FB2025_05 , released December 11, 2025
Gene: Dmel\Pka-R2
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General Information
Symbol
Dmel\Pka-R2
Species
D. melanogaster
Name
Protein kinase, cAMP-dependent, regulatory subunit type 2
Annotation Symbol
CG15862
Feature Type
protein_coding_gene
FlyBase ID
FBgn0022382
Gene Model Status
Current
Stock Availability
21 publicly available
Gene Summary
Regulatory subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinases involved in cAMP signaling in cells (PubMed:10781603, PubMed:9196067). Mediates membrane association by binding to anchoring proteins, such as Akap200 (PubMed:12223401, PubMed:9196067). Might play an essential role in the regulation of neuronal activity in the brain (PubMed:10781603, PubMed:9196067). (UniProt, P81900)
Contribute a Gene Snapshot for this gene.
All Summaries
Also Known As

PKA, RII, pka-RII, Cos, Cos-1

Key Links
Genomic Location
Cytogenetic map
46D1-46D4
Sequence location
Recombination map
2-61
RefSeq locus
NT_033778 REGION:9993890..10026042
Sequence
Get Decorated FASTA
Genomic Maps
Other Genome Views
The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.
NCBI
UCSC
Ensembl
PopFly
Function
Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (19 terms)
Molecular Function (5 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (1 term)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables protein binding
inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:Akap200; FB:FBgn0027932
(Li et al., 1999)
inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:Q9VLL3
(Rossi et al., 1999)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (4 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
enables cAMP binding
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN004280545
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
enables cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor activity
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN004280545
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
enables cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulator activity
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR012198
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
enables protein kinase A catalytic subunit binding
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN004280545
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Biological Process (10 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (7 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in axon guidance
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Terman and Kolodkin, 2004)
involved_in behavioral response to cocaine
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Park et al., 2000)
involved_in behavioral response to ethanol
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Park et al., 2000)
involved_in cellular response to ethanol
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Parkhurst et al., 2018)
involved_in locomotor rhythm
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Park et al., 2000)
involved_in olfactory behavior
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Noyes and Davis, 2023)
involved_in olfactory learning
inferred from mutant phenotype
(Noyes and Davis, 2023)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (6 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
involved_in adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000180782
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
involved_in behavioral response to cocaine
non-traceable author statement
(Sokolowski, 2001)
involved_in behavioral response to ethanol
non-traceable author statement
(Sokolowski, 2001)
traceable author statement
(Rothenfluh and Heberlein, 2002)
involved_in circadian rhythm
non-traceable author statement
(Sokolowski, 2001)
involved_in locomotor rhythm
non-traceable author statement
(Sokolowski, 2001)
involved_in rhythmic behavior
traceable author statement
(Stanewsky, 2003)
Cellular Component (4 terms)
Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in cytoplasm
inferred from direct assay
(Inoue and Yoshioka, 1997)
located_in plasma membrane
inferred from high throughput direct assay
(Lye et al., 2014)
Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (2 terms)
CV Term
Evidence
References
part_of cAMP-dependent protein kinase complex
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN004280545
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
inferred from electronic annotation with InterPro:IPR012198, InterPro:IPR050503
(InterPro Project Members, 2004-)
is_active_in cytosol
inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN000180782
(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)
Gene Group (FlyBase)
Protein Family (UniProt)
Belongs to the cAMP-dependent kinase regulatory chain family. (P81900)
Protein Signatures (InterPro)
Summaries
Protein Function (UniProtKB)
Regulatory subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinases involved in cAMP signaling in cells (PubMed:10781603, PubMed:9196067). Mediates membrane association by binding to anchoring proteins, such as Akap200 (PubMed:12223401, PubMed:9196067). Might play an essential role in the regulation of neuronal activity in the brain (PubMed:10781603, PubMed:9196067).
(UniProt, P81900)
Phenotypic Description (Red Book; Lindsley and Zimm 1992)
Cos: Costal (P. Simpson)
Mirror-image duplications of wings and halteres; duplications of wing begin in mid-costal region and may include entire anterior compartment; posterior compartments unaffected, even when transformed into anterior compartments in en homozygotes. Penetrance of Cos higher when maternally than when paternally inherited. Class I alleles are homozygous viable and display pattern duplications in both heterozygotes and homozygotes. Penetrance and expressivity variable and may overlap wild type. Class II alleles are lethal when homozygous or in heteroallelic combination with one another; they sometimes display pattern duplications in heterozygotes. Class III alleles are homozygous lethal and have no dominant phenotype. Flies heterozygous for alleles of any of the three classes display the phenotype when simultaneously heterozygous for lethal alleles or deletions of cos; the heterozygous expression of Cos is dependent on the number of cos+ alleles present, with the severity of wing duplication decreasing as the number of cos+ alleles increases from one to three. Flies heterozygous for Cos and homozygous or hemizygous for some viable alleles of cos die as pharate adults and display pattern duplications in the anterior compartment of every body segment. Homozygotes of class II and IIIK alleles die as embryos with abnormal cuticular patterns; failure to develop of variable extents of the anterior end of the embryo, i.e. head or head and thorax, as well as mirror image duplications of anterior denticle belts of abdominal segments, or more frequently simply disturbed denticle polarity. Embryos that are simultaneously homozygous for cosV alleles and Cos3 are more severely affected, with some exhibiting a bicaudal phenotype. cosV1 Cos2/Df(2R)CA58 flies survive poorly, but show pattern duplications in the anterior compartments of all segments. Revertants of Cos are viable and wild type in phenotype; as they are presumably null alleles, Cos mutations are presumed to be gain of function alleles.
Gene Model and Products
Number of Transcripts
4
Number of Unique Polypeptides
3

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\Pka-R2 for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)
Isoform displayed:
Pfam protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Protein Domains (via SMART)
Isoform displayed:
SMART protein domains
InterPro name
classification
start
end
Structure
Protein 3D structure   (Predicted by AlphaFold)   (AlphaFold entry P81900)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.
Model Confidence:
  • Very high (pLDDT > 90)
  • Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
  • Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
  • Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures
Crossreferences
Comments on Gene Model

Low-frequency RNA-Seq exon junction(s) not annotated.

Gene model reviewed during 5.46

Tissue-specific extension of 3' UTRs observed during later stages (FBrf0218523, FBrf0219848); all variants may not be annotated

Transcript Data
Annotated Transcripts
Name
FlyBase ID
RefSeq ID
Length (nt)
Assoc. CDS (aa)
Pka-R2-RA
FBtr0088437
NM_078947
2157
377
Pka-R2-RB
FBtr0088438
NM_165723
4108
377
Pka-R2-RD
FBtr0112901
NM_001103781
1614
373
Pka-R2-RE
FBtr0112902
NM_001103782
2102
376
Additional Transcript Data and Comments
Reported size (kB)

2.038 (longest cDNA)

(Park et al., 2000)
Comments
External Data
Crossreferences
Polypeptide Data
Annotated Polypeptides
Name
FlyBase ID
Predicted MW (kDa)
Length (aa)
Theoretical pI
UniProt
RefSeq ID
GenBank
Pka-R2-PA
FBpp0087523
42.7
377
4.58
P81900
NP_523671
AAF58862
Pka-R2-PB
FBpp0087524
42.7
377
4.58
P81900
NP_724860
AAM71046
Pka-R2-PD
FBpp0111814
42.4
373
4.53
NP_001097251
ABV53747
Pka-R2-PE
FBpp0111815
42.6
376
4.56
NP_001097252
ABV53748
Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

377 aa isoforms: Pka-R2-PA, Pka-R2-PB
Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments
Reported size (kDa)
Comments
External Data
Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)

Tetramer, composed of 2 regulatory (R) and 2 catalytic (C) subunits (PubMed:9196067). In the presence of cAMP it dissociates into 2 active monomeric C subunits and an R dimer (By similarity). Interacts with Akap200 (PubMed:10480936).

(UniProt, P81900)
Post Translational Modification

The pseudophosphorylation site binds to the substrate-binding region of the catalytic chain but is not phosphorylated. The physiological significance of phosphorylations by other kinases is unclear (By similarity).

(UniProt, P81900)
Crossreferences
InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
Linkouts
Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model
Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\Pka-R2 using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data
Crossreferences
Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
Linkouts
Expression Data
Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

0.07

Transcript Expression
Polypeptide Expression
immunolocalization
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult mushroom body alpha-lobe | intense
(Crittenden et al., 1998)
adult mushroom body beta-lobe | intense
(Crittenden et al., 1998)
mushroom body spur | intense
(Crittenden et al., 1998)
calyx of adult mushroom body | intense
(Crittenden et al., 1998)
adult mushroom body beta'-lobe
(Crittenden et al., 1998)
adult mushroom body gamma-lobe | intense
(Crittenden et al., 1998)
adult mushroom body alpha'-lobe
(Crittenden et al., 1998)
mass spectroscopy
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
adult head
(Aradska et al., 2015)
Additional Descriptive Data

Pka-R2 protein is strongly expressed in the mushroom body alpha, beta and gamma lobes, spur and calyx. It is moderately expressed in the mushroom body alpha' and beta' lobes.

(Crittenden et al., 1998)
Marker for
 
Subcellular Localization
CV Term
Evidence
References
located_in cytoplasm
inferred from direct assay
(Inoue and Yoshioka, 1997)
located_in plasma membrane
inferred from high throughput direct assay
(Lye et al., 2014)
Expression Deduced from Reporters
Reporter: PBac{681.P.FSVS-1}Pka-R2CPTI001580
Stage
Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)
Reference
adult stage
medulla
(Knowles-Barley, 2011.8.24)
adult mushroom body
(Knowles-Barley, 2011.8.24)
High-Throughput Expression Data
Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\Pka-R2 in JBrowse
RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region
Bulk Downloads
RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes
Reference
See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.
Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle
Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis
External Data and Images
Linkouts
BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
Images
FlyBase Wiki
Image Based Resources
Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations
Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 26 )
For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show
 
Other relevant insertions
Transgenic Constructs ( 15 )
For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show
Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of Pka-R2
Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of Pka-R2
Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 1 )
Inferred from experimentation ( 1 )
Gene disrupted in
In(2R)Pka-R2Cos-A1
(Collier et al., 2004)
Gene partially disrupted in
In(2R)Pka-R2Cos-A1
(Collier et al., 2004)
Inferred from location ( 4 )
Variants
Variant Molecular Consequences
Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants
Phenotypes
For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.
Lethality
Allele
viable
viable, with Dcr-2UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4elav.PLu
viable, with Scer\GAL4Mef2.PR
viable, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
viable, with Scer\GAL4tin.CΔ4
viable (with Pka-R2Cos-A1)
viable (with Pka-R2Cos-A1R+1A)
Sterility
Allele
female semi-sterile, with Scer\GAL4VP16.nanos.UTR, Scer\GAL4VP16.otu, Scer\GAL4nanos.PG
fertile
Other Phenotypes
Allele
abnormal locomotor rhythm
abnormal neuroanatomy
chemical resistant
visible, with Scer\GAL4ey.PH
visible, with Scer\GAL4JW1
visible, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
visible, with Scer\GAL4upd1-E132
Phenotype manifest in
Allele
costal wing cell, with Scer\GAL4JW1
costal wing cell, with Scer\GAL4upd1-E132
eye, with Scer\GAL4ey.PH
follicle cell
haltere
larval abdominal intersegmental nerve
larval abdominal segmental nerve
larval ventral nerve cord
nurse cell
nurse cell | ectopic
ovariole
presumptive embryonic/larval central nervous system
stalk follicle cell
trichogen cell, with Scer\GAL4pnr-MD237
wing
wing, with Scer\GAL4JW1
wing, with Scer\GAL4upd1-E132
Orthologs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Orthologs
Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Homo sapiens (Human) (17)
Hsap\PRKAR2A
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
1  
Hsap\PRKAR2B
12 of 14
No
Yes
1  
Hsap\PRKAR1A
7 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\PRKAR1B
7 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\PRKG1
2 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\PRKG2
2 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\CNBD2
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\CNGA1
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\CNGA2
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\CNGA3
1 of 14
No
No
1  
Hsap\CNGB1
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\HCN1
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\HCN2
1 of 14
No
No
2  
Hsap\HCN3
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\HCN4
1 of 14
No
No
Hsap\PNPLA6
1 of 14
No
No
11  
Hsap\PNPLA7
1 of 14
No
No
1  
Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Species\Gene Symbol
Score
Best Score
Best Reverse Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Hieranoid
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Complementation?
Transgene?
Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (7)
Rnor\Prkar2a
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Rnor\Prkar2b
12 of 14
No
Yes
Rnor\Prkar1a
7 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Prkar1b
7 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Prkg2
2 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Pnpla6
1 of 14
No
No
Rnor\Pnpla7
1 of 14
No
No
Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (8)
Mmus\Prkar2a
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
3  
Mmus\Prkar2b
12 of 14
No
Yes
Mmus\Prkar1a
7 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Prkar1b
6 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Prkg1
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Prkg2
2 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Cnbd2
1 of 14
No
No
Mmus\Pnpla7
1 of 14
No
No
Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (14)
Xtro\prkar2a
11 of 13
Yes
Yes
Xtro\prkar2b
5 of 13
No
Yes
Xtro\prkar1a
3 of 13
No
No
Xtro\prkar1b
3 of 13
No
No
Xtro\pik3cg
2 of 13
No
No
Xtro\cnga1
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\cnga2
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\cnga3
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\cngb3
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\hcn1
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\hcn4
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\LOC100498055
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\prkg1
1 of 13
No
No
Xtro\prkg2
1 of 13
No
No
Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (13)
Drer\prkar2aa
14 of 14
Yes
Yes
Drer\prkar2ab
12 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\prkar2b
11 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\prkar1aa
7 of 14
No
No
Drer\prkar1ab
6 of 14
No
No
Drer\prkar1b
6 of 14
No
No
Drer\prkg1b
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\prkg2
2 of 14
No
No
Drer\LOC101882339
1 of 14
No
Yes
Drer\pnpla6
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\pnpla7b
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\prkg1a
1 of 14
No
No
Drer\prkg3
1 of 14
No
No
Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (5)
Cele\kin-2
6 of 14
Yes
No
Cele\cng-1
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\egl-4
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\M110.7
1 of 14
No
No
Cele\pkg-2
1 of 14
No
No
Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (16)
Agam\AgaP_AGAP004940
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Agam\AgaP_AGAP006448
5 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP008585
2 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP008863
2 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP009798
2 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP000467
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP002150
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP005463
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP007008
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP007800
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP008864
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP008865
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP008976
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP009050
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP010000
1 of 12
No
No
Agam\AgaP_AGAP011459
1 of 12
No
No
Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (6)
Atha\AT2G20050
4 of 13
Yes
No
Atha\AT3G06270
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\GORK
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\KT5
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\SKOR
1 of 13
No
No
Atha\SPIK
1 of 13
No
No
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (2)
Scer\BCY1
12 of 13
Yes
Yes
Scer\NTE1
1 of 13
No
No
Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (2)
Spom\cgs1
12 of 12
Yes
Yes
Spom\nte1
1 of 12
No
No
Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (4)
Ecol\crp
4 of 11
Yes
Yes
Ecol\fnr
2 of 11
No
Yes
Ecol\iprA
1 of 11
No
Yes
Ecol\yeiL
1 of 11
No
Yes
Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)
Data provided directly from OrthoDB:Pka-R2. Refer to their site for version information.
Paralogs
Downloads
Download All DIOPT Paralogs
Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)
Gene Symbol
Score
Source
Compara
Domainoid
eggNOG
Homologene
Inparanoid
OMA
OrthoDB
OrthoFinder
OrthoInspector
orthoMCL
Panther
Phylome
SonicParanoid
Alignment
Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (8)
Pka-R1
10 of 13
CG4839
4 of 13
Pkg21D
3 of 13
for
2 of 13
CG14693
1 of 13
CG42260
1 of 13
Ih
1 of 13
sws
1 of 13
Human Disease Associations
FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports
    Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations
    Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )
    Allele
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )
    Human Ortholog
    Disease
    Evidence
    References
    Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 4 )
    Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)
    Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.
    Homo sapiens (Human)
    Gene name
    Score
    OMIM
    OMIM Phenotype
    DO term
    Complementation?
    Transgene?
    PRKAR2A; protein kinase cAMP-dependent type II regulatory subunit alpha
    14 of 14
    176910
         
        PRKAR2B; protein kinase cAMP-dependent type II regulatory subunit beta
        12 of 14
        176912
             
            PRKAR1A; protein kinase cAMP-dependent type I regulatory subunit alpha
            7 of 14
            188830
             
            PRKAR1B; protein kinase cAMP-dependent type I regulatory subunit beta
            7 of 14
            176911
               
              Functional Complementation Data
              Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.
              Interactions
              Summary of Physical Interactions
              Summary of Genetic Interactions
              Interaction Browsers
              View in FlyBase Interactions Browser   View in MIST tool (external link)
              Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions
              Starting gene(s)
              Interaction type
              Interacting gene(s)
              Reference
              Pka-R2
              suppressible
              CycE
              (Tseng and Hariharan, 2002)
              Starting gene(s)
              Interaction type
              Interacting gene(s)
              Reference
              External Data
              Subunit Structure (UniProtKB)
              Tetramer, composed of 2 regulatory (R) and 2 catalytic (C) subunits (PubMed:9196067). In the presence of cAMP it dissociates into 2 active monomeric C subunits and an R dimer (By similarity). Interacts with Akap200 (PubMed:10480936).
              (UniProt, P81900 )
              Linkouts
              BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
              DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
              MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
              MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
              Pathways
              Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)
              Metabolic Pathways
              FlyBase
              External Links
              Reactome Metabolic Pathways - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed metabolic pathway database.
              External Data
              Class of Gene
              Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data
              Chromosome (arm)
              2R
              Recombination map
              2-61
              Cytogenetic map
              46D1-46D4
              Sequence location
              FlyBase Computed Cytological Location
              Cytogenetic map
              Evidence for location
              46D1-46D4
              Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{lacW}Adamk13906&P{EP}Pka-R2EP2162 and P{PZ}14-3-3ζ07103
              Experimentally Determined Cytological Location
              Cytogenetic map
              Notes
              References
              Experimentally Determined Recombination Data
              Location

              2-61

              (FlyBase, 2016)

              2-60.1

              (Comeron et al., 2012)
              Left of (cM)
              (Collier et al., 2004)
              Right of (cM)
              (Collier et al., 2004)
              Notes

              The Pka-R2Cos-A1 allele maps distal to P{lacW}Adamk13906 and proximal to P{EP}EP2170.

              (Collier et al., 2004)
              Stocks and Reagents
              Stocks (21)
              Genomic Clones (29)
              cDNA Clones (69)
               

              Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

              cDNA clones, fully sequenced
              BDGP DGC clones
              Other clones
              Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

              For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

              cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)
              BDGP DGC clones
              Other clones
              RNAi and Array Information
              Linkouts
              DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
              Antibody Information
              Laboratory Generated Antibodies
               
              Commercially Available Antibodies
               
              Cell Line Information
              Publicly Available Cell Lines
               
                Other Stable Cell Lines
                 
                  Other Comments

                  dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene tested in RNAi screen for effects on Kc167 and S2R+ cell morphology.

                  (Kiger et al., 2003)

                  Mutants show abnormalities in ovarian development and multiple behavioral phenotypes including arrhythmic circadian locomotor activity, decreased sensitivity to ethanol and cocaine, and a lack of sensitisation to repeated cocaine exposures.

                  (Park et al., 2000)

                  Type I Pka-R1 and type II Pka-R2 PKA are present in heads. Type II is the major isozyme in heads and only one isoform is present.

                  (Inoue and Yoshioka, 1997)

                  Type II cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKAII) (composed of Pka-R2 and Pka-C1 subunits) is restricted to neuronal tissue, in which it accounts for more than 90% of total PKA activity.

                  (Muller, 1997)

                  The dominant phenotype seen in flies heterozygous for the neomorphic "Cos" mutants is the result of a reduced level of function at the cos locus. Haploidy for cos enhances, whereas triploidy for cos suppresses the phenotype of "Cos" heterozygotes. Mutant embryos show phenotypes similar to those caused by mutants at the cos locus.

                  (Grau and Simpson, 1987)
                  Relationship to Other Genes
                  Source for database merge of

                  Source for merge of: Pka-R2 CG15862

                  (FlyBase, 1996-)

                  Source for merge of: Pka-R2 BcDNA:GM01761

                  (FlyBase, 1996-)
                  Additional comments

                  Source for merge of Pka-R2 CG15862 was sequence comparison ( date:000724 ).

                  (Collier et al., 2004, FlyBase, 1996-)

                  Source for merge of Pka-R2 BcDNA:GM01761 was a shared cDNA ( date:030728 ).

                  (FlyBase, 1996-)
                  Nomenclature History
                  Source for database identify of
                  Nomenclature comments
                  Etymology
                  Synonyms and Secondary IDs (29)
                  Reported As
                  Symbol Synonym
                  BcDNA:GM01761
                  CG15862
                  (National Institute of Genetics Fly Stocks, 2022-, Yurgel et al., 2019, Hosono et al., 2015, Rosa-Ferreira et al., 2015, Ni et al., 2011.7.19, Ni et al., 2010.12.1, Seinen et al., 2010, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Perkins et al., 2009, Quinones-Coello, 2007, Tseng and Hariharan, 2002)
                  Cos
                  (Bankers and Hooper, 2004, Hooper, 2003, Whittle, 1972)
                  Cos-1
                  (Garcia-Bellido and de Celis, 1992, Grau and Simpson, 1987, Simpson and Grau, 1987)
                  Cos1
                  (Collier et al., 2004, Collier et al., 2002)
                  Epa
                  PKA
                  (Lathen et al., 2020, Mariano et al., 2020, van Soldt and Cardoso, 2020, Spratford and Kumar, 2013, Bangi et al., 2007, Schwaerzel et al., 2007, Zhang et al., 2005, Ogden et al., 2004, Welte, 2004, Aszodi et al., 1991)
                  PKA R2
                  (Yurgel et al., 2019)
                  PKA RII
                  (Bashaw, 2004, Terman and Kolodkin, 2004)
                  PKA-R2
                  (Bulgari et al., 2023, Ishii et al., 2022, Chen et al., 2017, Vonhoff and Keshishian, 2017, Seluzicki et al., 2014, Rees et al., 2011, Kula-Eversole et al., 2010, Iijima-Ando et al., 2009)
                  PKA-RII
                  (Gonzales et al., 2016, Schwaerzel et al., 2007, Zhong and Wu, 2003, Rothenfluh and Heberlein, 2002, Roman and Davis, 2001, Denef and Cohen, 1999)
                  PKAR2
                  (Vonhoff and Keshishian, 2017)
                  PKa-R2
                  (Milchanowski et al., 2004)
                  Pka-R2
                  (Chvilicek et al., 2024, Szlanka et al., 2024, Noyes and Davis, 2023, Song et al., 2023, Titlow et al., 2023, Deolankar et al., 2022, Park et al., 2021, Watanabe and Riddle, 2021, Kankel et al., 2020, Li et al., 2020, Hall et al., 2019, Su et al., 2019, Gene Disruption Project members, 2018-, Lee et al., 2018, Parkhurst et al., 2018, Park et al., 2017, Lee et al., 2016, Gene Disruption Project members, 2015-, Grotewiel and Bettinger, 2015, Kavi et al., 2015, Ashwal-Fluss et al., 2014, Seluzicki et al., 2014, Sopko et al., 2014, Brown et al., 2013, Sen et al., 2013, Sen et al., 2013, Japanese National Institute of Genetics, 2012.5.21, Rodriguez et al., 2012, Guruharsha et al., 2011, Kula-Eversole et al., 2010, Mastushita-Sakai et al., 2010, Quinones-Coello, 2007)
                  Pka-RII
                  (Jackson and Berg, 2002, Jackson and Berg, 2002, Jackson and Berg, 2001, Jackson and Berg, 2000, Jackson and Berg, 2000, Park, 2000.5.31)
                  RII
                  (Davis, 2001, Rossi et al., 1999, Crittenden et al., 1998, Han et al., 1997, Inoue and Yoshioka, 1997, Muller, 1997)
                  RIIDR
                  (Li et al., 1999)
                  cos1
                  pkA
                  (Ghbeish et al., 1998)
                  pka RII
                  (Vonhoff and Keshishian, 2017)
                  pka-RII
                  (Collier et al., 2004, Wolf and Heberlein, 2003, Laakso et al., 2002, Jackson et al., 2001, Park et al., 2000, Park et al., 2000)
                  Name Synonyms
                  Costal
                  (Whittle, 1972)
                  Costal-1
                  (Kopp et al., 1996)
                  Epaulette
                  Protein kinase, cAMP-dependent, regulatory subunit type 2
                  cAMP-dependent protein kinase R2
                  (Inoue and Yoshioka, 1997)
                  cAMP-dependent protein kinase type II
                  (Anholt and Mackay, 2004)
                  costal-1
                  protein kinase A
                  (Spratford and Kumar, 2013)
                  Secondary FlyBase IDs
                  • FBgn0000353
                  • FBgn0033472
                  • FBgn0047292
                  Datasets (0)
                  Study focus (0)
                  Experimental Role
                  Project
                  Project Type
                  Title
                  Study result (0)
                  Result
                  Result Type
                  Title
                  External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 74 )
                  Sequence Crossreferences
                  NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.
                  GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.
                  GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.
                  RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.
                  UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.
                  UniProt/Swiss-Prot - Manually annotated and reviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
                  UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information
                  Other crossreferences
                  AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.
                  BDGP expression data - Patterns of gene expression in Drosophila embryogenesis
                  DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species
                  EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species
                  FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data
                  FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics
                  InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites
                  KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.
                  MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)
                  Linkouts
                  BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.
                  Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones
                  DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.
                  DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens
                  Eukaryotic Promoter Database - A collection of databases of experimentally validated promoters for selected model organisms.
                  FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array
                  FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel
                  Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns
                  Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut
                  FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.
                  iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
                  MIST (genetic) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
                  MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database
                  Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.
                  Reactome Metabolic Pathways - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed metabolic pathway database.
                  References (163)