FlyBase Gene Report: Dmel\par-6

General Information

Symbol

Dmel\par-6

Species

D. melanogaster

Name

par-6

Annotation Symbol

CG5884

Feature Type

protein_coding_gene

FlyBase ID

FBgn0026192

Gene Model Status

Current

Stock Availability

17 publicly available

Gene Summary

par-6 (par-6) encodes a scaffold protein that forms a complex with the products of baz and aPKC and with other cortical, cytoskeletal and regulatory proteins. It is involved in cell polarization, actin-based protrusion formation and tracheal branching. [Date last reviewed: 2019-06-13] (FlyBase Gene Snapshot)

All Summaries

Gene Snapshot
Alliance
Auto summary
Pathway
Gene Group
Interactive Fly

Also Known As

DmPar-6, DmPar6, DPar-6, DPar6

Key Links

Genomic Location

Cytogenetic map

16C1-16C1

Sequence location

X:17,703,352..17,707,096 [+]

Recombination map

1-58

RefSeq locus

NC_004354 REGION:17703352..17707096

Sequence

Get Decorated FASTA

Genomic Maps

JBrowse

Other Genome Views

The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.

Function

Gene Ontology (GO) Annotations (28 terms)

Molecular Function (2 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (2 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

enables protein binding

inferred from physical interaction with FLYBASE:sdt; FB:FBgn0261873

(Wang et al., 2004)

inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:Q0KHR3

(Petronczki and Knoblich, 2001)

enables protein kinase inhibitor activity

inferred from direct assay

(Chabu and Doe, 2008)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (0 terms)

Biological Process (16 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (13 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

involved_in apical protein localization

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Petronczki and Knoblich, 2001)

involved_in asymmetric neuroblast division

inferred from genetic interaction with FLYBASE:mts; FB:FBgn0004177

(Ogawa et al., 2009)

involved_in border follicle cell migration

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Pinheiro and Montell, 2004)

involved_in branching involved in open tracheal system development

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Jones and Metzstein, 2011)

involved_in establishment of neuroblast polarity

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Atwood et al., 2007)

involved_in establishment or maintenance of epithelial cell apical/basal polarity

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Petronczki and Knoblich, 2001)

involved_in establishment or maintenance of neuroblast polarity

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Petronczki and Knoblich, 2001)

involved_in establishment or maintenance of polarity of embryonic epithelium

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Petronczki and Knoblich, 2001)

involved_in positive regulation of filopodium assembly

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Georgiou and Baum, 2010)

involved_in positive regulation of lamellipodium assembly

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Georgiou and Baum, 2010)

involved_in positive regulation of smoothened signaling pathway

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Jiang et al., 2014)

involved_in synapse assembly

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Ruiz-Canada et al., 2004)

involved_in terminal branching, open tracheal system

inferred from mutant phenotype

(Francis and Ghabrial, 2015)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (7 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

involved_in apical protein localization

non-traceable author statement

(Schaefer and Knoblich, 2001)

involved_in centrosome cycle

inferred from biological aspect of ancestor with PANTHER:PTN001019969

(GO Reference Genome Project, 2011-)

involved_in establishment or maintenance of epithelial cell apical/basal polarity

non-traceable author statement

(Bachmann et al., 2001)

involved_in establishment or maintenance of neuroblast polarity

non-traceable author statement

(Bachmann et al., 2001)

involved_in establishment or maintenance of polarity of embryonic epithelium

non-traceable author statement

(Hong et al., 2001)

involved_in morphogenesis of a polarized epithelium

traceable author statement

(Gibson and Perrimon, 2003)

involved_in zonula adherens assembly

traceable author statement

(Gibson and Perrimon, 2003)

Cellular Component (10 terms)

Terms Based on Experimental Evidence (9 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

located_in apical cortex

inferred from direct assay

(Siegrist and Doe, 2005)

located_in apical part of cell

inferred from direct assay

(Petronczki and Knoblich, 2001)

located_in apical plasma membrane

inferred from direct assay

(David et al., 2010)

located_in muscle cell postsynaptic specialization

inferred from direct assay

(Jokhi et al., 2013)

part_of PAR polarity complex

inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:A1Z9X0, UniProtKB:Q0KHR3

(Holly et al., 2020)

located_in plasma membrane

inferred from high throughput direct assay

(Sarov et al., 2016)

part_of subapical complex

inferred from direct assay

(Petronczki and Knoblich, 2001)

located_in terminal bouton

inferred from direct assay

(Jokhi et al., 2013)

located_in zonula adherens

inferred from direct assay

(Petronczki and Knoblich, 2001)

Terms Based on Predictions or Assertions (4 terms)

CV Term

Evidence

References

located_in apical cortex

non-traceable author statement

(Hong et al., 2001)

located_in apical plasma membrane

traceable author statement

(Gibson and Perrimon, 2003)

located_in cell cortex

traceable author statement

(Bardin et al., 2004)

part_of subapical complex

traceable author statement

(Gibson and Perrimon, 2003, Medina et al., 2002)

Gene Group (FlyBase)

PAR COMPLEX

Pathway (FlyBase)

POSITIVE REGULATORS OF HEDGEHOG SIGNALING PATHWAY

Protein Family (UniProt)

Protein Signatures (InterPro)

Summaries

Gene Snapshot

Gene Group (FlyBase)

PAR COMPLEX -: The PAR complex is an evolutionarily conserved ternary protein kinase complex that plays an important role in the regulation of cell polarity required for asymmetric cleavage of many cell types. (Adapted from FBrf0238574 and FBrf0210666).

Pathway (FlyBase)

POSITIVE REGULATORS OF HEDGEHOG SIGNALING PATHWAY -: Positive regulators of hedgehog signaling up-regulate the pathway, resulting in the activation of transcription of hh-responsive genes.

Summary (Interactive Fly)

PDZ domain transcription factor required for asymmetric cell division of neuroblasts and for the maintenance of oocyte cell fate - regulates gene expression in muscles and in circadian clock neurons.

Interactive Fly

Gene Model and Products

Number of Transcripts

Number of Unique Polypeptides

Please see the JBrowse view of Dmel\par-6 for information on other features

To submit a correction to a gene model please use the Contact FlyBase form

Protein Domains (via Pfam)

Isoform displayed:

Pfam protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Protein Domains (via SMART)

Isoform displayed:

SMART protein domains

InterPro name

classification

start

end

Structure

Protein 3D structure (Predicted by AlphaFold) (AlphaFold entry O97111)

If you don't see a structure in the viewer, refresh your browser.

Model Confidence:

Very high (pLDDT > 90)
Confident (90 > pLDDT > 70)
Low (70 > pLDDT > 50)
Very low (pLDDT < 50)

AlphaFold produces a per-residue confidence score (pLDDT) between 0 and 100. Some regions with low pLDDT may be unstructured in isolation.

Experimentally Determined Structures

Crossreferences

PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures

Comments on Gene Model

Gene model reviewed during 5.51

Transcript Data

Annotated Transcripts

Name

FlyBase ID

RefSeq ID

Length (nt)

Assoc. CDS (aa)

par-6-RA

FBtr0074455

NM_133010

3032

351

par-6-RB

FBtr0074456

NM_167575

2564

351

Additional Transcript Data and Comments

Reported size (kB)

2.1 (longest cDNA)

(Hung and Kemphues, 1999)

Comments

External Data

Crossreferences

Polypeptide Data

Annotated Polypeptides

Name

FlyBase ID

Predicted MW (kDa)

Length (aa)

Theoretical pI

UniProt

RefSeq ID

GenBank

par-6-PA

FBpp0074229

38.5

351

6.76

FBpp0074230

38.5

351

6.76

O97111

NP_728094

AAN09592

Polypeptides with Identical Sequences

The group(s) of polypeptides indicated below share identical sequence to each other.

351 aa isoforms: par-6-PA, par-6-PB

Additional Polypeptide Data and Comments

Reported size (kDa)

351 (aa)

(Hung and Kemphues, 1999)

Comments

External Data

Crossreferences

InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites

PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures

Linkouts

Sequences Consistent with the Gene Model

Nucleotide / Polypeptide Records

UniProt

O97111

Mapped Features

Click to get a list of regulatory features (enhancers, TFBS, etc.) and gene disruptions (point mutations, indels, etc.) within or overlapping Dmel\par-6 using the Feature Mapper tool.

External Data

Crossreferences

Linkouts

Expression Data

Testis-specificity index

The testis specificity index was calculated from modENCODE tissue expression data by Vedelek et al., 2018 to indicate the degree of testis enrichment compared to other tissues. Scores range from -2.52 (underrepresented) to 5.2 (very high testis bias).

-1.13

Transcript Expression

in situ

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

embryonic stage

organism | ubiquitous

Comment: slightly elevated in developing gut

(Petronczki and Knoblich, 2001)

Additional Descriptive Data

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Polypeptide Expression

immunolocalization

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

embryonic stage

epithelium

Comment: expressed in more cells, but more concentrated in epithelial tissues

(Petronczki and Knoblich, 2001)

chordotonal neuron | restricted

(Rolls and Doe, 2004)

embryonic stage 5

epithelium

• cytoplasm

(Petronczki and Knoblich, 2001)

embryonic stage 9 -- 13

epithelium

• apical cortex

(Petronczki and Knoblich, 2001)

embryonic stage 10

neuroblast

• apical cortex

Comment: apical crescent at interphase and metaphase; delocalized at interphase

(Petronczki and Knoblich, 2001)

embryonic stage 11 -- 16

amnioserosa

• apical cortex

(David et al., 2010)

embryonic stage 13

somatic cell

Comment: expressed in all cells

(Petronczki and Knoblich, 2001)

tracheocyte

• apical cortex

(Petronczki and Knoblich, 2001)

embryonic hindgut

• apical cortex

(Petronczki and Knoblich, 2001)

embryonic stage 13 -- 17

epithelium

• apical cortex | lateral

Comment: localized to 2 dots at apicolateral cortex

(Petronczki and Knoblich, 2001)

epithelium

• adherens junction | vicinity of

Comment: 2 dots slightly apical to adherens junction

(Petronczki and Knoblich, 2001)

third instar larval stage

NMJ bouton

(Ruiz-Canada et al., 2004)

motor neuron

• microtubule of presynaptic active zone

(Ruiz-Canada et al., 2004)

muscle cell

Comment: peribouton area

(Ruiz-Canada et al., 2004)

pupal stage

eye photoreceptor cell stalk | apical

(Nam and Choi, 2003)

oogenesis

germarium region 2 -- germarium region 3 | apical

• adherens junction

(Franz and Riechmann, 2010)

oogenesis stage S2

follicle cell | apical

(Franz and Riechmann, 2010)

mass spectroscopy

Stage

Tissue/Position (including subcellular localization)

Reference

adult stage

adult head

• membrane

(Aradska et al., 2015)

Additional Descriptive Data

colocalizes with aPKC at presynapse and in muscle, but is also expressed in peribouton area of the muscle where aPKC is absent.

(Yu et al., 2004)

Marker for

Subcellular Localization

CV Term

Evidence

References

located_in apical cortex

inferred from direct assay

(Siegrist and Doe, 2005)

located_in apical part of cell

inferred from direct assay

(Petronczki and Knoblich, 2001)

located_in apical plasma membrane

inferred from direct assay

(David et al., 2010)

located_in muscle cell postsynaptic specialization

inferred from direct assay

(Jokhi et al., 2013)

part_of PAR polarity complex

inferred from physical interaction with UniProtKB:A1Z9X0, UniProtKB:Q0KHR3

(Holly et al., 2020)

located_in plasma membrane

inferred from high throughput direct assay

(Sarov et al., 2016)

part_of subapical complex

inferred from direct assay

(Petronczki and Knoblich, 2001)

located_in terminal bouton

inferred from direct assay

(Jokhi et al., 2013)

located_in zonula adherens

inferred from direct assay

(Petronczki and Knoblich, 2001)

Expression Deduced from Reporters

High-Throughput Expression Data

Associated Tools

JBrowse - Visual display of RNA-Seq signals

View Dmel\par-6 in JBrowse

RNA-Seq by Region - Search RNA-Seq expression levels by exon or genomic region

View exonic expression by developmental stage for Dmel\par-6

View exonic expression by tissue for Dmel\par-6

Bulk Downloads

RNA-Seq RPKM values for all genes

Reference

See Gelbart and Emmert, 2013 for analysis details and data files for all genes.

Developmental Proteome: Life Cycle

Developmental Proteome: Embryogenesis

External Data and Images

Linkouts

DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species

32752/tissue=All

EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species

FBgn0026192

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

FBgn0026192

FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data

FBgn0026192

Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns

CG5884

Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut

FBgn0026192

Images

FlyBase Wiki

Image Based Resources

Alleles, Insertions, Transgenic Constructs, and Aberrations

Classical and Insertion Alleles ( 8 )

For All Classical and Insertion Alleles Show

Other relevant insertions

Transgenic Constructs ( 31 )

For All Alleles Carried on Transgenic Constructs Show

Transgenic constructs containing/affecting coding region of par-6

Transgenic constructs containing regulatory region of par-6

Aberrations (Deficiencies and Duplications) ( 2 )

Inferred from experimentation ( 2 )

Gene disrupted in

Df(1)BK10

(Petronczki and Knoblich, 2001)

Gene duplicated in

Dp(1;Y)W73

(Petronczki and Knoblich, 2001)

Inferred from location ( 9 )

Variants

Variant Molecular Consequences

Alleles Representing Disease-Implicated Variants

Phenotypes

For more details about a specific phenotype click on the relevant allele symbol.

Lethality

Allele

lethal, with Scer\GAL4^Act5C.PI

par-6^RNAi.Sym.UAS

lethal, with Scer\GAL4^αTub84B.PL

par-6^RNAi.Sym.UAS

lethal | pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4^pnr-MD237

par-6^GD4048

lethal | recessive

lethal - all die during embryonic stage | recessive

partially lethal - majority die | pupal stage, with Scer\GAL4^pnr-MD237

par-6^GD4048

viable, with Dcr-2^UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu

par-6^GD4048

viable, with par-6^GFP

par-6^Δ226

viable, with par-6^Δ226

par-6^GFP

viable, with Scer\GAL4^Mef2.PR

par-6^GD4048

viable, with Scer\GAL4^tin.CΔ4

par-6^GD4048

Sterility

Allele

fertile, with par-6^GFP

par-6^Δ226

fertile, with par-6^Δ226

par-6^GFP

Other Phenotypes

Allele

abnormal cell shape | P-stage | dominant

par-6^Δ226

abnormal pain response | adult stage, with Dcr-2^UAS.cDa, Scer\GAL4^elav.PLu

par-6^GD4048

decreased cell number | pupal stage | somatic clone

par-6^Δ226

decreased size | adult stage, with Scer\GAL4^en.PU

par-6^KK101015

some die during embryonic stage | recessive

visible, with Scer\GAL4^pnr-MD237

par-6^GD4048

wild-type

par-6^+tPa

Phenotype manifest in

Allele

border follicle cell, with Scer\GAL4^slbo.2.6

border follicle cell, with Scer\GAL4^slbo.2.6, par-6^RNAi.Sym.UAS

par-6^Δ226

border follicle cell, with Scer\GAL4^slbo.2.6, par-6^Δ226

par-6^RNAi.Sym.UAS

border follicle cell, with Scer\GAL4^slbo.2.6, Scer\GAL4^upd1.PU

par-6^RNAi.Sym.UAS

border follicle cell & filopodium | ectopic, with Scer\GAL4^slbo.2.6, Scer\GAL4^upd1.PU

par-6^RNAi.Sym.UAS

border follicle cell | somatic clone

par-6^Δ226

bouton

par-6^Δ226

egg chamber | germline clone

par-6^Δ226

embryonic/first instar larval cuticle (with Df(1)par-6^Δ226)

par-6^Δ226

embryonic/larval cuticle

embryonic/larval cuticle (with par-6^15N)

par-6^29VV

embryonic/larval cuticle (with par-6^29VV)

par-6^15N

embryonic/larval tracheal stalk cell, with Scer\GAL4^bs.PM

par-6^HMS01829

embryonic head

par-6^15N

embryonic neuroblast | germline clone (with Df(1)par-6^Δ226)

par-6^Δ226

epithelial cell | germline clone (with Df(1)par-6^Δ226)

par-6^Δ226

epithelium, with Scer\GAL4^NP1624

par-6^KK101015

external sensory organ precursor cell I | P-stage

par-6^Δ226

female germline cyst, with Scer\GAL4^NP1624

par-6^KK101015

follicle cell | somatic clone

par-6^Δ226

garland cell, with Scer\GAL4^sns.PK

par-6^GD4048

mesonotum, with Scer\GAL4^pnr-MD237

par-6^GD4048

oocyte | germline clone

par-6^Δ226

slit diaphragm | decreased number, with Scer\GAL4^sns.PK

par-6^GD4048

terminal tracheal cell, with Scer\GAL4^bs.PM

par-6^HMS01829

terminal tracheal cell, with Scer\GAL4^btl.PS

par-6^GD4048

terminal tracheal cell | somatic clone

trichogen cell, with Scer\GAL4^pnr-MD237

par-6^GD4048

wing posterior compartment, with Scer\GAL4^en.PU

par-6^KK101015

Orthologs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Orthologs

Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Species\Gene Symbol

Score

Best Score

Best Reverse Score

Source

Alignment

Complementation?

Transgene?

Homo sapiens (Human) (29)

Hsap\PARD6G

13 of 14

Yes

Hsap\PARD6B

12 of 14

Yes

Hsap\PARD6A

10 of 14

Yes

Hsap\KIAA1614

2 of 14

Yes

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Model Organism Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Species\Gene Symbol

Score

Best Score

Best Reverse Score

Source

Alignment

Complementation?

Transgene?

Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) (17)

Rnor\Pard6b

12 of 14

Yes

Rnor\Pard6g

12 of 14

Yes

Rnor\Pard6a

9 of 14

Yes

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Yes

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Mus musculus (laboratory mouse) (19)

Mmus\Pard6g

13 of 14

Yes

Mmus\Pard6b

11 of 14

Yes

Mmus\Pard6a

9 of 14

Yes

Mmus\BC034090

3 of 14

Yes

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Xenopus tropicalis (Western clawed frog) (13)

Xtro\pard6b

9 of 13

Yes

Xtro\pard6g

7 of 13

Yes

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

Yes

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

Danio rerio (Zebrafish) (24)

Drer\pard6gb

13 of 14

Yes

Drer\pard6b

12 of 14

Yes

Drer\pard6a

10 of 14

Yes

Drer\pard6ga

9 of 14

Yes

Drer\si:ch211-13f8.1

3 of 14

Yes

Drer\si:dkey-121a11.3

2 of 14

Yes

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Yes

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematode, roundworm) (8)

Cele\par-6

13 of 14

Yes

Cele\C09G1.4

1 of 14

Yes

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

1 of 14

Anopheles gambiae (African malaria mosquito) (6)

Agam\AgaP_AGAP010494

12 of 12

Yes

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

1 of 12

Arabidopsis thaliana (thale-cress) (0)

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) (0)

Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Fission yeast) (0)

Escherichia coli (enterobacterium) (0)

Other Organism Orthologs (via OrthoDB)

Data provided directly from OrthoDB:par-6. Refer to their site for version information.

Paralogs

Downloads

Download All DIOPT Paralogs

Paralogs (via DIOPT v9.1)

Gene Symbol

Score

Source

Alignment

Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) (10)

CASK

1 of 13

cno

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

1 of 13

sdt

1 of 13

vari

1 of 13

veli

1 of 13

Human Disease Associations

FlyBase Human Disease Model Reports

cancer, epithelial, Par-complex-related

Disease Ontology (DO) Annotations

Models Based on Experimental Evidence ( 0 )

Allele

Disease

Evidence

References

Potential Models Based on Orthology ( 0 )

Human Ortholog

Disease

Evidence

References

Modifiers Based on Experimental Evidence ( 1 )

Allele

Disease

Interaction

References

par-6^GD4048

exacerbates tauopathy

modeled by Hsap\MAPT^R406W.UAS

(Butzlaff et al., 2015)

Disease Associations of Human Orthologs (via DIOPT v9.1 and OMIM)

Note that ortholog calls supported by only 1 or 2 algorithms (DIOPT score < 3) are not shown.

Homo sapiens (Human)

Gene name

Score

OMIM

OMIM Phenotype

DO term

Complementation?

Transgene?

PARD6G; par-6 family cell polarity regulator gamma

13 of 14

608976

PARD6B; par-6 family cell polarity regulator beta

12 of 14

PAR6 FAMILY CELL POLARITY REGULATOR BETA; PARD6B

PARD6A; par-6 family cell polarity regulator alpha

10 of 14

607484

Functional Complementation Data

Functional complementation data is computed by FlyBase using a combination of the orthology data obtained from DIOPT and OrthoDB and the allele-level genetic interaction data curated from the literature.

Interactions

Summary of Physical Interactions

Interaction Browsers

View in FlyBase Interactions Browser View in MIST tool (external link)

Please see the Physical Interaction reports below for full details

RNA-protein

Physical Interaction

Assay

References

par-6 - Msp300

anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, primer specific pcr

(Packard et al., 2015)

par-6 - brat

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, primer specific pcr

(Loedige et al., 2015)

par-6 - fz2

anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, quantitative reverse transcription pcr

(Speese et al., 2012)

RNA-RNA

Physical Interaction

Assay

References

par-6 - mir-1

luminiscence technology

(Kuzuoğlu-Öztürk et al., 2016, Eulalio et al., 2009, Eulalio et al., 2008)

protein-protein

Physical Interaction

Assay

References

par-6 - Cdc42

pull down, molecular weight estimation by coomasie staining, western blot, autoradiography, nuclear magnetic resonance

(Nunes de Almeida et al., 2019, Atwood et al., 2007, Hutterer et al., 2004, Peterson et al., 2004)

par-6 - Dap160

pull down, autoradiography

(Chabu and Doe, 2008)

par-6 - Patj

pull down, western blot, anti tag western blot

(Hutterer et al., 2004, Nam and Choi, 2003)

par-6 - Rap1

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, western blot

(Carmena et al., 2011)

par-6 - aurA

enzymatic study, autoradiography

(Wirtz-Peitz et al., 2008)

par-6 - baz

pull down, western blot, nuclear magnetic resonance, anti tag western blot, anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, molecular weight estimation by staining, autoradiography, x-ray crystallography

(Holly et al., 2020, Renschler et al., 2018, Morais-de-Sá et al., 2010, Wirtz-Peitz et al., 2008, Hutterer et al., 2004, Peterson et al., 2004, Ruiz-Canada et al., 2004, Betschinger et al., 2003, Petronczki and Knoblich, 2001)

par-6 - crb

nuclear magnetic resonance, pull down, western blot, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, two hybrid, x-ray crystallography, phenotype-based detection assay, fluorescence microscopy, inferred by author

(Nunes de Almeida et al., 2019, Whitney et al., 2016, Kempkens et al., 2006)

par-6 - l(2)gl

anti bait coimmunoprecipitation, western blot, anti tag western blot, peptide massfingerprinting, experimental knowledge based, pull down, autoradiography, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation

(Neumüller et al., 2012, Guruharsha et al., 2011, Wirtz-Peitz et al., 2008, Hutterer et al., 2004, Betschinger et al., 2003)

par-6 - mira

pull down, western blot

(Wirtz-Peitz et al., 2008)

par-6 - mts

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot

(Ogawa et al., 2009)

par-6 - numb

pull down, western blot

(Wirtz-Peitz et al., 2008)

par-6 - pbl

anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot, pull down

(Rosa et al., 2015)

par-6 - pon

pull down, western blot

(Wirtz-Peitz et al., 2008)

par-6 - sdt

pull down, western blot, anti tag coimmunoprecipitation, anti tag western blot, two hybrid, peptide massfingerprinting

(Koch et al., 2016, Neumüller et al., 2012, Kempkens et al., 2006, Wang et al., 2004)

Summary of Genetic Interactions

Interaction Browsers

View in FlyBase Interactions Browser View in MIST tool (external link)

Please look at the allele data for full details of the genetic interactions

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

par-6

enhanceable

baz

(Pinheiro and Montell, 2004)

Starting gene(s)

Interaction type

Interacting gene(s)

Reference

baz

enhanceable

par-6

(Pinheiro and Montell, 2004)

brm

suppressible

par-6

(Tegeder et al., 2019)

btl

suppressible

par-6

(Jones and Metzstein, 2011)

Fmr1

enhanceable

par-6

(Zarnescu et al., 2005)

Pfdn2

suppressible

par-6

(Zhang et al., 2016)

zip

enhanceable

par-6

(David et al., 2010)

External Data

Linkouts

BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.

59075

DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.

FBgn0026192

MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

32752

Pathways

Signaling Pathways (FlyBase)

POSITIVE REGULATORS OF HEDGEHOG SIGNALING PATHWAY

Metabolic Pathways

FlyBase

External Links

External Data

Linkouts

KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.

Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.

SignaLink - A signaling pathway resource with multi-layered regulatory networks.

O97111

Class of Gene

nuclear_gene

protein_coding_gene

Genomic Location and Detailed Mapping Data

Chromosome (arm)

Recombination map

1-58

Cytogenetic map

16C1-16C1

Sequence location

X:17,703,352..17,707,096 [+]

FlyBase Computed Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Evidence for location

16C1-16C1

Limits computationally determined from genome sequence between P{EP}EP1464 and P{EP}EP970

Experimentally Determined Cytological Location

Cytogenetic map

Notes

References

Experimentally Determined Recombination Data

Location

1-58

(FlyBase, 2016)

1-58.2

(Comeron et al., 2012)

Left of (cM)

Right of (cM)

(Jones and Metzstein, 2011)

Notes

Stocks and Reagents

Stocks (17)

Aberrations including deletions of this gene Aberrations including duplications of this gene

Bloomington

606632

w^*; P{UAS-par-6.E}2

65846

P{UAS-par-6.GFP}1, w^*

65848

w^*; P{UAS-par-6.GFP}3

65847

w^*; P{UAS-par-6.GFP}2/CyO

38361

y¹ v¹; P{TRiP.HMS01829}attP2

26600

w^* P{EP}par-6^G796/FM6, w^*

81042

y¹ w^* par-6^29VV P{neoFRT}19A/FM7i

VDRC

v108560

P{KK101015}VIE-260B

v19732

w¹¹¹⁸ P{GD4048}v19732

v19731

w¹¹¹⁸; P{GD4048}v19731

v318383

PBac{fTRG10082.sfGFP-FT}VK00033

v318461

PBac{fTRG00129.sfGFP-TVPTBF}VK00033

More stocks available...

Genomic Clones (12)

Please Note FlyBase no longer curates genomic clone accessions so this list may not be complete

cDNA Clones (248)

Please Note This section lists cDNAs and ESTs that fall within the genomic extent of the gene model, which may include cDNAs and ESTs of genes within introns, or of overlapping genes. Please see JBrowse for alignment of the cDNAs and ESTs to the gene model.

cDNA clones, fully sequenced

BDGP DGC clones

LD29223

Other clones

DPiM_LD29223

Drosophila Genomics Resource Center cDNA clones

For each fully sequenced cDNA the DGRC maintains various forms of the cDNA (e.g tagged or untagged) in several different host vectors for subsequent cloning and expression in Drosophila and Drosophila cell lines.

FBgn0026192

cDNA Clones, End Sequenced (ESTs)

BDGP DGC clones

Other clones

RNAi and Array Information

Linkouts

DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens

FBgn0026192

Antibody Information

Laboratory Generated Antibodies

polyclonal

(Kim et al., 2009, Wirtz-Peitz et al., 2008, Hutterer et al., 2004, Yu et al., 2004, Betschinger et al., 2003, Petronczki and Knoblich, 2001)

Commercially Available Antibodies

Cell Line Information

Publicly Available Cell Lines

Other Stable Cell Lines

Other Comments

S2 cells treated with dsRNA generated against this gene show reduced phagocytosis of Candida albicans compared to untreated cells.

(Stroschein-Stevenson et al., 2006)

dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene tested in RNAi screen for effects on Kc167 and S2R⁺ cell morphology.

(Kiger et al., 2003)

RNAi screen using dsRNA made from templates generated with primers directed against this gene causes a phenotype when assayed in S2R⁺ cells: cells become round and detached. Kc167 cells are unaffected.

(Kiger et al., 2003)

baz and par-6 proteins are interdependent for their asymmetric localisation at the apical cell cortex of epithelial cells and neuroblasts in the embryo.

(Petronczki and Knoblich, 2001)

Relationship to Other Genes

Source for database merge of

Additional comments

Nomenclature History

Source for database identify of

Nomenclature comments

Etymology

Synonyms and Secondary IDs (20)

Reported As

Symbol Synonym

CG5884

(Çiçek et al., 2016, Zhang et al., 2016, Butzlaff et al., 2015, Hosono et al., 2015, Koya and Meller, 2015, Ni et al., 2011.7.19, Ni et al., 2010.12.1, Keleman et al., 2009.8.5, Molnar et al., 2006)

DPar-6

(Bulgakova et al., 2010, Berger et al., 2007, Humbert et al., 2003, Tepass et al., 2001)

DPar6

(Kumichel and Knust, 2014, Medina et al., 2002)

Dm-Par-6

(Smith, 2001)

Dm-Par6

(Stümpges and Behr, 2011)

DmPAR-6

(Pinheiro and Montell, 2004, Tuxworth and Chia, 2003, Wodarz and Huttner, 2003, Cox et al., 2001, Doe and Bowerman, 2001, Ohno, 2001, Petronczki and Knoblich, 2001, Schaefer and Knoblich, 2001)

DmPar-6

(Speicher et al., 2008, Blankenship et al., 2006, Kempkens et al., 2006, Izumi et al., 2004, Ruiz-Canada et al., 2004, Wu and Beitel, 2004, Izumi et al., 2003, Müller and Bossinger, 2003, Skeath and Thor, 2003, Knust and Bossinger, 2002, Wedlich, 2002, Bilder, 2001, Hong et al., 2001, Knust, 2001)

DmPar6

(Speicher et al., 2008, Bardin et al., 2004, Wang et al., 2004, Yu et al., 2003, Chia and Yang, 2002, Doe, 2001)

Dmpar6

(Rothenberg et al., 2003)

PAR-6

(Heiden et al., 2021, Jouette et al., 2017, Koch et al., 2016, Li, 2013, McKinley et al., 2012, Nakano and Takashima, 2012, Sen et al., 2012, Halbsgut et al., 2011, Morais-de-Sá et al., 2010, Krahn and Wodarz, 2008, Harris and Peifer, 2007, Solecki et al., 2006, Suzuki and Ohno, 2006, Harris and Peifer, 2005, Lecuit, 2004)

PAR6

(Gou et al., 2023, Peterson and Krasnow, 2015, Liu et al., 2012, Saini and Reichert, 2012, Zhao et al., 2011, Krahn et al., 2009, Margolis and Borg, 2005, Zarnescu et al., 2005, Anderson et al., 2004, Baas et al., 2004, Muller, 2003)

Par

(Siegrist and Doe, 2005)

Par-6

(Mira-Osuna and Borgne, 2024, St Johnston, 2023, Buckley and St Johnston, 2022, Chen and St Johnston, 2022, Milas and Telley, 2022, Gomes et al., 2021, Keegan and Hughes, 2021, Hannaford et al., 2019, Carmena, 2018, Gamblin et al., 2018, Hong, 2018, Schmidt and Grosshans, 2018, Harris, 2017, Lang and Munro, 2017, Liu and Jin, 2017, Ajduk and Zernicka-Goetz, 2016, Anllo and Schüpbach, 2016, Moreira and Morais-de-Sá, 2016, Padash Barmchi et al., 2016, Veeman and McDonald, 2016, Whitney et al., 2016, Bell et al., 2015, Majzoub et al., 2014, Bergstralh et al., 2013, Haack et al., 2013, Morais-de-Sá and Sunkel, 2013, Muha and Müller, 2013, Zhang et al., 2013, Gomez et al., 2012, Kelsom and Lu, 2012, Yoshiura et al., 2012, Zhou and Hong, 2012, Letizia et al., 2011, Nance and Zallen, 2011, Whitney et al., 2011, Benhra et al., 2010, Bulgakova et al., 2010, David et al., 2010, Duchi et al., 2010, Franz and Riechmann, 2010, Yan, 2010, Atwood and Prehoda, 2009, Campbell et al., 2009, Bell et al., 2008, Bulgakova et al., 2008, Chabu and Doe, 2008, Chen et al., 2008, Wirtz-Peitz et al., 2008, Bonaccorsi et al., 2007, Chabu et al., 2007, Wang and Riechmann, 2007, Djiane et al., 2006, Nam and Choi, 2006, Ahringer, 2005, Siegrist and Doe, 2005, Wei et al., 2005, Betschinger and Knoblich, 2004, Hutterer et al., 2004, Peterson et al., 2004, Sotillos et al., 2004, Wei et al., 2004, Betschinger et al., 2003)

Par6

(Leclercq and Maurange, 2025, Pinot and Le Borgne, 2024, Koehler and Huber, 2023, Deng and Wang, 2022, Koehler et al., 2022, Osswald et al., 2022, Padilla et al., 2022, Thompson, 2022, van de Leemput et al., 2022, Bonello et al., 2021, Jossin, 2020, Loyer and Januschke, 2020, Majumdar and Liu, 2020, Mathew et al., 2020, Sun et al., 2020, van Soldt and Cardoso, 2020, Wen, 2020, Yaghmaeian Salmani and Thor, 2020, Bonello and Peifer, 2019, Brantley and Fuller, 2019, Jiang et al., 2019, Kono et al., 2019, Link et al., 2019, Luo et al., 2019, Nunes de Almeida et al., 2019, Renschler et al., 2018, Calero-Cuenca et al., 2016, Flores-Benitez and Knust, 2016, Luo et al., 2016, Roman-Fernandez and Bryant, 2016, Sarov et al., 2016, Walther et al., 2016, Yasugi and Nishimura, 2016, Bajaj et al., 2015, Bell et al., 2015, Bunker et al., 2015, Cao et al., 2015, Francis and Ghabrial, 2015, Kamiyama et al., 2015, Ohno et al., 2015, Rosa et al., 2015, Schweisguth, 2015, Pichaud, 2014, Yashiro et al., 2014, Chai et al., 2013, Chen and Zhang, 2013, Culurgioni and Mapelli, 2013, Enderle and McNeill, 2013, Noatynska et al., 2013, Yu and Guan, 2013, Fletcher et al., 2012, Homem and Knoblich, 2012, Liu et al., 2012, Speese et al., 2012, Tepass, 2012, Carmena et al., 2011, Laprise and Tepass, 2011, Mathew et al., 2011, Pocha et al., 2011, Rodrigues et al., 2011, Georgiou and Baum, 2010, Warner et al., 2010, Wang et al., 2009, Warner and Longmore, 2009, Chia et al., 2008, Harris and Tepass, 2008, Horne-Badovinac and Bilder, 2008, Lin, 2008, Seppa et al., 2008, Yamashita and Fuller, 2008, Leibfried et al., 2007, Horne-Badovinac and Bilder, 2006, Humbert et al., 2006, Lee et al., 2006, Harris et al., 2005, Sanchez-Soriano et al., 2005, Hughes et al., 2004, Huynh and St. Johnston, 2004, Izumi et al., 2004, Polesello and Payre, 2004, Rodriguez-Boulan et al., 2004, Gibson and Perrimon, 2003, Henrique and Schweisguth, 2003, Hidalgo and ffrench-Constant, 2003, Hughes et al., 2003, Hughes et al., 2003, Knoblich et al., 2003, Nelson, 2003, Rolls et al., 2003)

dPAR-6

(Burbelo, 2001.7.27, Pirone et al., 2001)

dPar-6

(Justice and Jan, 2003)

dmPar-6

(Bilder, 2001)

par

(Wedlich, 2002)

par-6

(Klimkowski Arango and Morgante, 2025, Knust, 2025.6.18, Burghardt et al., 2023, Wu et al., 2023, Adashev et al., 2022, Dalton et al., 2022, Li et al., 2022, Perlegos et al., 2022, Ricolo et al., 2021, Zhang et al., 2021, Dong et al., 2020, Hinnant et al., 2020, Khoury and Bilder, 2020, Franco and Carmena, 2019, Gene Disruption Project members, 2018-, Saito et al., 2018, Takeda et al., 2018, Aigouy and Le Bivic, 2016, Sarov et al., 2016, Butzlaff et al., 2015, Carvalho et al., 2015, Dong et al., 2015, Koya and Meller, 2015, Loedige et al., 2015, Gamblin et al., 2014, Morais-de-Sá et al., 2014, Leibfried et al., 2013, Aranjuez et al., 2012, Neumüller et al., 2012, Weber et al., 2012, Furman and Bukharina, 2011, Jones and Metzstein, 2011, Toku et al., 2011, David et al., 2010, Doerflinger et al., 2010, Courbard et al., 2009, Dworkin et al., 2009, Eulalio et al., 2009, Kaplan et al., 2009, Kim et al., 2009, Ogawa et al., 2009, Zekri et al., 2009, Eulalio et al., 2008, Kind et al., 2008, Wirtz-Peitz et al., 2008, Wirtz-Peitz et al., 2008, Atwood et al., 2007, Eulalio et al., 2007, Wang and Riechmann, 2007, Behm-Ansmant et al., 2006, Molnar et al., 2006, Stroschein-Stevenson et al., 2006, Wirtz-Peitz and Knoblich, 2006, Djiane et al., 2005, Gotta, 2005, Harris and Peifer, 2005, Stark et al., 2005, Wiggin et al., 2005, Hutterer et al., 2004, Rolls and Doe, 2004, Wodarz, 2002)

Name Synonyms

PAR6

(Pichaud, 2018)

Par-6

(Chabu and Doe, 2009)

Par6

(Stephens et al., 2018)

par-6

Secondary FlyBase IDs

Datasets (0)

Study focus (0)

Experimental Role

Project

Project Type

Title

Study result (0)

Result

Result Type

Title

External Crossreferences and Linkouts ( 56 )

Sequence Crossreferences

NCBI Gene - Gene integrates information from a wide range of species. A record may include nomenclature, Reference Sequences (RefSeqs), maps, pathways, variations, phenotypes, and links to genome-, phenotype-, and locus-specific resources worldwide.

32752

GenBank Nucleotide - A collection of sequences from several sources, including GenBank, RefSeq, TPA, and PDB.

GenBank Protein - A collection of sequences from several sources, including translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank, RefSeq and TPA, as well as records from SwissProt, PIR, PRF, and PDB.

RefSeq - A comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant, well-annotated set of reference sequences including genomic, transcript, and protein.

UniProt/GCRP - The gene-centric reference proteome (GCRP) provides a 1:1 mapping between genes and UniProt accessions in which a single 'canonical' isoform represents the product(s) of each protein-coding gene.

O97111

UniProt/TrEMBL - Automatically annotated and unreviewed records of protein sequence and functional information

O97111

Other crossreferences

AlphaFold DB - AlphaFold provides open access to protein structure predictions for the human proteome and other key proteins of interest, to accelerate scientific research.

O97111

DRscDB - A single-cell RNA-seq resource for data mining and data comparison across species

32752/tissue=All

EMBL-EBI Single Cell Expression Atlas - Single cell expression across species

FBgn0026192

FlyAtlas2 - A Drosophila melanogaster expression atlas with RNA-Seq, miRNA-Seq and sex-specific data

FBgn0026192

FlyMine - An integrated database for Drosophila genomics

FBgn0026192

InterPro - A database of protein families, domains and functional sites

KEGG Genes - Molecular building blocks of life in the genomic space.

dme:Dmel_CG5884

MARRVEL_MODEL - MARRVEL (model organism gene)

32752

PDB - An information portal to biological macromolecular structures

Linkouts

BioGRID - A database of protein and genetic interactions.

59075

Drosophila Genomics Resource Center - Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC) cDNA clones

FBgn0026192

DroID - A comprehensive database of gene and protein interactions.

FBgn0026192

DRSC - Results frm RNAi screens

FBgn0026192

FlyAtlas - Adult expression by tissue, using Affymetrix Dros2 array

FBgn0026192

FlyCyc Genes - Genes from a BioCyc PGDB for Dmel

FBGN0026192

Fly-FISH - A database of Drosophila embryo and larvae mRNA localization patterns

CG5884

Flygut - An atlas of the Drosophila adult midgut

FBgn0026192

FlyMet - A comprehensive tissue-specific metabolomics resource for Drosophila.

FBgn0026192

iBeetle-Base - RNAi phenotypes in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)

TC033755

Interactive Fly - A cyberspace guide to Drosophila development and metazoan evolution

Interactive Fly

KEGG Pathways - A collection of manually drawn pathway maps representing knowledge of molecular interaction, reaction and relation networks.

MIST (protein-protein) - An integrated Molecular Interaction Database

32752

Reactome - An open-source, open access, manually curated and peer-reviewed pathway database.

SignaLink - A signaling pathway resource with multi-layered regulatory networks.

O97111

References (383)

The following external sites may use different assemblies or annotations than FlyBase.

-1.13

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