protein Family (UniProt)

-

Protein Signatures (InterPro)

-

Summaries

Gene Snapshot

grim (grim) encodes a member of the inhibitor of apoptotic protein antagonists. In response to death signals, it induces apoptosis of cells in the central nervous system. It is important particularly for the apoptosis of specific juvenile neurons during metamorphosis. [Date last reviewed: 2019-03-07]

Gene Group (FlyBase)

RHG PROTEINS -: RHG proteins possess a 12 amino acid RHG motif. This motif, also known as the IAP-binding motif (IBM), interacts with the BIR domain of Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) and relieving IAP-mediated caspase inhibition. Over-expression of individual RHG proteins is sufficient to induce apoptosis. (Adapted from FBrf0225510).

Protein Function (UniProtKB)

Activator of apoptosis, independent of rpr and hid, that acts on the effector Dredd.

(UniProt, Q24570)

Summary (Interactive Fly)

pro-apoptotic protein whose N-terminus functions by disrupting IAP binding to caspases - an additional mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic function carried out by a centrally located GH3 domain

Interactive Fly

Gene Model and Products

Number of Transcripts

1

Number of Unique Polypeptides

1

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\grim for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)

Isoform displayed:

Pfam protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Protein Domains (via SMART)

Isoform displayed:

SMART protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.46

Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene

protein_coding_gene

Transcript Data

Annotated Transcripts

Name

FlyBase ID

RefSeq ID

Length (nt)

Assoc. CDS (aa)

FBtr0075130

1699

138

Additional Transcript Data and Comments

Reported size (kB)

1.6 (northern blot)

(Chen et al., 1996)

Comments

External Data

Crossreferences

Polypeptide Data

Annotated Polypeptides

Name

FlyBase ID

Predicted MW (kDa)

Length (aa)

Theoretical pI

RefSeq ID

GenBank

FBpp0074896

15.5

138

6.23

Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

There is only one protein coding transcript and one polypeptide associated with this gene

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments

Reported size (kDa)

138 (aa)

(Chen et al., 1996)

Comments

External Data

Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Interacts with Diap2 (via BIR2 domain).

(UniProt, Q24570)

Crossreferences

PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures

1JD5

Linkouts

Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model

Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\grim using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data

Crossreferences

Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.

grim_1

Linkouts

Expression Data

Expression Summary Ribbons

Colored tiles in ribbon indicate that expression data has been curated by FlyBase for that anatomical location. Colorless tiles indicate that there is no curated data for that location.

For complete stage-specific expression data, view the modENCODE Development RNA-Seq section under High-Throughput Expression below.

Transcript Expression

in situ

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

embryonic stage

ventral midline of embryo

(Wheeler et al., 2009)

embryonic stage 4 -- 6

anterior endoderm anlage

Comment: anlage in statu nascendi

(Fisher et al., 2012)

central brain anlage in statu nascendi

(Fisher et al., 2012)

foregut anlage in statu nascendi

(Fisher et al., 2012)

head mesoderm anlage

Comment: anlage in statu nascendi

(Fisher et al., 2012)

antennal anlage in statu nascendi

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage in statu nascendi

(Fisher et al., 2012)

dorsal head epidermis anlage in statu nascendi

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage in statu nascendi

(Fisher et al., 2012)

visual anlage in statu nascendi

Comment: reported as procephalic ectoderm anlage in statu nascendi

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic stage 7 -- 8

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic stage 9 -- 10

ventral nerve cord primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic stage 11

larval ventral nerve cord | restricted

(Peterson et al., 2002)

embryonic stage 11 -- 12

central brain primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

ventral nerve cord primordium

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic stage 11 -- 17

larval ventral nerve cord | restricted

(Chen et al., 1996)

(Chen et al., 1996)

embryonic stage 13 -- 16

embryonic brain

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic/larval nervous system

(Fisher et al., 2012)

larval ventral nerve cord

(Fisher et al., 2012)

embryonic stage 15 -- 17

larval neuroblast

(Tan et al., 2011)

embryonic/larval central nervous system

(Tan et al., 2011)

Additional Descriptive Data

grim expression is almost restricted to the embryonic CNS from stage 15. They are almost completely co-localized with skl transcripts and this includes many neuroblasts in the abdominal segments of the CNS. Some co-expression with rpr was observed in neuroblasts.

(Tan et al., 2011)

grim expression is first detected at stage 11. The pattern of expression in embryos resembles the pattern of embryonic programmed cell death. grim transcripts were also localized inside some macrophages.

(Chen et al., 1996)

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Polypeptide Expression

immunolocalization

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

embryonic stage 13 -- 14

embryonic Malpighian tubule

(Tapadia and Gautam, 2011)

embryonic stage 15 -- first instar larval stage

embryonic/larval Malpighian tubule

(Tapadia and Gautam, 2011)

third instar larval stage

• cytoplasm

(Shukla and Tapadia, 2011)

Malpighian tubule

• plasma membrane & nucleus

(Shukla and Tapadia, 2011)

prepupal stage P4(ii) -- pupal stage P5

• cytoplasm & nucleus

Comment: reference states 12-14h APF

(Shukla and Tapadia, 2011)

Malpighian tubule

• plasma membrane & nucleus

Comment: reference states 12-14h APF

(Shukla and Tapadia, 2011)

Additional Descriptive Data

grim protein is detected in Malpighian tubules in embryos and first instar larvae, along with pro-apoptotic gene W.

(Tapadia and Gautam, 2011)

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Evidence

References

located_in cytoplasm

inferred from direct assay

(Shukla and Tapadia, 2011, Claveria et al., 1998)

located_in mitochondrion

inferred from direct assay

(Claveria et al., 1998)

located_in nucleus

inferred from direct assay

(Shukla and Tapadia, 2011)

located_in plasma membrane

inferred from direct assay

(Shukla and Tapadia, 2011)

Expression Deduced from Reporters

High-Throughput Expression Data

Associated Tools

GBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\grim in GBrowse 2

RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region

View exonic expression by developmental stage for Dmel\grim

View exonic expression by tissue for Dmel\grim

Bulk Downloads

RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes

Reference

See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.

Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle

Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis

External Data and Images

Linkouts

BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis

FBgn0015946

DRscDB

40014/tissue=All

EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas

FBgn0015946

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

CG4345-RA

Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns

CG4345

Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut

FBgn0015946

Images

FlyExpress - Embryonic expression images (BDGP data)

Show all FlyExpress processed images for Dmel\grim

Stages(s) 4-6
Stages(s) 9-10
Stages(s) 11-12
Stages(s) 13-16

Image Based Resources

Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations

Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 8 )

For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show

Other relevant insertions

Transgenic Constructs ( 32 )

For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show

Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of grim

Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of grim

Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 9 )

Inferred from experimentation ( 9 )

Gene not disrupted in

(Chen et al., 1996)

(Peterson et al., 1998)

Gene disrupted in

Inferred from location ( 0 )

Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants

Phenotypes

For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.

Lethality

Allele

cell lethal, with Scer\GAL4^Ptth.cMa

grim^UAS.cNa

cell lethal | wandering third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^Aug21

grim^UAS.cNa

lethal, with Scer\GAL4^Bx-MS1096

lethal, with Scer\GAL4^c42

grim^UAS.cUa

lethal, with Scer\GAL4^GMR.PF

lethal, with Scer\GAL4^pnr-MD237

grim^GD11287

lethal | pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4^pnr-MD237

grim^GD11287

lethal - all die before end of prepupal stage, with Scer\GAL4^Aug21

grim^UAS.cNa

lethal - all die before end of P-stage, with Scer\GAL4^GMR.PF

grim^UAS.cUa

lethal - all die before end of pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4^GMR.PF

grim^UAS.cUa

lethal - all die during larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^sal.BO

grim^UAS.cNa

partially lethal, with Scer\GAL4^Bx-MS1096

partially lethal, with Scer\GAL4^GMR.PF

partially lethal - majority die, with Scer\GAL4^Ptth.cMa

grim^UAS.cNa

Other Phenotypes

Allele

abnormal cell death

grim^GMR.PC

abnormal cell death, with Scer\GAL4^Crz.PC

grim^{miRNA.UAS.cLa}

abnormal cell death (with Df(3L)grim-A6C)

grim^MI03811

abnormal courtship behavior | male limited, with Scer\GAL4^Ptth.cMa

grim^UAS.cNa

abnormal developmental rate, with Scer\GAL4^Ptth.cMa

grim^UAS.cNa

abnormal developmental rate | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^Aug21

grim^UAS.cNa

abnormal developmental rate | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^Ptth.cMa

grim^UAS.cNa

abnormal eclosion rhythm | conditional, with Scer\GAL4^Ptth.cMa

grim^UAS.cNa

abnormal eye color

grim^GMR.PC

abnormal feeding behavior | second instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^sal.BO

grim^UAS.cNa

abnormal neuroanatomy, with Scer\GAL4^Ptth.cMa

grim^UAS.cNa

abnormal neuroanatomy | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4^Burs.PL

grim^{miRNA.UAS.cLa}

abnormal neuroanatomy | adult stage (with Df(3L)grim-A6C)

grim^MI03811

abnormal neuroanatomy | embryonic stage, with Scer\GAL4^elav-C155

grim^C.UAS

abnormal neuroanatomy | embryonic stage, with Scer\GAL4^repo

grim^C.UAS

abnormal neuroanatomy | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^Act5C.PI

grim^GD11287

abnormal neuroanatomy | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^CCAP.PP

abnormal neuroanatomy | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^Crz.PC

grim^Δ86-98.UAS

abnormal size | adult stage

grim^GMR.PC

abnormal size | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4^GMR.PF

grim^UAS.cUa

abnormal tarsal response, with Scer\GAL4^VP16.Obp57e

grim^UAS.cNa

decreased cell death, with Scer\GAL4^Burs.PL

grim^{miRNA.UAS.cLa}

decreased cell death, with Scer\GAL4^da.G32

grim^dsRNA.UAS

decreased cell death (with grim^f04656)

grim^Δ52-57

decreased cell death (with grim^Δ52-57)

decreased cell death (with grim^ΔMM3)

grim^Δ52-57

decreased cell death | adult stage (with Df(3L)grim-A6C)

grim^MI03811

decreased cell death | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^Act5C.PI

grim^GD11287

decreased cell death | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^CCAP.PP

grim^Δ86-98.UAS

decreased cell death | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^Crz.PC

grim^Δ86-98.UAS

decreased fecundity | female, with Scer\GAL4^Ptth.cMa

grim^UAS.cNa

decreased occurrence of cell division | prepupal stage, with Scer\GAL4^Aug21

grim^UAS.cNa

decreased occurrence of cell division | pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4^Aug21

grim^UAS.cNa

increased body size, with Scer\GAL4^Ptth.cMa

grim^UAS.cNa

increased cell death

increased cell death, with Df(3L)H99, Scer\GAL4^Gp150-52A

grim^UAS.cNa

increased cell death, with Scer\GAL4^Aug21

grim^UAS.cNa

increased cell death, with Scer\GAL4^GMR.APP

grim^UAS.cYa

increased cell death, with Scer\GAL4^GMR.PF

grim^C.UAS

increased cell death, with Scer\GAL4^Gp150-52A

grim^UAS.cNa

increased cell death | larval stage

grim^GMR.PC

increased cell death | somatic clone | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^btl.PU

grim^UAS.cUa

increased cell death | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^CCAP.PP

grim^C.UAS

increased cell number, with Scer\GAL4^Ptth.cMa

grim^UAS.cNa

short lived, with Scer\GAL4^elav-C155

grim^UAS.cNa

some die during prepupal stage | recessive, with Scer\GAL4^Aug21

grim^UAS.cNa

some die during pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4^GMR.PF

grim^UAS.cUa

visible, with Scer\GAL4^GMR.APP

grim^UAS.cYa

visible, with Scer\GAL4^GMR.PF

grim^C.UAS

visible, with Scer\GAL4^sev.EP

grim^UAS.cUa

visible | adult stage

grim^GMR.PC

visible | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4^GMR.PF

grim^UAS.cUa

visible | dominant

grim^GMR.PC

Phenotype manifest in

Allele

abdominal neuroblast, with Scer\GAL4^Act5C.PI

grim^GD11287

aCC neuron, with Scer\GAL4^rQ286.11

grim^UAS.cNa

adult optic lobe | prepupal stage, with Scer\GAL4^Aug21

grim^UAS.cNa

alpha/beta Kenyon cell, with Scer\GAL4^Ptth.cMa

grim^UAS.cNa

alpha'/beta' Kenyon cell, with Scer\GAL4^Ptth.cMa

grim^UAS.cNa

dorsal trunk primordium, with Scer\GAL4^btl.PU

grim^UAS.cNa

embryonic/larval brain

grim^hs.PC

embryonic/larval corpus allatum, with Scer\GAL4^Aug21

grim^UAS.cNa

embryonic/larval fat body | prepupal stage, with Scer\GAL4^Aug21

grim^UAS.cNa

embryonic/larval glial cell, with Scer\GAL4^repo

grim^UAS.cNa

embryonic/larval glial cell, with Scer\GAL4^rQ286.11

grim^UAS.cNa

embryonic/larval hemolymph | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^He.PZ

grim^UAS.cNa

embryonic/larval nervous system, with Scer\GAL4^rQ286.11

grim^UAS.cNa

embryonic/larval salivary gland

grim^hs.PC

embryonic/larval salivary gland, with Scer\GAL4^Aug21

grim^UAS.cNa

embryonic/larval spiracle | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^Desat1.PB

grim^UAS.cNa

embryonic/larval spiracle | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^sal.BO

grim^UAS.cNa

embryonic/larval trachea, with Scer\GAL4^btl.PU

grim^UAS.cNa

embryonic/larval tracheal system | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^sal.BO

grim^UAS.cNa

embryonic salivary gland duct, with Scer\GAL4^btl.PU

grim^UAS.cNa

EW3 neuron | prepupal stage, with Scer\GAL4^Crz.PC

grim^{miRNA.UAS.cLa}

EW3 neuron | prepupal stage (with Df(3L)grim-A6C)

grim^MI03811

EW3 neuron | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^Crz.PC

grim^Δ86-98.UAS

eye, with Scer\GAL4^GMR.APP

grim^UAS.cYa

eye, with Scer\GAL4^GMR.PF

eye, with Scer\GAL4^sev.EP

grim^UAS.cUa

eye | adult stage

grim^GMR.PC

grim^hs.PC

eye disc | third instar larval stage

grim^GMR.PC

fat body, with Scer\GAL4^Aug21

grim^UAS.cNa

follicle cell | oogenesis stage S5

grim^hs.PC

follicle cell | oogenesis stage S8

grim^hs.PC

gamma Kenyon cell, with Scer\GAL4^Ptth.cMa

grim^UAS.cNa

glial cell, with Scer\GAL4^da.G32

grim^dsRNA.UAS

glial cell (with grim^f04656)

grim^Δ52-57

glial cell (with grim^Δ52-57)

glial cell (with grim^ΔMM3)

grim^Δ52-57

interommatidial bristle

grim^GMR.PC

larval ventral nerve cord, with Scer\GAL4^Gp150-52A

grim^UAS.cNa

macrochaeta, with Scer\GAL4^Bx-MS1096

mesothoracic tergum, with Scer\GAL4^Bx-MS1096

microchaeta, with Scer\GAL4^Bx-MS1096

midline glial cell, with Df(3L)H99, Scer\GAL4^Gp150-52A

grim^UAS.cNa

midline glial cell, with Scer\GAL4^Gp150-52A

grim^UAS.cNa

mushroom body, with Scer\GAL4^Ptth.cMa

grim^UAS.cNa

peptidergic neuron | adult stage | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4^Burs.PL

grim^{miRNA.UAS.cLa}

peptidergic neuron | adult stage | ectopic (with Df(3L)grim-A6C)

grim^MI03811

peptidergic neuron | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^CCAP.PP

peripheral glial cell | embryonic stage, with Scer\GAL4^elav-C155

grim^C.UAS

peripheral glial cell | embryonic stage, with Scer\GAL4^repo

grim^C.UAS

photoreceptor cell R7 | prepupal stage, with Scer\GAL4^Aug21

grim^UAS.cNa

photoreceptor cell R8 | prepupal stage, with Scer\GAL4^Aug21

grim^UAS.cNa

prothoracic gland innervating neuron PG-LP, with Scer\GAL4^Ptth.cMa

grim^UAS.cNa

segmental nerve pioneer neuron, with Scer\GAL4^repo

grim^UAS.cNa

segmental nerve pioneer neuron, with Scer\GAL4^rQ286.11

grim^UAS.cNa

sensory neuron, with Scer\GAL4^repo

grim^UAS.cNa

sensory neuron, with Scer\GAL4^rQ286.11

grim^UAS.cNa

sensory neuron & axon & embryo, with Scer\GAL4^elav-C155

grim^C.UAS

sensory neuron & axon & embryo, with Scer\GAL4^repo

grim^C.UAS

symmetrical commissure, with Scer\GAL4^Gp150-52A

grim^UAS.cNa

terminal tracheal cell | somatic clone | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^btl.PU

grim^UAS.cUa

ventral midline of embryo, with Scer\GAL4^Gp150-52A

grim^UAS.cNa

wing, with Scer\GAL4^Bx-MS1096

wing, with Scer\GAL4^Bx-MS1096, grim^Δ2-14.UAS

grim^Δ86-98.UAS

wing, with Scer\GAL4^Bx-MS1096, grim^{Δ2-14.Δ86-98.UAS}

grim^Δ86-98.UAS

wing, with Scer\GAL4^Bx-MS1096, grim^Δ86-98.UAS

wing, with Scer\GAL4^Ptth.cMa

grim^UAS.cNa

grim^hs.PC

Orthologs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Orthologs

Download All OrthoDB Orthologs

Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0)

Homo sapiens (Human) (0)

No records found.

Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0)

Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (0)

No records found.

Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (0)

No records found.

Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (0)

No records found.

Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (0)

No records found.

Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (0)

No records found.

Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)

No records found.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)

No records found.

Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)

No records found.

Ortholog(s) in Drosophila Species (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG09190JSV )

Organism

Common Name

Gene

AAA Syntenic Ortholog

Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group

Drosophila suzukii

Spotted wing Drosophila

Dsuz\DS10_00013088

Drosophila simulans

Drosophila sechellia

Drosophila erecta

Drosophila yakuba

Drosophila ananassae

Drosophila pseudoobscura pseudoobscura

Drosophila persimilis

Drosophila willistoni

Drosophila virilis

Drosophila mojavensis

Drosophila grimshawi

Orthologs in non-Drosophila Dipterans (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( EOG09150IDB )

Organism

Common Name

Gene

Multiple Dmel Genes in this Orthologous Group

Musca domestica

House fly

Lucilia cuprina

Australian sheep blowfly

Lcup\FF38_05695

Orthologs in non-Dipteran Insects (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( None identified )

No non-Dipteran orthologies identified

Orthologs in non-Insect Arthropods (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( None identified )

No non-Insect Arthropod orthologies identified

Orthologs in non-Arthropod Metazoa (via OrthoDB v9.1) ( None identified )

No non-Arthropod Metazoa orthologies identified

Paralogs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Paralogs

Paralogs (via DIOPT v8.0)

Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (0)

No records found.

Human Disease Associations

FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports

Disease Model Summary Ribbon

Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations

Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )

Allele

Disease

Evidence

References

model of Alzheimer's disease 1

CEA with Scer\GAL4^GMR.APP

(Vorobyeva et al., 2014)

Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )

Human Ortholog

Disease

Evidence

References

Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )

Allele

Disease

Interaction

References

exacerbates cancer

modeled by dlg1^A40.2

(Parisi et al., 2014)

Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0 and OMIM)

Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.

Homo sapiens (Human)

Gene name

Score

OMIM

OMIM Phenotype

DO term

Complementation?

Transgene?

Functional Complementation Data

Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.

Interactions

Summary of Physical Interactions

esyN Network Diagram

Interactions Browser

View in Interactions Browser

Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details

RNA-RNA

Physical Interaction

Assay

References

fluorescence technology

(Leaman et al., 2005)

fluorescence technology

(Leaman et al., 2005)

grim - mir-13b-1

fluorescence technology

(Leaman et al., 2005)

grim - mir-13b-2

fluorescence technology

(Leaman et al., 2005)

grim - mir-2a-1

luminiscence technology, fluorescence technology

(Kertesz et al., 2007, Leaman et al., 2005)

grim - mir-2a-2

luminiscence technology, fluorescence technology

(Kertesz et al., 2007, Leaman et al., 2005)

grim - mir-2b-1

fluorescence technology

(Brennecke et al., 2005, Leaman et al., 2005, Stark et al., 2003)

grim - mir-2b-2

fluorescence technology

(Brennecke et al., 2005, Leaman et al., 2005, Stark et al., 2003)

fluorescence technology

(Leaman et al., 2005)

fluorescence technology

(Leaman et al., 2005)

protein-protein

Physical Interaction

Assay

References

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot

(Yeh and Bratton, 2013)

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot

(Wu et al., 2010)

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot

(Wu et al., 2010)

isothermal titration calorimetry, predetermined participant, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot, x-ray crystallography, molecular sieving, molecular weight estimation by staining, pull down, autoradiography

(Yeh and Bratton, 2013, Khan et al., 2008, Yan et al., 2004)

pull down, autoradiography

(Khan et al., 2008)

pull down, western blot, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot

(Yeh and Bratton, 2013)

grim - Ubi-p63E

pull down, western blot, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot

(Yeh and Bratton, 2013)

pull down, autoradiography

(Sandu et al., 2010)

Summary of Genetic Interactions

esyN Network Diagram

esyN Network Key:

Suppression

Enhancement

View in Interactions Browser

Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

suppressible

(Chuang et al., 2014)

enhanceable

(Chuang et al., 2014)

suppressible

(Guo et al., 2003)

enhanceable

(Vernooy et al., 2002)

suppressible

(Vernooy et al., 2002)

suppressible

(Wu et al., 2010, Quinn et al., 2003)

enhanceable

(Herranz et al., 2006)

suppressible

(Sinenko, 2017, Rodriguez et al., 1999)

suppressible

(Rodriguez et al., 2002)

suppressible

(Hwangbo et al., 2016)

enhanceable

(Mallik and Lakhotia, 2009, Lisi et al., 2000)

suppressible

(Guo et al., 2003, Wing et al., 2001, Lisi et al., 2000)

suppressible

(Wing et al., 2001)

suppressible

(Muro et al., 2006)

suppressible

(Yan et al., 2006, Waldhuber et al., 2005, Wing et al., 2001, Hawkins et al., 2000)

enhanceable

(Yang et al., 2014)

suppressible

(Liu et al., 2009)

enhanceable

(Chuang et al., 2014)

suppressible

(Kohyama-Koganeya et al., 2004)

enhanceable

(Mehrotra et al., 2008, Wing et al., 1998)

suppressible

(Harvey et al., 2003)

suppressible

(Müller et al., 2005)

suppressible

(Arya and Lakhotia, 2008)

suppressible

(Müller et al., 2005)

suppressible

(Krieser et al., 2007)

enhanceable

(Krieser et al., 2007)

suppressible

(Rusconi et al., 2004)

suppressible

(Mallik and Lakhotia, 2009)

enhanceable

(Mallik and Lakhotia, 2009)

suppressible

(Xu et al., 2003)

suppressible

(Nairz et al., 2006, Müller et al., 2005)

enhanceable

(Wing et al., 2002)

suppressible

(Hays et al., 2002)

suppressible

(Guo et al., 2003)

suppressible

(Gottfried et al., 2004)

suppressible

(Guo et al., 2003)

enhanceable

(Tiwari and Roy, 2009)

enhanceable

(Wing et al., 1998)

suppressible

(Ribaya et al., 2009)

suppressible

(Bidla et al., 2007)

suppressible

(Pfleger et al., 2007)

suppressible

(Sinenko, 2017)

suppressible

(Gross et al., 2008)

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

enhanceable

(Song et al., 2000)

suppressible

(Parisi et al., 2014)

enhanceable

(Parisi et al., 2014)

suppressible

(Lee et al., 2019)

suppressible

(Lee et al., 2013)

enhanceable

(Wing et al., 1998)

enhanceable

(Wing et al., 1998)

enhanceable

(Srinivasula et al., 2002)

suppressible

(Brun et al., 2006)

External Data

Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Interacts with Diap2 (via BIR2 domain).

(UniProt, Q24570 )

Linkouts

BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.

65298

DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.

FBgn0015946

MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

grim

MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

grim

Pathways

Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)

Metabolic Pathways

External Data

Linkouts

KEGG Pathways - Wiring diagrams of molecular interactions, reactions and relations.

Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data

Chromosome (arm)

3L

Recombination map

3-45

Cytogenetic map

Sequence location

3L:18,302,719..18,304,417 [-]

FlyBase Computed Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Evidence for location

75C4-75C4

Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{PZ}W⁰⁵⁰¹⁴ and P{lacW}l(3)j14E7^j14E7

Experimentally Determined Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Notes

References

75C1-75C2

(Chen, 1996.6.24)

Experimentally Determined Recombination Data

Location

3-45

(FlyBase, 2016)

3-41.6

(Comeron et al., 2012)

3-

(Chen, 1996.6.24)

Left of (cM)

Right of (cM)

Notes

Stocks and Reagents

Stocks (12)

9924

w^*; P{HS-grim}3

9925

w^*; P{HS-grim}5

9923

w^*; P{GMR-grim}4

83152

w^*; P{UAS-grim.RNAi}2

52016

P{GMR-APP-GAL4}2, P{UAS-grim.Y}2/CyO

9922

y¹ w^*; P{GMR-grim}1

29117

w¹¹¹⁸; Mi{ET1}grim^MB10379

83151

grim^XR38 Df(3L)XR38/TM6B, Tb¹

36978

y¹ w^*; Mi{MIC}grim^MI03811/TM3, Sb¹ Ser¹

v21830

w¹¹¹⁸; P{GD11287}v21830

v22597

w¹¹¹⁸; P{GD11287}v22597

v318141

PBac{fTRG00511.sfGFP-TVPTBF}VK00033

Genomic Clones (29)

Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

cDNA Clones (35)

Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see GBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

cDNA clones, fully sequenced

BDGP DGC clones

RE28551

Other clones

DPiM_RE28551

Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

FBgn0015946

cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)

BDGP DGC clones

RE05643

RNAi and Array Information

Linkouts

DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens

FBgn0015946

GenomeRNAi - A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents

40014

Antibody Information

Laboratory Generated Antibodies

Commercially Available Antibodies

Other Information

Relationship to Other Genes

Source for database identify of

Source for database merge of

Source for merge of: grim BcDNA:RE28551

(FlyBase, 1996-)

Additional comments

Source for merge of grim BcDNA:RE28551 was a shared cDNA ( date:030728 ).

(FlyBase, 1996-)

Other Comments

The N-terminal and GH3 domains within grim activate independent apoptotic pathways.

(Claveria et al., 2002)

Domains in addition to the BIR2 domain of the th gene product are required for rpr, grim and W to inactivate th.

(Lisi et al., 2000)

rpr, W and grim promote apoptosis by disrupting interactions between the th and Dcp-1 proteins.

(Wang et al., 1999)

th is epistatic to the mutant phenotype of Df(3L)H99 (deleted for rpr, W, and grim).

(Wang et al., 1999)

grim may participate in initiating apoptosis by stably blocking K⁺ channels.

(Avdonin et al., 1998)

grim expression induces apoptosis in mammalian cells by specifically acting on mitochondrial apoptotic pathways executed by endogenous caspases.

(Claveria et al., 1998)

grim-induced cell death is not modulated by Ras85D signalling activity.

(Kurada and White, 1998)

A 'cell-death gene'; activation results in massive apoptosis. Neither W nor rpr function required, but blocked by BacA\p35.

(Chen et al., 1996)

Characterisation of grim suggests the encoded apoptotic function is upstream of putative Cys proteases and grim activity parallels that of rpr and W. Because grim triggered extensive apoptosis in at least one developmental context where rpr was not sufficient, it is possible that these proteins enter a common apoptotic pathway at different sites.

(Chen et al., 1996)

Origin and Etymology

Discoverer

Etymology

By virtue of its proximity to rpr (reaper) and its potent cell killing activity the gene is named "grim".

(Chen et al., 1996)

Identification

External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 34 )

Sequence Crossreferences

NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.

40014

GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.

GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.

RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.

UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information

Q24570

Other crossreferences

BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis

FBgn0015946

Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones

FBgn0015946

DRscDB

40014/tissue=All

EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas

FBgn0015946

Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.

grim_1

Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns

CG4345

Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut

FBgn0015946

GenomeRNAi - A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents

40014

KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.

Dmel_CG4345

MARRVEL_MODEL

40014

modMine - A data warehouse for the modENCODE project

FBgn0015946

PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures

1JD5

Linkouts

BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.

65298

DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.

FBgn0015946

DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens

FBgn0015946

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

CG4345-RA

FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel

FBGN0015946

FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics

FBgn0015946

Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution

Interactive Fly

KEGG Pathways - Wiring diagrams of molecular interactions, reactions and relations.

MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

grim

MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

grim

Synonyms and Secondary IDs (7)

Reported As

Symbol Synonym

BcDNA:RE28551

CG4345

(Pal et al., 2007)

GRIM

(Michaki et al., 2012, Bedoukian et al., 2009, Guo et al., 2003, Hawkins et al., 2001)

Grim

(Cho et al., 2021, Piedade and Famulski, 2021, Kosakamoto et al., 2020, Krautz et al., 2020, Xu et al., 2020, Burguete et al., 2019, McSharry and Beitel, 2019, Diwanji and Bergmann, 2018, Stuelten et al., 2018, Kaieda et al., 2017, Nainu et al., 2017, Nakajima and Kuranaga, 2017, Bhadra et al., 2016, Dabrowska et al., 2016, Eroglu and Derry, 2016, Kawamoto et al., 2016, Neves et al., 2016, Pinto-Teixeira et al., 2016, Arefin et al., 2015, Arya and White, 2015, Denton and Kumar, 2015, Hentze et al., 2015, Nicolson et al., 2015, Vorobyeva et al., 2014, Denton et al., 2013, Dick and Megeney, 2013, Martínez-Azorín et al., 2013, Pechkovsky et al., 2013, Sarraf-Zadeh et al., 2013, Yuan and Akey, 2013, Pushpavalli et al., 2012, Abdelwahid et al., 2011, Harris et al., 2011, Kuranaga, 2011, Morata et al., 2011, Shukla and Tapadia, 2011, Singh et al., 2011, Bergmann, 2010, Grzeschik et al., 2010, Gupta et al., 2010, Liu et al., 2009, Temme et al., 2009, Bond et al., 2008, Khan et al., 2008, Li and Cadigan, 2008, Siddique et al., 2008, Copeland et al., 2007, Gupta et al., 2007, Kuranaga and Miura, 2007, McBrayer et al., 2007, Pal et al., 2007, Ribeiro et al., 2007, Xie and Birchler, 2007, Adrain, 2006, Montell, 2006, Moskalev et al., 2006, Yan et al., 2006, Juhasz and Sass, 2005, Yoo, 2005, Yan et al., 2004, Baehrecke, 2003, Li et al., 2002, Abrams, 1999)

gri

(Baer et al., 2010)

grim

(Bejarano et al., 2021, Ferguson et al., 2021, Lee and Park, 2021, Maurya et al., 2021, Nishida et al., 2021, Chittoor-Vinod et al., 2020, Li and Hidalgo, 2020, Morata and Calleja, 2020, Ojha and Tapadia, 2020, Park et al., 2020, Pop et al., 2020, Saini et al., 2020, Samuels et al., 2020, Sato and Yamamoto, 2020, Arya et al., 2019, Gerlach et al., 2019, Ghosh et al., 2019, Hall et al., 2019, Harding and White, 2019, Hwang et al., 2019, Khan et al., 2019, Lee et al., 2019, Meltzer et al., 2019, Moreno et al., 2019, Murcia et al., 2019, Pahl et al., 2019, Pinal et al., 2019, Shah et al., 2019, Simon et al., 2019, Wang et al., 2019, Wu et al., 2019, Córdoba and Estella, 2018, Jeong et al., 2018, Kang et al., 2018, Liu et al., 2018, Mlih et al., 2018, Mondal et al., 2018, Paul et al., 2018, Shimell et al., 2018, Chiang et al., 2017, Schott et al., 2017, Selcho et al., 2017, Tsuda et al., 2017, Bhogal et al., 2016, Hwangbo et al., 2016, Jenny and Basler, 2016, Sarov et al., 2016, Dwivedi et al., 2015, Elenbaas et al., 2015, Kovacs et al., 2015, Waldron et al., 2015, Wang and Baker, 2015, Wangler et al., 2015, Wu et al., 2015, Wu et al., 2015, Zhang et al., 2015, Zhang et al., 2015, Bhaskar et al., 2014, Chuang et al., 2014, Hauling et al., 2014, He et al., 2014, Parisi et al., 2014, Sha et al., 2014, Steller et al., 2014.7.9, Yang et al., 2014, Aleksic et al., 2013, Lee et al., 2013, Lee et al., 2013, Lin et al., 2013, Link et al., 2013, Liu et al., 2013, Newquist et al., 2013, Pechkovsky et al., 2013, Zhang and Cohen, 2013, Davidson and Duronio, 2012, Ge et al., 2012, Lim et al., 2012, Liu et al., 2012, Marchal et al., 2012, Parvy et al., 2012, Rovani et al., 2012, Zhai et al., 2012, Abdou et al., 2011, Chen et al., 2011, Chung et al., 2011, Gafuik and Steller, 2011, Ou et al., 2011, Suissa et al., 2011, Suska et al., 2011, Tan et al., 2011, Tapadia and Gautam, 2011, Truscott et al., 2011, Winbush and Weeks, 2011, Benitez et al., 2010, Bulchand et al., 2010, Fan et al., 2010, Karlsson et al., 2010, Kazemian et al., 2010, Kerman and Andrew, 2010, Niwa et al., 2010, Pfleger et al., 2010, Riddiford et al., 2010, Sandu et al., 2010, Siegrist et al., 2010, Amarneh et al., 2009, Bidla et al., 2009, Galindo et al., 2009, González and Busturia, 2009, Hong et al., 2009, Kato et al., 2009, Liu et al., 2009, Mallik and Lakhotia, 2009, Markovic et al., 2009, Ogura et al., 2009, Ohayon et al., 2009, Palgi et al., 2009, Peng et al., 2009, Rewitz et al., 2009, Ribaya et al., 2009, Tiwari and Roy, 2009, Wheeler et al., 2009, Xia and Holcik, 2009, Xu et al., 2009, Arya and Lakhotia, 2008, Benchabane et al., 2008, Crisp et al., 2008, Griswold et al., 2008, Gross et al., 2008, Hou et al., 2008, Liao et al., 2008, Martin et al., 2008, Mehrotra et al., 2008, Montero et al., 2008, Page and Olofsson, 2008, Poirier et al., 2008, Rogulja-Ortmann et al., 2008, Tang et al., 2008, Toyama et al., 2008, Vicente-Crespo et al., 2008, Xie and Birchler, 2008, Zhang et al., 2008, Abrams, 2007.3.27, Bidla et al., 2007, Guan et al., 2007, Hueber et al., 2007, Kertesz et al., 2007, Krieser et al., 2007, Link et al., 2007, Mabuchi et al., 2007, Peterson et al., 2007, Pfleger et al., 2007, Phan et al., 2007, Togane et al., 2007, Vazquez-Pianzola et al., 2007, Wichmann et al., 2007, Wu and Brachmann, 2007, Yoneda et al., 2007, Brun et al., 2006, Choi et al., 2006, Herranz et al., 2006, Kondo et al., 2006, Lee et al., 2006, Means et al., 2006, Muro et al., 2006, Nairz et al., 2006, Singh et al., 2006, Wichmann et al., 2006, Bauer et al., 2005, Brennecke et al., 2005, Chan et al., 2005, Leaman et al., 2005, Pearson et al., 2005, Sano et al., 2005, Waldhuber et al., 2005, Zhou, 2005, Daish et al., 2004, Hsu et al., 2004, Rehmsmeier et al., 2004, Renault et al., 2004, DiPietrantonio and Davidson, 2003, Higashiyama et al., 2002)

grm

(Mohseni et al., 2009)

Secondary FlyBase IDs

FBgn0064894

Datasets (0)

Study focus (0)

Experimental Role

Project

Project Type

Title

References (540)

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