FlyBase Gene Report: Dmel\Tor

General Information

Symbol

Dmel\Tor

Species

D. melanogaster

Name

Target of rapamycin

Annotation Symbol

CG5092

Feature Type

protein_coding_gene

FlyBase ID

FBgn0021796

Gene Model Status

Current

Stock Availability

17 publicly available

Gene Summary

Promotes cell and tissue growth, maintains tissue homeostatis and controls responses to environmental stress and aging (PubMed:11069885, PubMed:11069888, PubMed:19211682, PubMed:19225150). Regulates growth during animal development by coupling growth factor signaling to nutrient availability (PubMed:11069888). Central regulators of autophagy (PubMed:18604198, PubMed:19225150). May be involved in atg1 phosphorylation (PubMed:19225150). May also be involved, directly or indirectly, in the control of neuronal function (PubMed:15454083). Phosphorylates S6K/p70S6K, in vitro (PubMed:11069888). May regulate the activity of S6K (PubMed:11069885). Overexpression inhibits growth and reduces cell size (PubMed:14505573). Affects the timing of neuronal cell differentiation (PubMed:15454083). Hyperactivation of the signaling leads to accelerated differentiation, whereas inhibition of the signaling retards differentiation (PubMed:15454083). Thus, in addition to controlling growth of the cell in which it resides, it can also influence growth of distant cells and organs during development via a humoral mechanism (PubMed:14505573). As part of the TORC1 complex regulates energy homeostasis and promotes certain aspects of larval growth by negatively regulating REPTOR (PubMed:25920570). REPTOR functions downstream of TORC1 to regulate the expression of stress response genes in response to TORC1 inhibition resulting from nutrient deprivation (PubMed:25920570). When TORC1 activity is high it phosphorylates REPTOR which inhibits its recruitment into the nucleus and antagonizes their function (PubMed:25920570). This function is essential under normal feeding conditions to promote TORC1-dependent growth during larval development and, in adults and larvae to prevent the REPTOR-dependent expression of nutrient stress response genes (PubMed:25920570). In short, during development, it primarily controls growth, whereas in the adult, where there is relatively little growth, it controls aging and other aspects of nutrient-related physiology (PubMed:11069885, PubMed:11069888, PubMed:19211682, PubMed:19225150). Rag GTPases act as activators of TORC1 in response to amino acid signals (PubMed:18604198). (UniProt, Q9VK45)

Contribute a Gene Snapshot for this gene.

All Summaries

Alliance
Auto summary
Pathway
Gene Group
UniProtKB
Interactive Fly

Also Known As

dTOR, mTOR, TORC1, FRAP/TOR, l(2)k17004

Key Links

Genomic Location

Cytogenetic map

34A4-34A4

Sequence location

2L:13,004,480..13,013,197 [+]

Recombination map

2-47

RefSeq locus

NT_033779 REGION:13004480..13013197

Sequence

Get Decorated FASTA

Genomic Maps

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Other Genome Views

The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.

Function

GO Summary Ribbons

Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (44 terms)

Molecular Function (6 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (4 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

enables chromatin DNA binding

inferred from direct assay

(Filer et al., 2017)

enables protein binding

inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:Q9W328

(assigned by UniProt )

(Wang et al., 2012)

inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:Q7K0T0

(assigned by UniProt )

(Gao et al., 2002)

inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:Q9U9A9

(assigned by UniProt )

(Gao et al., 2002)

enables protein kinase activity

inferred from direct assay

(Bolukbasi et al., 2017)

enables protein self-association

inferred from direct assay

(Zhang et al., 2006)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

enables protein serine/threonine kinase activity

inferred from sequence model

(Zhang et al., 2006)

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000124327

(assigned by GO_Central )

(Gaudet et al., 2011)

inferred from sequence or structural similarity with HGNC:3942

(FlyBase Curators, 2008-)

enables protein-containing complex binding

inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR009076

(assigned by InterPro )

(FlyBase Curators et al., 2004-)

Biological Process (34 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (32 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

involved_in apical protein localization

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Francis and Ghabrial, 2015)

involved_in autophagy

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Xu et al., 2015)

involved_in cellular response to nutrient

inferred from direct assay

(Parisi et al., 2011)

involved_in dendrite morphogenesis

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Koike-Kumagai et al., 2009)

involved_in determination of adult lifespan

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Kapahi et al., 2004)

involved_in endocytic recycling

inferred from direct assay

(Hennig et al., 2006)

involved_in germarium-derived cystoblast division

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Wei et al., 2014)

involved_in germline cell cycle switching, mitotic to meiotic cell cycle

inferred from mutant phenotype

(assigned by UniProt )

(Wei et al., 2014)

involved_in gonad development

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Zhang et al., 2006)

involved_in insulin receptor signaling pathway

inferred from direct assay

(Parisi et al., 2011)

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Wu et al., 2007)

involved_in lamellocyte differentiation

inferred from direct assay

(Dragojlovic-Munther and Martinez-Agosto, 2013)

involved_in larval midgut cell programmed cell death

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Xu et al., 2015)

involved_in multicellular organism growth

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Zhang et al., 2006)

involved_in negative regulation of apoptotic process

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Tran et al., 2013)

involved_in negative regulation of macroautophagy

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Scott et al., 2004)

involved_in negative regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process

inferred from direct assay

(Parisi et al., 2011)

involved_in positive regulation of axon guidance

inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:Rheb; FB:FBgn0041191

(Dimitroff et al., 2012)

involved_in positive regulation of cell size

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Cully et al., 2010, Sims et al., 2009, Hall et al., 2007)

inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:gig; FB:FBgn0005198

(Cully et al., 2010)

inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:C3KKC3

(assigned by UniProt )

(Wang et al., 2012)

involved_in positive regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Yang et al., 2006)

involved_in positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Wu et al., 2007, Yang et al., 2006, Sarbassov et al., 2005)

involved_in positive regulation of protein phosphorylation

inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:gig; FB:FBgn0005198

(Cully et al., 2010)

involved_in positive regulation of ribosome biogenesis

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Hall et al., 2007)

involved_in positive regulation of synaptic assembly at neuromuscular junction

inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:Rheb; FB:FBgn0041191

(Dimitroff et al., 2012)

involved_in positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase III

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Filer et al., 2017)

involved_in positive regulation of wound healing

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Kakanj et al., 2016)

involved_in regulation of cell growth

inferred from direct assay

(Hennig et al., 2006)

involved_in regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process

inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:InR; FB:FBgn0283499

(Lee et al., 2010)

involved_in regulation of response to drug

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Dar et al., 2012)

involved_in regulation of terminal button organization

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Deivasigamani et al., 2014)

involved_in terminal branching, open tracheal system

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Francis and Ghabrial, 2015)

involved_in TORC1 signaling

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Tran et al., 2013)

inferred from mutant phenotype

(assigned by UniProt )

(Wang et al., 2012)

involved_in vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Tran et al., 2013)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

involved_in negative regulation of macroautophagy

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000124327

(assigned by GO_Central )

(Gaudet et al., 2011)

involved_in protein phosphorylation

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000124328

(assigned by GO_Central )

(Gaudet et al., 2011)

inferred from sequence or structural similarity with HGNC:3942

(FlyBase Curators, 2008-)

involved_in TOR signaling

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000124327

(assigned by GO_Central )

(Gaudet et al., 2011)

Cellular Component (4 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (3 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

located_in cytoplasm

inferred from high throughput direct assay

(Sarov et al., 2016)

part_of TORC1 complex

inferred from mutant phenotype

(assigned by UniProt )

(Wang et al., 2012)

part_of TORC2 complex

inferred from direct assay

(assigned by UniProt )

(Wang et al., 2012)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (3 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

is_active_in nucleus

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000124197

(assigned by GO_Central )

(Gaudet et al., 2011)

part_of TORC1 complex

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000124327

(assigned by GO_Central )

(Gaudet et al., 2011)

inferred from sequence or structural similarity with HGNC:3942

(FlyBase Curators, 2008-)

part_of TORC2 complex

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000124327

(assigned by GO_Central )

(Gaudet et al., 2011)

inferred from sequence or structural similarity with HGNC:3942

(FlyBase Curators, 2008-)

Gene Group (FlyBase)

ATYPICAL PROTEIN KINASES

TORC1 COMPLEX

TORC2 COMPLEX

Pathway (FlyBase)

Positive Regulators of Insulin-like Receptor Signaling Pathway

Insulin-like Receptor Signaling Pathway Core Components

Pvr Signaling Pathway Core Components

Protein Family (UniProt)

Belongs to the PI3/PI4-kinase family. (Q9VK45)

Protein Signatures (InterPro)

Summaries

Gene Group (FlyBase)

ATYPICAL PROTEIN KINASES -: Atypical kinases are protein kinases or putative protein kinases that do not share clear sequence similarity with conventional eukaryotic protein kinases, but they or their orthologs have been shown experimentally to have protein kinase activity. Atypical kinases are defined in FBrf0201870.
TORC1 COMPLEX -: TOR complex 1 (TORC1) is a target of rapamycin (Tor) kinase-containing complex that mediates the response to a variety of stimuli including stress, insulin-like peptides and amino acids. TORC1 regulates processes such as translation, cell growth and autophagy. It can be inhibited by rapamycin. (Adapted from FBrf0238220).
TORC2 COMPLEX -: TOR complex 2 (TORC2) is a target of rapamycin (Tor) kinase-containing complex that phosphorylates several AGC family kinases, including Akt1 (PKB). mTORC2 regulates a variety of cellular processes such as insulin signaling and actin reorganization. It is insensitive to rapamycin. (Adapted from FBrf0238220).

Pathway (FlyBase)

Positive Regulators of Insulin-like Receptor Signaling Pathway -: Positive regulators of the Insulin-like Receptor signaling pathway enhance Insulin-like receptor (InR) activation or the activity of intracellular effectors. (Adapted from FBrf0232297, FBrf0230017 and FBrf0229989).
Insulin-like Receptor Signaling Pathway Core Components -: The Insulin-like Receptor (IR) signaling pathway in Drosophila is initiated by the binding of an insulin-like peptides to the Insulin-like receptor (InR). (Adapted from FBrf0232297, FBrf0230017 and FBrf0229989.)
Pvr Signaling Pathway Core Components -: PDGF/VEGF (Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor)-receptor related (Pvr) encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase activated by the binding of PDGF- and VEGF-related factors (Pvf1,Pvf2 or Pvf3). Pvr has been shown to activate the canonical Ras/Raf/MAP kinase (ERK) cascade, the PI3K kinase pathway, TORC1 (FBrf0222697), Rho family small GTPases (FBrf0221764, FBrf0180198) and the JNK cascade (FBrf0180198), in a context-dependent manner. (Adapted from FBrf0222697 and FBrf0221727).

Protein Function (UniProtKB)

(UniProt, Q9VK45)

Summary (Interactive Fly)

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase - involved in perception of nutrient status - pivotal member of the TOR pathway involved in regulation of growth and cell proliferation

Interactive Fly

Gene Model and Products

Number of Transcripts

Number of Unique Polypeptides

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Tor for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)

Isoform displayed:

Pfam protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Protein Domains (via SMART)

Isoform displayed:

SMART protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Structure New Section

Protein 3D structure (Predicted by AlphaFold) (AlphaFold entry Q9VK45)

If you don't see the viewer to the right, refresh your browser.

Model Confidence:

Very high (pLDDT > 90)
Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Comments on Gene Model

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Gene model reviewed during 5.48

Sequence Ontology: Class of Gene

nuclear_gene

protein_coding_gene

Transcript Data

Annotated Transcripts

Name

FlyBase ID

RefSeq ID

Length (nt)

Assoc. CDS (aa)

Tor-RA

FBtr0080422

NM_080152

7984

2470

Tor-RB

FBtr0336615

NM_001273498

7987

2471

Additional Transcript Data and Comments

Reported size (kB)

Comments

External Data

Crossreferences

Polypeptide Data

Annotated Polypeptides

Name

FlyBase ID

Predicted MW (kDa)

Length (aa)

Theoretical pI

RefSeq ID

GenBank

Tor-PA

FBpp0080003

281.0

2470

6.91

NP_524891

AAF53237

Tor-PB

FBpp0307598

281.2

2471

6.91

NP_001260427

AGB92962

Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

None of the polypeptides share 100% sequence identity.

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments

Reported size (kDa)

Comments

External Data

Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

May be part of a minimal complex, TORC1, consisting of tor, raptor and lst8. May be part of a minimal complex, TORC2, consisting of tor, rictor and lst8 (By similarity). Self-associates; assembles into homomultimeric complexes. Component of a multiprotein complex.

(UniProt, Q9VK45)

Crossreferences

InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites

Linkouts

Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model

Nucleotide / Polypeptide Records

UniProt

Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Tor using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data

Crossreferences

Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.

Tor_1

Linkouts

Expression Data

Expression Summary Ribbons

Colored tiles in ribbon indicate that expression data has been curated by FlyBase for that anatomical location. Colorless tiles indicate that there is no curated data for that location.

For complete stage-specific expression data, view the modENCODE Development RNA-Seq section under High-Throughput Expression below.

Transcript Expression

Additional Descriptive Data

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Polypeptide Expression

mass spectroscopy

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

adult stage

adult head

• membrane

(Aradska et al., 2015)

Additional Descriptive Data

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Evidence

References

located_in cytoplasm

inferred from high throughput direct assay

(Sarov et al., 2016)

part_of TORC1 complex

inferred from mutant phenotype

(assigned by UniProt )

(Wang et al., 2012)

part_of TORC2 complex

inferred from direct assay

(assigned by UniProt )

(Wang et al., 2012)

Expression Deduced from Reporters

High-Throughput Expression Data

Associated Tools

GBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Tor in GBrowse 2

RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region

View exonic expression by developmental stage for Dmel\Tor

View exonic expression by tissue for Dmel\Tor

Bulk Downloads

RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes

Reference

See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.

Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle

Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis

External Data and Images

Linkouts

DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species

47396/tissue=All

EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species

FBgn0021796

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

FBgn0021796

FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data

FBgn0021796

Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns

CG5092

Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut

FBgn0021796

Images

FlyBase Wiki

Image Based Resources

Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations

Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 26 )

For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show

Other relevant insertions

Transgenic Constructs ( 19 )

For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show

Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Tor

Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Tor

Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 2 )

Inferred from experimentation ( 2 )

Gene not disrupted in

Df(2L)Prl

(Spradling et al., 1999, BDGP Project Members, 1994-1999)

Gene disrupted in

Df(2L)Exel7055

(Ryder, 2004.4.26)

Inferred from location ( 0 )

Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants

Phenotypes

For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.

Lethality

Allele

FlyBase_internaltransgene_features:cell lethal:cell lethal | somatic clone

Tor^ΔP

lethal

lethal, with Scer\GAL4^Act5C.PI

lethal, with Scer\GAL4^ap-md544

lethal, with Scer\GAL4^da.G32

lethal, with Scer\GAL4^ey.PH

lethal (with Tor^A948V)

Tor^ΔP

lethal (with Tor^E161K)

Tor^ΔP

lethal (with Tor^G2256D)

Tor^ΔP

lethal (with Tor^Q528stop)

Tor^ΔP

lethal (with Tor^R97C)

Tor^ΔP

lethal (with Tor^R248stop)

Tor^ΔP

lethal (with Tor^V2148D)

Tor^ΔP

lethal (with Tor^W1251R)

Tor^ΔP

lethal (with Tor^ΔP)

lethal | recessive

Tor^k17004

lethal - all die before end of larval stage

Tor^ΔP

lethal - all die before end of larval stage | recessive

Tor^G2256D

lethal - all die before end of pupal stage | recessive

lethal - all die before end of second instar larval stage | recessive

Sterility

Allele

female sterile, with Scer\GAL4^nos.PG, Scer\GAL4^VP16.nos.UTR, Scer\GAL4^VP16.otu

sterile | recessive

Other Phenotypes

Allele

abnormal body size | adult stage

Tor^ΔP

abnormal body size | second instar larval stage

Tor^k17004

abnormal cell cycle | germline clone

Tor^ΔP

abnormal cell size

Tor^ΔP

abnormal developmental rate

Tor^ΔP

abnormal developmental rate, with Scer\GAL4^Bx-MS1096

abnormal developmental rate, with Scer\GAL4^en-e16E

abnormal developmental rate, with Scer\GAL4^ppl.PP

Tor^TED.UAS

abnormal developmental rate | recessive

abnormal locomotor behavior | adult stage

Tor^k17004

abnormal mitotic cell cycle | somatic clone

Tor^ΔP

abnormal neuroanatomy, with Scer\GAL4^elav-C155

Tor^TED.UAS

abnormal neuroanatomy | adult stage | somatic clone

abnormal neuroanatomy | larval stage

Tor^ΔP

abnormal neuroanatomy | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^elav-C155

Tor^EP2353

abnormal neuroanatomy | larval stage | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4^ppk.PG

Tor^TED.UAS

abnormal neuroanatomy | somatic clone

abnormal neurophysiology | adult stage | somatic clone

Tor^ΔP

abnormal neurophysiology | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^Mhc.PW

Tor^{WT.UAS.Tag:FLAG}

abnormal size, with Scer\GAL4^en.PU

Tor^TED.UAS

abnormal size, with Scer\GAL4^ey.PH

Tor^{WT.UAS.Tag:FLAG}

abnormal size, with Scer\GAL4^MD-638

Tor^TED.UAS

abnormal size, with Scer\GAL4^nub-AC-62

abnormal size | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4^Bx-MS1096

Tor^{WT.UAS.Tag:FLAG}

abnormal size | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4^en.PU

Tor^GL00156

abnormal size | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4^eya.enh1+E+2

abnormal size | adult stage (with Tor^2L1)

Tor^k17004

abnormal size | adult stage (with Tor^k17004)

Tor^2L1

abnormal size | adult stage | heat sensitive, with Scer\GAL4^hs.PU

Tor^UAS.cUa

abnormal size | adult stage | somatic clone

Tor^2L1

abnormal size | P-stage, with Scer\GAL4^NP0001

Tor^{WT.UAS.Tag:FLAG}

abnormal size | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^NP0001

abnormal starvation stress response | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^Cg.PU

chemical sensitive | dominant

Tor^unspecified

decreased body size

decreased body size, with Scer\GAL4^- :

Tor^EP2353

decreased body size, with Scer\GAL4^en-e16E

decreased body size | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4^Ilp2.PR

decreased body size | adult stage | recessive

decreased body size | larval stage (with Tor^2L1)

Tor^2L19

decreased body size | larval stage (with Tor^2L19)

Tor^2L1

decreased body size | larval stage | recessive

Tor^k17004

decreased body size | nutrition conditional, with Scer\GAL4^ppl.PP

Tor^TED.UAS

decreased body size | recessive | third instar larval stage

Tor^k17004

decreased cell death | P-stage, with Scer\GAL4^NP0001

Tor^HMS00904

decreased cell number, with Scer\GAL4^Bx-MS1096

Tor^{WT.UAS.Tag:FLAG}

decreased cell number, with Scer\GAL4^en-e16E

Tor^{WT.UAS.Tag:FLAG}

decreased cell number, with Scer\GAL4^nub-AC-62

Tor^TED.UAS

decreased cell number | larval stage | progressive | somatic clone

Tor^ΔP

decreased cell number | somatic clone

Tor^ΔP

decreased cell size

Tor^k17004

decreased cell size, with Scer\GAL4^nub-AC-62

decreased cell size | adult stage | somatic clone

Tor^ΔP

decreased cell size | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^Act5C.PP

Tor^{WT.UAS.Tag:FLAG}

decreased cell size | larval stage | somatic clone

Tor^ΔP

decreased cell size | somatic clone

decreased cell size | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4^Act5C.PP

Tor^NIG.5092R

decreased cell size | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4^Act.PU

Tor^TED.UAS

decreased occurrence of cell division | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^Act5C.PP

Tor^{WT.UAS.Tag:FLAG}

decreased occurrence of cell division | second instar larval stage

Tor^2L19

decreased occurrence of cell division | somatic clone | third instar larval stage

Tor^ΔP

decreased size | spermatogenesis (with Tor^A948V)

Tor^k17004

decreased size | spermatogenesis (with Tor^k17004)

Tor^A948V

increased body size | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^Cg.PU

Tor^{WT.UAS.Tag:FLAG}

increased cell death

Tor^ey.Tag:FLAG

increased cell death, with Scer\GAL4^en.PU

increased cell death | adult stage | heat sensitive, with Scer\GAL4^hs.PU

Tor^UAS.cUa

increased cell death | embryonic stage 7 | maternal effect, with Scer\GAL4^{VP16.mat.αTub67C}

Tor^TRiP.cUa

increased cell death | oogenesis | oogenesis, with Scer\GAL4^nos.PG

increased cell death | recessive

increased cell death | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^NP0001

increased cell size, with Scer\GAL4^en-e16E

Tor^{WT.UAS.Tag:FLAG}

increased occurrence of cell division | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^en.PU

long lived, with Scer\GAL4^da.G32

Tor^FRB.UAS

long lived, with Scer\GAL4^Lk6-DJ634

Tor^FRB.UAS

majority die during embryonic stage | maternal effect, with Scer\GAL4^{VP16.mat.αTub67C}

Tor^TRiP.cUa

some die during larval stage

Tor^ΔP

some die during pupal stage | recessive

some die during second instar larval stage | recessive

some die during third instar larval stage | recessive

Tor^G2256D

visible, with Scer\GAL4^Bx-MS1096

visible, with Scer\GAL4^en-e16E

visible | adult stage

Tor^ΔP

visible | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4^en.PU

Tor^GL00156

visible | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4^eya.enh1+E+2

visible | adult stage | somatic clone

Tor^ΔP

visible | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^Cg.PU

Tor^{WT.UAS.Tag:FLAG}

wild-type

Tor^+t9.4

wild-type, with Scer\GAL4^Act5C.PI

Tor^FRB.UAS

wild-type, with Scer\GAL4^ap-md544

Tor^FRB.UAS

wild-type, with Scer\GAL4^Bx-MS1096

Tor^FRB.UAS

wild-type, with Scer\GAL4^en-e16E

Tor^FRB.UAS

wild-type, with Scer\GAL4^ey.PH

Tor^FRB.UAS

wild-type, with Scer\GAL4^GMR.PF

Phenotype manifest in

Allele

anterior fascicle & synapse, with Scer\GAL4^elav-C155

Tor^EP2353

autophagosome, with Scer\GAL4^GMR.PU

Tor^TED.UAS

autophagosome, with Scer\GAL4^Lsp2.PH

Tor^TED.UAS

axon | somatic clone

cell cycle

Tor^ΔP

dendrite | adult stage | somatic clone

dendrite | somatic clone

dendritic arborizing neuron | somatic clone

Tor^ΔP

distal medullary amacrine neuron Dm8 | adult stage | somatic clone

dorsal mesothoracic disc & nucleolus

Tor^ΔP

egg chamber | germline clone

Tor^ΔP

embryo | maternal effect, with Scer\GAL4^{VP16.mat.αTub67C}

Tor^TRiP.cUa

embryonic/larval fat body

Tor^ΔP

embryonic/larval fat body, with Scer\GAL4^ppl.PP

embryonic/larval fat body | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^Cg.PU

embryonic/larval midgut | P-stage, with Scer\GAL4^NP0001

Tor^{WT.UAS.Tag:FLAG}

embryonic/larval midgut | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^NP0001

embryonic/larval neuromuscular junction | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^Mhc.PW

Tor^{WT.UAS.Tag:FLAG}

embryonic/larval salivary gland

Tor^ΔP

embryonic/larval somatic muscle cell

Tor^2L1

embryonic myoblast

Tor^2L1

eye

Tor^ey.Tag:FLAG

eye, with Scer\GAL4^ey.PH

Tor^{WT.UAS.Tag:FLAG}

eye, with Scer\GAL4^eya.enh1+E+2

eye, with Scer\GAL4^GMR.PU

Tor^TED.UAS

eye | adult stage | somatic clone

Tor^ΔP

eye-antennal disc primordium

Tor^ey.Tag:FLAG

eye disc | somatic clone

Tor^ΔP

eye disc | somatic clone | third instar larval stage

Tor^ΔP

eye photoreceptor cell | adult stage | somatic clone

Tor^ΔP

fat body

fat body, with Scer\GAL4^Lsp2.PH

Tor^TED.UAS

fat body | second instar larval stage

Tor^k17004

fat body | somatic clone

Tor^ΔP

fat body | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4^Act5C.PP

Tor^NIG.5092R

female germline stem cell, with Scer\GAL4^nos.PG

follicle cell | somatic clone

Tor^ΔP

gastric caecum | P-stage, with Scer\GAL4^NP0001

Tor^{WT.UAS.Tag:FLAG}

gastric caecum | third instar larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^NP0001

germarium, with Scer\GAL4^nos.PG

head | somatic clone

hemocyte | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^He.PZ

Tor^GL00156

intestinal stem cell | chemical conditional, with Scer\GAL4^NP5130

Tor^HMS01114

larva

larva, with Scer\GAL4^- :

Tor^EP2353

larval intersegmental nerve, with Scer\GAL4^elav-C155

Tor^EP2353

larval multidendritic class IV neuron

Tor^ΔP

larval multidendritic class IV neuron | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4^ppk.PG

Tor^TED.UAS

larval neuroblast

Tor^2L19

larval salivary gland & nucleus (with Tor^2L1)

Tor^k17004

larval salivary gland & nucleus (with Tor^k17004)

Tor^2L1

lysosome, with Scer\GAL4^Lsp2.PH

Tor^TED.UAS

mitotic cell cycle | somatic clone, with Scer\GAL4^Act5C.PP

Tor^{WT.UAS.Tag:FLAG}

nucleus

Tor^k17004

nucleus | embryonic stage | maternal effect, with Scer\GAL4^{VP16.mat.αTub67C}

Tor^TRiP.cUa

ovary

salivary gland imaginal ring

Tor^ΔP

segment border muscle cell

Tor^2L1

segment border muscle cell, with Scer\GAL4^kirre.PU

Tor^NIG.5092R

somatic muscle cell of thorax | heat sensitive, with Scer\GAL4^hs.PU

Tor^UAS.cUa

spermatocyte (with Tor^A948V)

Tor^k17004

spermatocyte (with Tor^k17004)

Tor^A948V

terminal bouton, with Scer\GAL4^elav-C155

Tor^TED.UAS

terminal tracheal cell, with Scer\GAL4^bs.PM

testis

vesicle

Tor^k17004

wing, with Scer\GAL4^Bx-MS1096

wing, with Scer\GAL4^en.PU

Tor^TED.UAS

wing, with Scer\GAL4^en-e16E

Tor^{WT.UAS.Tag:FLAG}

wing, with Scer\GAL4^MD-638

Tor^TED.UAS

wing, with Scer\GAL4^nub-AC-62

wing | adult stage | somatic clone

Tor^ΔP

wing | posterior, with Scer\GAL4^en-e16E

wing blade

Tor^ΔP

wing disc | larval stage, with Scer\GAL4^Act5C.PP

Tor^{WT.UAS.Tag:FLAG}

wing disc posterior compartment, with Scer\GAL4^en.PU

Tor^GL00156

wing posterior compartment, with Scer\GAL4^en.PU

Tor^GL00156

yolk | embryonic stage | maternal effect, with Scer\GAL4^{VP16.mat.αTub67C}

Tor^TRiP.cUa

Orthologs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Orthologs

Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0)

Homo sapiens (Human) (23)

Species\Gene Symbol

Score

Best Score

Best Reverse Score

Source

Alignment

Complementation?

Transgene?

Hsap\MTOR

15 of 15

Yes

Hsap\PRKDC

2 of 15

Yes

2 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

Yes

Hsap\HLA-DRB1

1 of 15

Yes

Hsap\LOC107984138

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

Yes

Hsap\SH3PXD2B

1 of 15

Yes

Hsap\TRRAP

1 of 15

Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0)

Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (18)

Species\Gene Symbol

Score

Best Score

Best Reverse Score

Source

Alignment

Complementation?

Transgene?

Mmus\Mtor

14 of 15

Yes

Mmus\Atr

2 of 15

Mmus\Prkdc

2 of 15

Yes

2 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

Yes

Mmus\Sh3pxd2b

1 of 15

Yes

Mmus\Trrap

1 of 15

Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (13)

Rnor\Mtor

13 of 13

Yes

Rnor\Atr

2 of 13

Rnor\Prkdc

2 of 13

Yes

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (13)

Xtro\mtor

5 of 12

Yes

Xtro\atr

2 of 12

Xtro\prkdc

2 of 12

Yes

2 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (19)

Drer\mtor

7 of 15

Yes

Drer\atr

2 of 15

Drer\prkdc

2 of 15

Yes

2 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

Yes

Drer\si:rp71-17i16.5

1 of 15

Drer\trrap

1 of 15

Drer\zgc:158659

1 of 15

Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (10)

Cele\let-363

12 of 15

Yes

2 of 15

2 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (1)

Atha\TOR

9 of 9

Yes

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (7)

Scer\TOR2

13 of 15

Yes

Scer\TOR1

12 of 15

Yes

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

1 of 15

Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (2)

Spom\tor2

11 of 12

Yes

Spom\tor1

8 of 12

Yes

Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)

Paralogs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Paralogs

Paralogs (via DIOPT v8.0)

Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (10)

Gene Symbol

Score

Source

Alignment

4 of 10

4 of 10

3 of 10

3 of 10

1 of 10

fwd

1 of 10

1 of 10

1 of 10

1 of 10

1 of 10

Human Disease Associations

FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports

Disease Model Summary Ribbon

Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations

Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )

Allele

Disease

Evidence

References

Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )

Human Ortholog

Disease

Evidence

References

Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 7 )

Allele

Disease

Interaction

References

Tor^HMS00904

ameliorates amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

modeled by Vap33^P58S.cRa.UAS

(Deivasigamani et al., 2014)

Tor^ΔP

ameliorates Parkinson's disease

modeled by Lrrk^UAS.cIa

(Penney et al., 2016)

ameliorates viral infectious disease

modeled by EBV\BRLF1^GMR.PA

(Adamson et al., 2014, Adamson and Lajeunesse, 2012)

exacerbates viral infectious disease

modeled by EBV\BZLF1^GMR.PA

(Adamson et al., 2014, Adamson and Lajeunesse, 2012)

ameliorates infectious mononucleosis

modeled by EBV\BRLF1^GMR.PA

(Adamson et al., 2014, Adamson and Lajeunesse, 2012)

exacerbates infectious mononucleosis

modeled by EBV\BZLF1^GMR.PA

(Adamson et al., 2014, Adamson and Lajeunesse, 2012)

ameliorates Epstein-Barr virus hepatitis

modeled by EBV\BRLF1^GMR.PA

(Adamson et al., 2014, Adamson and Lajeunesse, 2012)

exacerbates Epstein-Barr virus hepatitis

modeled by EBV\BZLF1^GMR.PA

(Adamson et al., 2014, Adamson and Lajeunesse, 2012)

ameliorates kidney cancer

modeled by Ras85D^V12.UAS

(Zeng et al., 2010)

Tor^TED.UAS

exacerbates dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy

modeled by Gug^75QN.UAS

(Nisoli et al., 2010)

modeled by Gug^66QC.UAS

(Nisoli et al., 2010)

ameliorates brain glioma

modeled by btl::Egfr^λ.UAS, Pi3K92E^{UAS.Tag:MYC,Tag:PM(hKRAS)}

(Read et al., 2009)

ameliorates amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

modeled by Vap33^P58S.cRa.UAS

(Deivasigamani et al., 2014)

Tor^{WT.UAS.Tag:FLAG}

exacerbates neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis

modeled by cathD¹

(Kuronen et al., 2009)

ameliorates Parkinson's disease 6

modeled by Pink1^dsRNA.UAS

(Liu and Lu, 2010)

Tor^k17004

ameliorates viral infectious disease

modeled by EBV\BRLF1^GMR.PA

(Adamson et al., 2014, Adamson and Lajeunesse, 2012)

exacerbates viral infectious disease

modeled by EBV\BZLF1^GMR.PA

(Adamson et al., 2014, Adamson and Lajeunesse, 2012)

ameliorates infectious mononucleosis

modeled by EBV\BRLF1^GMR.PA

(Adamson et al., 2014, Adamson and Lajeunesse, 2012)

exacerbates infectious mononucleosis

modeled by EBV\BZLF1^GMR.PA

(Adamson et al., 2014, Adamson and Lajeunesse, 2012)

ameliorates Epstein-Barr virus hepatitis

modeled by EBV\BRLF1^GMR.PA

(Adamson et al., 2014, Adamson and Lajeunesse, 2012)

exacerbates Epstein-Barr virus hepatitis

modeled by EBV\BZLF1^GMR.PA

(Adamson et al., 2014, Adamson and Lajeunesse, 2012)

ameliorates hereditary spastic paraplegia 3A

modeled by atl^dsRNA.UAS

(Xu et al., 2017)

Tor^GL00156

ameliorates prostate cancer

modeled by Ras85D^V12.UAS

(Rambur et al., 2020)

ameliorates amyotrophic lateral sclerosis type 8

modeled by Vap33^P58S.cRa.UAS

(Chaplot et al., 2019)

Tor^UAS.cUa

ameliorates myotonic dystrophy type 1

modeled by Zzzz\CTG^i480.UAS.cGa

(Bargiela et al., 2015)

Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v8.0 and OMIM)

Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.

Homo sapiens (Human)

Gene name

Score

OMIM

OMIM Phenotype

DO term

Complementation?

Transgene?

MTOR; mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase

15 of 15

601231

Functional Complementation Data

Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.

Interactions

Summary of Physical Interactions

esyN Network Diagram

Interactions Browser

View in Interactions Browser

Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details

protein-protein

Physical Interaction

Assay

References

Tor

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot

(Zhang et al., 2006)

Tor - Atg1

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot

(Chang and Neufeld, 2009)

Tor - CCT4

anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot

(Kim and Choi, 2019)

Tor - Lst8

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot

(Wang et al., 2012, Glatter et al., 2011)

Tor - PRAS40

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting

(Glatter et al., 2011)

Tor - REPTOR

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting

(Tiebe et al., 2015)

Tor - Sin1

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, peptide massfingerprinting

(Wu et al., 2013, Glatter et al., 2011)

Tor - Socs36E

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot

(Kang et al., 2018)

Tor - Thor

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting

(Glatter et al., 2011)

Tor - Tsc1

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot

(Gao et al., 2002)

Tor - Tti1

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting

(Glatter et al., 2011)

Tor - fkh

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot

(Bolukbasi et al., 2017)

Tor - gig

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot

(Gao et al., 2002)

Tor - hppy

pull down, autoradiography

(Resnik-Docampo and de Celis, 2011)

Tor - lqfR

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting, anti tag western blot

(Glatter et al., 2011)

Tor - pont

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting

(Glatter et al., 2011)

Tor - raptor

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting, anti tag western blot, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation

(Tsokanos et al., 2016, Wang et al., 2012, Glatter et al., 2011)

Tor - rept

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting

(Glatter et al., 2011)

Tor - rictor

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting

(Glatter et al., 2011)

Tor - spag

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot, peptide massfingerprinting

(Glatter et al., 2011)

Tor - unk

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting

(Glatter et al., 2011)

Tor - wcy

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, peptide massfingerprinting

(David-Morrison et al., 2016)

Summary of Genetic Interactions

esyN Network Diagram

esyN Network Key:

Suppression

Enhancement

View in Interactions Browser

Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

Tor

suppressible

Acn

(Haberman et al., 2010)

Tor

suppressible

Atg1

(Kuhn et al., 2015, Xu et al., 2015, Lee et al., 2007)

Tor

enhanceable

Atg1

(Scott et al., 2007, Scott et al., 2004)

Tor

enhanceable

Atg5

(Scott et al., 2004)

suppressible

(Luo et al., 2020)

enhanceable

(Goberdhan et al., 2005)

Tor

suppressible

CycE

(Zhang et al., 2000)

Tor

suppressible

hppy

(Resnik-Docampo and de Celis, 2011)

Tor

enhanceable

hppy

(Resnik-Docampo and de Celis, 2011)

Tor

enhanceable

Hsc70-4

(Hennig et al., 2006)

Pten|Tor

enhanceable

ImpL2

(Nowak et al., 2013)

Tor

suppressible

Lrrk

(Penney et al., 2016)

Tor

suppressible

Myc

(Wang and Huang, 2009, Hennig and Neufeld, 2002)

Tor

enhanceable

path

(Goberdhan et al., 2005)

Tor

enhanceable

Pi3K92E

(Hennig and Neufeld, 2002)

Tor

suppressible

REPTOR

(Tiebe et al., 2015)

Tor

suppressible

S6k

(Scott et al., 2004, Zhang et al., 2000)

Rheb|Tor

suppressible

S6k

(Stocker et al., 2003)

Tor|Tsc1

suppressible

S6k

(Radimerski et al., 2002)

suppressible

(Luo et al., 2020)

enhanceable

(Hennig et al., 2006)

suppressible

(Luo et al., 2020)

suppressible

(Mukherjee and Duttaroy, 2013)

Tor

enhanceable

Tsc1

(Hennig et al., 2006)

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

AMPKα

suppressible

Tor

(Onyenwoke et al., 2015, Johnson et al., 2010)

Atg1

enhanceable

Tor

(Scott et al., 2004)

Atg1

suppressible

Tor

(Kuhn et al., 2015, Xu et al., 2015)

suppressible

(Wen et al., 2017)

suppressible

(Luo et al., 2020)

enhanceable

(Kuronen et al., 2009)

CG1139

enhanceable

Tor

(Goberdhan et al., 2005)

Cul1

suppressible

Tor

(Wong et al., 2013)

suppressible

(Kim et al., 2010)

enhanceable

(Goberdhan et al., 2005)

gig

suppressible

Tor

(Zhang et al., 2006)

Gug

enhanceable

Tor

(Nisoli et al., 2010)

hppy

enhanceable

Tor

(Resnik-Docampo and de Celis, 2011)

hrm

suppressible

Tor

(Velentzas et al., 2018)

enhanceable

Tor

(Wang and Huang, 2009)

Lpin

enhanceable

Tor

(Schmitt et al., 2015)

Lrrk

suppressible

Tor

(Penney et al., 2016)

suppressible

(Wei et al., 2016)

suppressible

(Wei et al., 2016)

enhanceable

(Goberdhan et al., 2005)

pHCl-2

enhanceable

Tor

(Redhai et al., 2020)

Pi3K92E

enhanceable

Tor

(Coelho et al., 2005)

Pi3K92E

suppressible

Tor

(Berry and Baehrecke, 2007)

Pi3K92E|btl::Egfr

suppressible

Tor

(Read et al., 2009)

Pten

suppressible

Tor

(Mensah et al., 2015, Nowak et al., 2013, Oldham et al., 2000)

Ras85D

suppressible

Tor

(Zeng et al., 2010, Berry and Baehrecke, 2007)

Ras85D|dlg1

suppressible

Tor

(Willecke et al., 2011)

Rheb

suppressible

Tor

(Dimitroff et al., 2012, Stocker et al., 2003)

S6k|Tsc1

suppressible

Tor

(Radimerski et al., 2002)

suppressible

(Luo et al., 2020)

suppressible

(Gao et al., 2002, Radimerski et al., 2002)

Vap33

suppressible

Tor

(Deivasigamani et al., 2014)

suppressible

(Liu et al., 2016)

suppressible

(David-Morrison et al., 2016)

External Data

Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

(UniProt, Q9VK45 )

Linkouts

BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.

70789

DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.

FBgn0021796

MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

Pathways

Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)

Positive Regulators of Insulin-like Receptor Signaling Pathway -: Positive regulators of the Insulin-like Receptor signaling pathway enhance Insulin-like receptor (InR) activation or the activity of intracellular effectors. (Adapted from FBrf0232297, FBrf0230017 and FBrf0229989).
Insulin-like Receptor Signaling Pathway Core Components -: The Insulin-like Receptor (IR) signaling pathway in Drosophila is initiated by the binding of an insulin-like peptides to the Insulin-like receptor (InR). (Adapted from FBrf0232297, FBrf0230017 and FBrf0229989.)
Pvr Signaling Pathway Core Components -: PDGF/VEGF (Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor)-receptor related (Pvr) encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase activated by the binding of PDGF- and VEGF-related factors (Pvf1,Pvf2 or Pvf3). Pvr has been shown to activate the canonical Ras/Raf/MAP kinase (ERK) cascade, the PI3K kinase pathway, TORC1 (FBrf0222697), Rho family small GTPases (FBrf0221764, FBrf0180198) and the JNK cascade (FBrf0180198), in a context-dependent manner. (Adapted from FBrf0222697 and FBrf0221727).

Metabolic Pathways

FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.

FBgn0021796

External Data

Linkouts

KEGG Pathways - Wiring diagrams of molecular interactions, reactions and relations.

Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.

Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data

Chromosome (arm)

Recombination map

2-47

Cytogenetic map

34A4-34A4

Sequence location

2L:13,004,480..13,013,197 [+]

FlyBase Computed Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Evidence for location

34A4-34A4

Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}l(2)k07015^k07015&P{PZ}l(2)rK639^rK639 and P{lacW}l(2)k11328^k11328&P{lacW}l(2)k10105^k10105

Experimentally Determined Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Notes

References

34A3-34A4

(determined by in situ hybridisation)

(Spradling et al., 1999)

34A3-34A4

(BDGP Project Members, 1994-1999)

Experimentally Determined Recombination Data

Location

2-47

(FlyBase, 2016)

2-43.1

(Comeron et al., 2012)

Left of (cM)

Right of (cM)

Notes

Stocks and Reagents

Stocks (17)

Aberrations including deletions of this gene Aberrations including duplications of this gene

Bloomington

53727

w^*; P{UAS-Tor.myc}2

81913

w^*; PBac{U6:3-Tor.gRNA}VK00027

7013

y¹ w^*; P{UAS-Tor.TED}II

25363

w¹¹¹⁸; Mi{ET1}Tor^MB07988

80932

w^*; P{UAS-Rheb.S}13.1; P{UAS-Tor.WT}III

7012

y¹ w^* P{hsFLP}12; P{UAS-Tor.WT}III

7014

y¹ w^*; Tor^ΔP P{neoFRT}40A/CyO

58545

y¹ w^*; Mi{MIC}Tor^MI12644/SM6a

11218

y¹ w^67c23; P{lacW}Tor^k17004/CyO

80931

y¹ w^*; Tor^R97C/T(2;3)SM6a-TM6B, Tb¹

VDRC

v330679

P{VSH330679}attP40

v318201

PBac{fTRG00713.sfGFP-TVPTBF}VK00033

More stocks available...

Genomic Clones (12)

Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

cDNA Clones (6)

Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see GBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

cDNA clones, fully sequenced

BDGP DGC clones

Other clones

Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

FBgn0021796

cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)

BDGP DGC clones

RE25959

Other clones

RNAi and Array Information

Linkouts

DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens

FBgn0021796

GenomeRNAi - A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents

47396

Antibody Information

Laboratory Generated Antibodies

polyclonal

(Nagy et al., 2014)

Commercially Available Antibodies

Other Information

Relationship to Other Genes

Source for database identify of

Source for identity of: l(2)k17004 Tor

(Oldham et al., 2000)

Source for database merge of

Source for merge of: Tor CG5092

(Zhang et al., 2000)

Additional comments

Other Comments

Tor is specifically required for developmental axon regrowth but not initial axon outgrowth.

(Yaniv et al., 2012)

dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene results in a reduced mean cell diameter and a corresponding decrease in S6k phosphorylation. Silencing Tor generates a cell-expression profile similar to that of rapamycin-treated cells.

(Guertin et al., 2006)

dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene used to treat S2 cells.

(Yang et al., 2006)

dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene decreases the level of phosphorylation of both Akt1 and S6k in S2 cells.

(Yang et al., 2006)

Allelic series: Tor^R248stop = Tor^Q528stop = Tor^V2148D > Tor^G2256D = Tor^2L1 > Tor^R97C = Tor^E161K = Tor^A948V = Tor^W1251R based on the stage of lethality.

(Zhang et al., 2006)

Identified in an RNAi screen for host factors that alter infection of SL2 cells by L.monocytogenes.

(Agaisse et al., 2005)

When dsRNA constructs are made and transiently transfected into S2 cells in RNAi experiments, an increase in the proportion of G1 phase cells, a decrease in cell size and a decrease in cytokinetic index is seen.

(Bettencourt-Dias et al., 2004)

Signaling through Tor and its upstream regulators Pi3K92E/Pi3K21B and Rheb is necessary and sufficient to suppress starvation-induced autophagy in the fat body. Tor suppresses autophagy independently of S6k.

(Scott et al., 2004)

Loss of Tor activity causes induction of autophagy in normally fed animals.

(Scott et al., 2004)

dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene tested in RNAi screen for effects on Kc167 and S2R⁺ cell morphology.

(Kiger et al., 2003)

Origin and Etymology

Discoverer

Etymology

Identification

External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 77 )

Sequence Crossreferences

NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.

47396

GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.

GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.

RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.

UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.

Q9VK45

UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information

Q9VK45

UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information

Other crossreferences

AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.

Q9VK45

Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones

FBgn0021796

DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species

47396/tissue=All

EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species

FBgn0021796

Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.

Tor_1

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

FBgn0021796

FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data

FBgn0021796

Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns

CG5092

Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut

FBgn0021796

FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.

FBgn0021796

GenomeRNAi - A database for cell-based and in vivo RNAi phenotypes and reagents

47396

iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)

TC005546

InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites

KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.

Dmel_CG5092

MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)

47396

modMine - A data warehouse for the modENCODE project

FBgn0021796

SignaLink - A signaling pathway resource with multi-layered regulatory networks.

Q9VK45

Linkouts

ApoDroso - Functional genomic database for photoreceptor development, survival and function

11218-Tor[k17004]

BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.

70789

DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.

FBgn0021796

DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens

FBgn0021796

FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel

FBGN0021796

FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics

FBgn0021796

Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution

Interactive Fly

KEGG Pathways - Wiring diagrams of molecular interactions, reactions and relations.

MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.

Synonyms and Secondary IDs (31)

Reported As

Symbol Synonym

5092

(Ravi et al., 2009)

CG5092

(Meadows, 2018.10.31, Kondo et al., 2017, Fukuoh et al., 2014, Christis and Munro, 2012, Glatter et al., 2011, Ni et al., 2011.7.19, Ni et al., 2010.12.1, Sun et al., 2010, Holloway et al., 2008, Derré et al., 2007, Sarbassov et al., 2004, Song et al., 2004)

CT16317

(Morrison et al., 2000)

CT24745

(Morrison et al., 2000)

CT24817

(Morrison et al., 2000)

DmTOR

(Chen et al., 2006)

FRAP/TOR

(Morrison et al., 2000, Morrison et al., 2000)

Mtor

(Monribot-Villanueva et al., 2017)

TOR

(Cai et al., 2021, Heier et al., 2021, Joy et al., 2021, Kannangara et al., 2021, Kim et al., 2021, Lam Wong and Verheyen, 2021, Lehmann, 2021, Léopold, 2021, McDonald et al., 2021, Meschi and Delanoue, 2021, Morin-Poulard et al., 2021, Osman and Pek, 2021, Parra-Peralbo et al., 2021, Sood et al., 2021, Tiwari and Mandal, 2021, Ahmad et al., 2020, Bakshi and Joshi, 2020, Blatt et al., 2020, Ding et al., 2020, Gohel et al., 2020, Grenier and Leulier, 2020, Kanda and Igaki, 2020, Koyama et al., 2020, Lee et al., 2020, Li et al., 2020, Luo et al., 2020, Malita and Rewitz, 2020, Nakajima et al., 2020, Shin et al., 2020, Strilbytska et al., 2020, Tafesh-Edwards and Eleftherianos, 2020, Texada et al., 2020, Toprak et al., 2020, Wolterhoff et al., 2020, Zeng et al., 2020, Basar et al., 2019, Bayliak et al., 2019, Borreguero-Muñoz et al., 2019, Chaplot et al., 2019, Hansen et al., 2019, Kim and Choi, 2019, Zheng et al., 2019, Gáliková and Klepsatel, 2018, Kang et al., 2018, Kounatidis and Chtarbanova, 2018, Lee et al., 2018, Lehmann, 2018, Tang et al., 2018, Filer et al., 2017, Haller et al., 2017, Hoedjes et al., 2017, Kamalesh et al., 2017, Kim et al., 2017, Liu et al., 2017, Murillo-Maldonado and Riesgo-Escovar, 2017, Romero-Pozuelo et al., 2017, Strilbytska et al., 2017, Tue et al., 2017, Xiang et al., 2017, Alfa and Kim, 2016, Cannon and Bodmer, 2016, Kuleesha et al., 2016, Li et al., 2016, Marmor-Kollet and Schuldiner, 2016, Niwa and Niwa, 2016, Purice et al., 2016, Rabinovich et al., 2016, Tsokanos et al., 2016, Yaniv and Schuldiner, 2016, Burn et al., 2015, Diop and Bodmer, 2015, Diop et al., 2015, Homem et al., 2015, Ma et al., 2015, Nässel et al., 2015, Obata and Miura, 2015, Schmitt et al., 2015, Tiebe et al., 2015, Wang et al., 2015, Barrio et al., 2014, Frank, 2014, Ghosh et al., 2014, Mulakkal et al., 2014, Nagy et al., 2014, Owusu-Ansah and Perrimon, 2014, Varma et al., 2014, Xu and Cherry, 2014, Callier and Nijhout, 2013, Esslinger et al., 2013, Gems and Partridge, 2013, Lee and Brey, 2013, Luo et al., 2013, Mukherjee and Duttaroy, 2013, Nowak et al., 2013, Rajan and Perrimon, 2013, Rallis et al., 2013, Tixier et al., 2013, Tran et al., 2013, Wong et al., 2013, Yamanaka et al., 2013, Eleftherianos and Castillo, 2012, Ferguson et al., 2012, Grewal, 2012, Kayashima et al., 2012, Marshall et al., 2012, Rincon-Limas et al., 2012, Yaniv et al., 2012, Boyd et al., 2011, Glatter et al., 2011, Lindquist et al., 2011, Oldham, 2011, Parker, 2011, Partridge et al., 2011, Rajan and Perrimon, 2011, Birse et al., 2010, Bjedov et al., 2010, Bryk et al., 2010, Chang and Neufeld, 2010, Iijima-Ando and Iijima, 2010, Lee et al., 2010, Li et al., 2010, Liu and Lu, 2010, Ribeiro and Dickson, 2010, Vargas et al., 2010, Chang and Neufeld, 2009, Kourtis and Tavernarakis, 2009, Dutta and Baehrecke, 2008, Kaplan et al., 2008, Layalle et al., 2008, Lee et al., 2008, Leopold and Layalle, 2008, McNeill et al., 2008, Oldham et al., 2008, Teleman et al., 2008, Ballard and Wharton, 2007, Berry and Baehrecke, 2007, Grewal et al., 2007, Hall et al., 2007, Hoshizaki and Gibbs, 2007, Lee et al., 2007, Ocorr et al., 2007, Wessells et al., 2007, Edgar, 2006, Goraksha and Neufeld, 2006, Guertin et al., 2006, Hennig et al., 2006, Khurana et al., 2006, Min et al., 2006, Mosimann et al., 2006, Ruvinsky, 2006, Takacs-Vellai, 2006, Wu and Brown, 2006, Yang et al., 2006, Bodmer, 2005, Cygnar et al., 2005, Goberdhan et al., 2005, Grewal et al., 2005, Scott et al., 2005, Shingleton, 2005, Teleman et al., 2005, Hay and Sonenberg, 2004, Pan et al., 2004, Scott et al., 2004, Scott et al., 2004, Stocker et al., 2004, Tatar et al., 2004, Tu and Tatar, 2004, Bergmann and Lane, 2003, Nijhout, 2003, Saucedo et al., 2003, Saucedo et al., 2003, Scott and Neufeld, 2003, Stocker et al., 2003, Oldham et al., 2001)

TOR-C1

(Galenza and Foley, 2019)

TORC1

(Bjedov and Rallis, 2020, Funk et al., 2020, Rodriguez-Fernandez et al., 2020, Xu et al., 2020, Camus et al., 2019, Mirzoyan et al., 2019, Kang et al., 2018, Liu and Jin, 2017, Serbus et al., 2015, Zhang et al., 2015, Andersen et al., 2013)

Tor

(Li et al., 2022, Azuma et al., 2021, Bonfini et al., 2021, Buhlman et al., 2021, Fabian et al., 2021, Jacomin et al., 2021, Johnson and Leatherman, 2021, Kim and O'Connor, 2021, Kim et al., 2021, Lee et al., 2021, Nishida et al., 2021, Ohhara et al., 2021, Semaniuk et al., 2021, Zhou et al., 2021, Bosch et al., 2020, Colombani and Andersen, 2020, Cui et al., 2020, Funk et al., 2020, Ishibashi et al., 2020, Jacomin et al., 2020, Jeon et al., 2020, Khan et al., 2020, Luo et al., 2020, Ma et al., 2020, Murakawa et al., 2020, Nakamura et al., 2020, Perez-Gomez et al., 2020, Rambur et al., 2020, Redhai et al., 2020, Sanaki et al., 2020, Sênos Demarco et al., 2020, Wang et al., 2020, Zhao et al., 2020, Bhattacharjee et al., 2019, Birnbaum et al., 2019, Blice-Baum et al., 2019, Bouska et al., 2019, Brown et al., 2019, Drummond-Barbosa, 2019, Evangelakou et al., 2019, Hegazi et al., 2019, Huang et al., 2019, Johnson and Toettcher, 2019, Kim et al., 2019, Kumar Chaudhary and Rizvi, 2019, Li et al., 2019, Li et al., 2019, Lin et al., 2019, Loeffler, 2019, Meltzer et al., 2019, Mirth et al., 2019, Ramanathan et al., 2019, Singh et al., 2019, Su, 2019, Tang et al., 2019, Tettamanti and Casartelli, 2019, Texada et al., 2019, Westfall et al., 2019, Xi et al., 2019, Yoshinari et al., 2019, Cara et al., 2018, Ignesti et al., 2018, Kang et al., 2018, Kuo et al., 2018, Lee et al., 2018, Leow et al., 2018, Tamirisa et al., 2018, Tsai et al., 2018, Velentzas et al., 2018, Galluzzi et al., 2017, Lee et al., 2017, Lin et al., 2017, Perry et al., 2017, Song et al., 2017, Wen et al., 2017, Xu et al., 2017, Xu et al., 2017, Yan et al., 2017, Kučerová et al., 2016, Liu et al., 2016, Penney et al., 2016, Puah and Wasser, 2016, Sarov et al., 2016, Wei et al., 2016, Aradska et al., 2015, Diop et al., 2015, Francis and Ghabrial, 2015, Frankel et al., 2015, Gilboa, 2015, Lin et al., 2015, Mensah et al., 2015, Okada et al., 2015, Onyenwoke et al., 2015, Stratoulias and Heino, 2015, Wu et al., 2015, Xu et al., 2015, Adamson et al., 2014, Deivasigamani et al., 2014, Gómez-Lamarca et al., 2014, Hasygar and Hietakangas, 2014, Moy et al., 2014, Pathak et al., 2014, Sato-Miyata et al., 2014, Sopko et al., 2014, Wei et al., 2014, Brianti et al., 2013, Lanet et al., 2013, O'Farrell et al., 2013, Soh et al., 2013, Tang et al., 2013, Tixier et al., 2013, Tixier et al., 2013, Vilmos et al., 2013, Adamson and Lajeunesse, 2012, Alvarez-Ponce et al., 2012, Avet-Rochex et al., 2012, Chakrabarti et al., 2012, Dar et al., 2012, Dimitroff et al., 2012, Garcia et al., 2012, Pritchett and McCall, 2012, Tokusumi et al., 2012, Zhang et al., 2012, Djiane et al., 2011, Friedman et al., 2011, Lindquist et al., 2011, Read, 2011, Resnik-Docampo and de Celis, 2011, Sousa-Nunes et al., 2011, Tang et al., 2011, Turner et al., 2011, Willecke et al., 2011, Ballard et al., 2010, Blanco et al., 2010, Bülow et al., 2010, Cully et al., 2010, Fernández-Ayala et al., 2010, Haberman et al., 2010, Hsieh et al., 2010, Johnson et al., 2010, Kim et al., 2010, Kühnlein, 2010, LaFever et al., 2010, Nisoli et al., 2010, Robinson et al., 2010, Sun et al., 2010, Sun et al., 2010, Zeng et al., 2010, Zhang et al., 2010, Zheng and Sehgal, 2010, Alvarez-Ponce et al., 2009, Chittaranjan et al., 2009, Koike-Kumagai et al., 2009, Kuronen et al., 2009, Nuzhdin et al., 2009, Patch et al., 2009, Sims et al., 2009, Wang and Huang, 2009, Harvey et al., 2008, Holloway et al., 2008, Hou et al., 2008, Juhász et al., 2008, Rehmann et al., 2008, Song et al., 2008, Derré et al., 2007, Frei et al., 2007, Grewal et al., 2007, Juhász et al., 2007, Kim and Yoo, 2007, Knox et al., 2007, Martin et al., 2007, Miranda-Saavedra and Barton, 2007, Parisi et al., 2007, Scott et al., 2007, Scott et al., 2007, Chen et al., 2006, Friedman and Perrimon, 2006, Hariharan, 2006, Patel and Tamanoi, 2006, Walker et al., 2006, Bateman and McNeill, 2005, Mandal et al., 2005, Teleman et al., 2005, Terashima and Bownes, 2005)

Tor-C1

(Das and Dobens, 2015)

Torc1

(Kuhn et al., 2015)

dTOR

(Sciambra and Chtarbanova, 2021, Wen et al., 2021, Gou et al., 2020, Koliada et al., 2020, Moretti et al., 2020, Lushchak et al., 2019, Westfall et al., 2019, Staats et al., 2018, Westfall et al., 2018, Bolukbasi et al., 2017, Brookheart and Duncan, 2016, David-Morrison et al., 2016, Erdogan et al., 2016, Sanchez et al., 2016, Wu and Storey, 2016, Chen et al., 2015, Kohlmaier et al., 2015, Merkling and van Rij, 2013, Mockett and Nobles, 2013, Shim et al., 2013, Wu et al., 2013, Eleftherianos and Castillo, 2012, Taillebourg et al., 2012, Kamakura, 2011, Nishimura et al., 2011, Partridge et al., 2011, Dekanty et al., 2010, Karbowniczek et al., 2010, Thomson and Johnson, 2010, Zirin and Perrimon, 2010, Wang and Huang, 2009, Wessells et al., 2009, Mattila et al., 2008, Findlay et al., 2007, Lasko and Sonenberg, 2007, Lee et al., 2007, Wu et al., 2007, Guertin et al., 2006, Inoki and Guan, 2006, Luong et al., 2006, Wullschleger, 2006, Yang et al., 2006, Dekanty et al., 2005, Goraksha and Neufeld, 2005, Sarbassov et al., 2005, Buch et al., 2004, Jorgensen and Tyers, 2004, Kapahi et al., 2004, Kapahi et al., 2004, Oldham et al., 2004, Ruhf et al., 2004, Sarbassov et al., 2004, Sarbassov et al., 2004, Bradley and Leevers, 2003, Hennig et al., 2003, Jacinto and Hall, 2003, Lee and Orr-Weaver, 2003, Lizcano et al., 2003, Manning and Cantley, 2003, Miron et al., 2003, Oldham and Hafen, 2003, Hennig and Neufeld, 2002, Hennig and Neufeld, 2002, Kozma and Thomas, 2002, Marygold and Leevers, 2002, Montagne et al., 2002, Radimerski et al., 2002, Radimerski et al., 2002, Cho et al., 2001, Gingras et al., 2001, Potter and Xu, 2001, Prober and Edgar, 2001, Radimerski et al., 2001, Rhode et al., 2001, Oldham et al., 2000, Oldham et al., 2000, Zhang et al., 2000)

dTORC1

(Fan et al., 2020)

dTor

(Gillette et al., 2021, Chattopadhyay and Thirumurugan, 2020, Palmer et al., 2018, Lei et al., 2017, Moy and Cherry, 2013, Dar et al., 2012, Katewa and Kapahi, 2011, Cully et al., 2010, Read et al., 2009, Song et al., 2008, DiAngelo and Birnbaum, 2006, Kockel et al., 2005, Oldham et al., 2005, Wang et al., 2005, Radimerski et al., 2002)

dtor

(Li et al., 2010, Lee and Orr-Weaver, 2003)

l(2)k17004

(Spradling et al., 1999)

mTOR

(Song et al., 2021, Frank et al., 2020, Ghosh et al., 2020, Wu et al., 2019, Piper and Partridge, 2018, Brill et al., 2016, Lees et al., 2016, Demontis et al., 2013, Lin et al., 2013, Findlay et al., 2005, McManus and Alessi, 2002)

mTor

(Chatterjee et al., 2019, Androschuk et al., 2015)

tor

(Everetts et al., 2021, Chen et al., 2019, Hall et al., 2019, Meltzer et al., 2016, Xie et al., 2015, Das et al., 2013, Killip and Grewal, 2012, Wang et al., 2012, Li et al., 2010, Kuronen et al., 2009, Parrish et al., 2009, Saucedo et al., 2003)

Name Synonyms

Target Of Rapamycin

(Mockett and Nobles, 2013, Ocorr et al., 2007)

Target of Rapamycin

(Kannangara et al., 2021, Callier and Nijhout, 2013, Wong et al., 2013, Eleftherianos and Castillo, 2012, Leopold and Layalle, 2008, Ballard and Wharton, 2007)

Target of rapamycin

(Kamalesh et al., 2017, Kondo et al., 2017, Denton et al., 2015, Homem et al., 2015, Gems and Partridge, 2013, Vilmos et al., 2013, Haberman et al., 2010, Kim et al., 2010, Kühnlein, 2010, LaFever et al., 2010, Patch et al., 2009, Martin et al., 2007, Hennig et al., 2006, Yang et al., 2006, Terashima and Bownes, 2005, Oldham et al., 2000)

Target-of-Rapamycin

(Ghosh et al., 2014)

Target-of-rapamycin

(Patel and Tamanoi, 2006)

mTOR

(Puram and Bonni, 2013)